or carbonate of lime, having subsequently 
undergone the change called met amorphosis 
Prof H. here pointed to a map showing 
the original southern boundary ot this con¬ 
tinent, which ran along the north shore ol 
the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, the great 
lakes, and thence westward to the Rocky 
Mountains. This was the earliest sand beach 
of which wc know, and was at last convert¬ 
ed into sandstone, and above this there has 
been deposited a scries of limestones. To 
illustrate the fact that all these were depos¬ 
ited beneath water, the lecturer exhibited a 
specimen covered with the shells of animals 
which have lived upon the sea bottom, and 
said that we arc not only able to trace these 
formations by their deposits of characteris¬ 
tic fossils, but wo know which have been 
nearest the shore; for there are certain ani¬ 
mals living near the shore-line and others 
which only live In the deep sea. Tracing 
these deposits, as we go westward the mate¬ 
rials become finer and finer until at last they 
die out. almost entirely. But along the line 
where we now leave the Appalachian chain, 
stretching from the northeast down to the 
extreme southern limit of the country, we 
I find coarse materials accumulated in large 
The same formation extends 
walked twenty miles in four hours, over tliehills 
ot Southern Ohio, when no test of her speed was 
thought ot I own a young stallion, tooled by 
this marc, that bids fair to equal, if not excel, 
her In traveling. If any one can beat this I 
should like to hear from them. 
Frank M. Moore. 
Lowellvtlle, O., Feb., 1 ? 09 . 
^ —*— 
Barley Straw for Horses.—N. H. Martin asks 
if barlev straw, when cut and wet, and tneal 
dustman 
WOODEN HAMES. 
To be Used Without a Collar. 
BY J. WILKINSON. 
In compliance with the request of your 
correspondent, J. A. Terrill, Good all, 
Hanover Co., Va., I herewith furnish you 
with a drawing of a pair of wooden hamea, 
adapted to use without a collar. 
MIXTURE OF BREEDS 
Numberless have been the complaints 
from all parts of the country that, eggs pro¬ 
cured of this one and that one produced 
chickens that were not pure,— were not the 
kind wanted. No apparent cause could !»• 
assigned therefor, the parties from whom the 
eggs were procured certifying that the fowls 
wero yarded separately, and there was no 
rwiAjii to doubt the truthfulness of the state¬ 
ment. 
Is not the cause a previous mcaaUiance 
witli acock of another breed? Were not 
the fowls allowed to run together during the 
lull and early winter? 
This, 1 am aware, puts the matter on de¬ 
batable grounds, and that is just where J 
waut to put it. 
i contend that at no season of the year 
should tiie tow is of different breeds be al¬ 
lowed to tun toy-ether — that where such a 
ritntific anb fjjstfui 
quantities, 
westward, but the deposits there are finely 
comminuted mud; so th at the geological for¬ 
mation, which in the east is sandstone, be¬ 
comes a soft calcareous mud, iu consequence 
of the law that near the coast, where the 
sea has full force of action, we have sand¬ 
stone; but toward the central and quieter 
portions the liner muds are carried. We 
have, then, in the original continent the 
coarser materials, and finer materials as 
out ot every ten breeders to put the lowm t 
together as soon us the breeding season is f 
over, and not separate them until a few weeks i 
before wishing to commence setting the eggs. * 
It is argued that the cock impregnates .one < 
litter of eggs —and some go so fur as to j 
Hate that rhe effects of the cock’s company < 
w not shown ot most over three or four days. < 
la fact all numbers and times are given ns 
The limits of the effects of tiie Impregnation. 
First, we will take the effect on the turkey 
lien. Old farmers, and 1 'urmera’ wives 
throughout the country will indorse the fact 
t l lh t one day with the cock turkey i< enough 
to insure the hatching of the eggs laid 
throughout the season. Many parties keep¬ 
ing only .three or four hens do nOt keep a 
gobbler when a neighbor lms one nearby; 
hut pika the hen wliun they see she Ls get¬ 
ting ready to lay, where she can have the 
service of the gobbler, and then bring her 
home again, the one service being enough to 
insure the hatching of tin* entire brood. 
But to show the lastiny effects oft his mal- 
impregnation, we will turn to the animal 
kingdom. Take, for instance, a white Suf¬ 
folk sow, and put her to a black Berkshire 
hour , the progeny of course Is mixed. Do 
not allow lu*r by any possibility to have 
contact with any male hog except a white 
one for the next five years, and In spite* oi 
your core slie will oceatiionalty drop pigs 
marked with black. This holds also with 
cattle as well as with hogs. And physicians 
will tell any inquirer that it holds so in the 
human family in a greater and more marked 
distinctiveness than in the brute creation 
Tne impurity <mre in the blood cannot with 
certainty be.got rid of 
Now the application of this doctrine to 
poultry is rejected by some on the ground 
that the chicken or fowl does not bring forth 
its young aline, and that, therefore, the blood 
is not tainted, as with the animal class. 
