3Farm (|rattanni. 
MARL AS A FERTILIZER. 
sewers of cities and are lost, was easily 
shown, but the practical difficulty in the way 
of making those fertilizers available to the 
farmers, is the large amount of water mixed 
with them, which makes the cost of their 
tained by chemical analysis, the former is 
without doubt known to A. M. G. 
II. F. French Btates in his Farm Drain¬ 
age, in referring to t he use of poles for drains, 
&c., that they should ho covered by turf 
and the like, to prevent the admission of 
- transportation more than tlicr in'rinsic and the like, to prevent, the admission of 
Maui, was w r cll known as a fertilizer to worth. The sewerage of cities located so earth, and their permanency will depend 
the ancient Greeks, Romans, Gauls and Brit- that the drainage might he conducted much upon their being placed low’ enough 
ons ; and in modem England a document is through canals and pipes to tracts below to he constantly wet, as such material is 
extant granting the right of sinking niarl- 
pitu, bearing date A. D. 1225. Some three 
hundred years ago, Babnaby Gaoqe put in 
print, the then old saying, — “ Marl is good 
for the lather, but bad for tbe son.” It. went 
into disrepute as the nostrum Of a semi-bar- 
their level, and there used to irrigate grass short lived when frequently wet and dried, around theldll. Jt is said to protect the tuber market. The 
or cultivated lands, might be profitably 
utilized. Under less favorable circumstances 
it was desirable to have some mode devised 
to convert the sewerage into a solid form, 
expelling the useless liquid and concentrating 
barons age, and mainly from its misuse and the valuable constituents. Pres. A. suggests 
the neglect of other manures. Lime being that large tanks might lie constructed on the 
y°ar. Ii has been esiimutcdthat on r he average 
»>ik* ijiimlfGtl rations of the* aiiutioniiiual liquor 
' v 1 11 produce.! from twenty to lor tv poundH of 
timmoniuin various forms of combination. Om- 
J' into ih- Sulphate* ol ammonia it brought 
m Lnjsrtand, ion ycai'H ago, from six icon to m*\- 
entociT pounds per ion. 1 may remark in passing 
tlmi this liquor, which in our gas works passes 
oil into the river, isln its present state valuablo 
possibly lx; worthy of the intention of farmers 
, II v bur near the city. I is value is said to lie most 
evident upon grass lund - -.” 
The conclusion of Pres. A’h. paper sum- 
med up t he question wit h a sound philosophy 
and suggestions that would fix the attention 
of capitalists us well as ordinary farmers. 
“TV great point In bo borne In mind in Pits 
question cd' manuring Is this: Every year's crop 
exhausts liie soil by a curtain amount. The 
crops id' it given diet riel of country pass Into I lie 
1 Issue o( various I'onns of animal life or are 
scattered in various forms of wits If. In tilt* end 
not only ilu* waste of food but animal 1 issue 
Itself is dissolved into its elements. The prob¬ 
lem of agricultural production consists in so 
Katherine up these substances arising from 
waste and dissolution of organized life, tintl t hey 
nia.t !«• returned to l lie ,soil and mealn become 
eh'ment.s lu new forms of vegetable and animal 
1 hatever country’ failsln keeping up this 
equilibrium grows poor, waste Of plant food by 
su Ire ring it to pass lull) Hie sea or lakes in the 
flmimia-o of rivers carries away an much of the 
possibilities of food for man and beast imd all 
the elements of national wealt h. The question 
the principal clement ol value in common flats below the Genesee Falls, Rochester, in- 
marl, one ;Jxut to use the latter should learn to which the sewerage could be conducted 
by analysis Jiow much lime it contains. ( and there concentrated: 
Dr. VoEbCKKit round that, charred clay, ac “An English chemist