This is apparently a sufficient reason for re¬ 
jecting it, but apparent reasons are not 
always sufficient. It is not enough to assert 
an idea , it must be promt And to prove it, 
let -any on* of our readers take a white Leg¬ 
horn hen, put bur for one day (while laying) 
with a block Spanish cock, and for the rest 
of the season keep her with none other than 
a Leghorn cock, and if he sets her eggs, he 
will find every now and then a chicken 
marked with black 
1 hud, some years ago, complaints that 
Brahma eggs that 1 sent out were not pure, 
when 1 knew to a ‘pozitice certainty that no 
other cock Lad bean with the hens for three 
months, and having bred them my sell, I was 
also certain that there was no impure blood 
in them, certainly for a number of genera¬ 
tions. The party from whom I procured 
the stock certified their purity as he kept no 
other variety, and there was no possible way 
of iuiv cross occurring from any neighboring 
The dimensions markcxl on tiie drawing 
arc for tiie medium size. These proportions 
should lie maintained if the hamea are made 
larger or smaller. If math* of the dimensions 
named, tin* grain of tut* wood should cor¬ 
respond with the form of the hame; should 
be made of white oak or sugar maple and 
sawed out of the crook between tiie trunk 
and the root, (as it is generally practicable at 
tills point to find the grata of the wood run¬ 
ning in a proper ilirection), that it may fol¬ 
low the form of the hame its entire length. 
(M%le The out h is a cross sec¬ 
tion of the hame at a, show¬ 
ing the direction of the 
mortise. The dotuvl lines 
• around the a show tin* form 
fam 1 of the trace mortise. The 
trace is represented as n 
strap of harness leather 
0 , inches in w idth, fold- 
together and passed 
through the hame from the 
front side. A pin of strong 
V-.- ij—-y wood is to be inserted in 
the loop, w hich ]*n is to be long enough to 
rest niniinst the front of the hame both 
Disease in Poultry.—” W. H.” of Chicago, III , 
writes:—“My fowls Black Npauieh- Have been 
troubled with a disease loan Undue description 
of In any work on poultry. The windpipe fills 
up at Its opening with a sort of white nicer, 
which I have sometimes pulled otr and they 
have recovered; at other times it continues to 
form and spread over the entire tongue and 
mouth, so that the bird can hardly close Us 
mouth; lias to raise Its head and open Its benk 
wide for breath. The smell from It Ls very of¬ 
fensive, atnl l am satisfied fits contagious. Som« 
have recovered by taking it In its early stages, 
but when allowed to run they pine away and 
tile, or suffocate. The nostril* are tree from 
mucus, and no swelling of the face.” 
'Plie disease 1* one Of very Into date. The first 
we ever heard of It was in the rummer of 1807, 
and then only of one ease, from which there was 
no contagion. In the spring of 1888 wc again 
heard of It, anu -from several points; In some 
eases sweeping through yards and carrying off 
dozens of fowls. It was not confined to any par¬ 
ticular variety, but seemed most fatal among 
the Brahmas, It wo* found to bo very conta- 
msoHdatod; It ims 
aiti become broken, 
been triturated by 
the action of water, the action of the sea, or 
of rivers and streams, until they have, been 
rounded, the corners worn off, the finer ma¬ 
terials being gradually worn away and dis¬ 
appearing , being reduced by the water to an 
impalpable condition beyond our reach. The 
harder particles make the santl which strews 
our sea-beaches. The sand did not come 
from tiie breaking down of sandstone, but 
from the breaking down of materials con- 
taming sand. While the finer portions have 
been widely separated, Uie harder, which are 
a silicious sand, remain to make sea and river 
beaches. In this respect nature is constantly 
active. There Ls no moment of time when 
this process, this degradation ot the surface 
of the globe la not going on. During every 
shower, or if you will go hack to the first 
A thong to better at the bottom of the cause of all this, the evaporation of water by 
hamea Than a strap and buckle, as the stress the H uu's rays, in the ocean and upon the 
on the bottom of the humes is much greater Ear f ace of the earth, lifting it into the atnios- 
than on the upper en<\ hence the buckle p p C rc, and precipitating it again upon the 
tongue is apt to cut tiie strap, whilst the 8ur fece, transfers the loose materials into the 
thong has its full strength, and bo smaller streams, thence into the rivers, and 
passed several times through the hole In the thence into the ocean. There they are spread 
}mme out evenly by the currents, the coarser rnatc- 
If » rop<e trace is preferred to the leathern rials being first deposited, and then the finer, 
one, the double strep need not extend back The action of frost annually prepares these 
any further than to the hollow, back of the materials for tiie subsequent action of the 
should*’ where a hole may be made through ra m. The water percolating into the crev- 
the dov.ble strap, and the rope trace be passed i cee 0 f the rocks, freezes, and by its expan- 
throuteh the straps from the side towards the 
horary and a knot tied in the trace on the 
outride of the leathern strap. 
"The strap should be thoroughly saturated 
w-ith neat’s-foot oil before it is tawrted into 
> he hame, as it will come to its bearing more 
readily, and is not so liable to crack when it 
bends around the pin. 
The hamea should be made smooth where 
they bear, and should be frequently washed 
to keep them so If the hamea arc well sat¬ 
urated with linseed oil before they are used, 
it will prevent their checking with the sun, 
and make them wear smooth. 
-■*♦-*■- 
For '‘Grease Heel" In Horse*.- A Virginian 
writ® us“ I find that a strong solution of car¬ 
bolic* acid is an excellent application for “ grease 
heel” In horses (nud in fact for any old sore.) 
One application was sufficient in one ease I nad- 
I e.qpec't it m oulid be good for scratches in horses 
also, but hare not had occasion to try It forthat." 
Nalls fur Poultry.—Yesterday morning when 
I fed my fowls i noticed that one of the fight 
Brahma hens absolutely refused to eat. She 
moved about with the others, but was quite pre¬ 
cise about it, and her refusing to eat was the 
only symptom ol sickness. • 1 removed her to 
quarters by herself. She did not suffer, appa¬ 
rently, and 1 thought perhaps slio too had fallen 
victim to some of the fashion plates (the Read¬ 
ers of the Rural will understand the allusion. 
Subscribe nod secure tho hist number.) and 
would recover from the attack, flut,alas! at 
night Ehe died. Her previous go* >d health, qual¬ 
ities and behavior, (for which the Brahmas are 
remarkable,) together with her fine physical con¬ 
dition, prompted tne to an examination ox the 
vitals, whorowpon 1 found In hc-r gizzard a new 
third lath naU 1 Her liver was estimated to be 
enlarged aix or eight times Its natural size. 
Last year I lost by death a first obus light 
Brahma cock, the causa of which 1 am Ignorant 
to this day One of my neighbors also loBt one, 
attributing his death to a piece of nail found In 
his gizzard. It is not that nails are cheaper here 
than elsewhere, that, we consider them » good 
diet. Bon Is good to a certain extent, and we 
water our low Is from Iron vessels. We are some¬ 
times at a loss to know Just what aUa the fowls, 
and these are two cases attributable to a direct 
cause. Let us hear from others in regard to 
Diseases of Poultry. 
Glen’s Falls, Feb. 27. Geo. K. Hawley 
aiou in freezing separates them, until, year 
by year, more and more of the rocky mass 
is broken down and the material prepared to 
be transported by the rain-storms into the 
ocean. The strata (layer 3 of rock ) are 
formed horizontally from the water deposits. 
All the materials which compose ill any 
great degree the North American continent, 
have been deposited from water; as sand, 
clay and limestone, the latter being in the 
form of mad. We have in these rocks the 
evidence of this in the corals, which can 
only exist in a quiet ocean; in the lime¬ 
stone shells similar to those we find in mod- 
oceans, and ot a charactei that shows 
that they have not only been deposited in 
the sea, but along the shore line It is only 
within ft lew years that we have come to 
the knowledge of the fact that the northern 
portion of tiie American continent is formed 
of stratified sedimentary rocks. All the 
granite portion of the country, stretching 
along the St. Lawrence, occupying a great 
portion of Canada, reaching up beyond Hud¬ 
son’s Bay, and extending into Noi them New 
Cholera Among Saine and Fowl*.—The follow¬ 
ing Inquiry from a Tennesseean ls a suggestive 
one. and we hope our readers will discuss it if 
they have facts and evperienoee relating tberet o 
He asks for a cure for chicken cholera., and adds: 
“I have heard the query frequently suggested 
whether thl 9 disease originated with the Un¬ 
proved or imported stock. One fact I have no¬ 
ticed among poultry, which is that the AsJaiflc 
or Sbanghat breed were the first affected with it; 
and that in this country It is now very rare to 
see or hear of a full-bred Shanghai or Cochin- 
China, where a few years ago they were common. 
If it ls a fact, that the improved breeds ot poul¬ 
try and swine are more liable to this fatal dis¬ 
ease, and are in fact the source and origin of it, 
would it not be better for fanners to fall back 
upon ’first principles and discard all Improved 
stock unless warranted exempt from all such 
terrible -eourges? I disclaim any-inteution of 
making an argument pro or con upon this sub¬ 
ject, and only throw out the hint for the consid¬ 
eration of your correspondent’: and I hope if 
they do not agree with me in tracing the origin 
ol this malady to Its source, that they will favor 
many of youi leaders with u cc-ttain cure tor It 
and some other preventive than a resort to the 
common stock.’’ 
Fast Wishing Horse*.—I notice in the last 
Rural an item in regard to horses, in which 
you say that Solon Robinson claimed that a 
Morrell n»re, at Springfield, walked five miles 
m an tour. J knersv a mare In this vicinity that 
has walked a mile iu seven minutes. It was 
done at a race at a county fair, and she ha? also 
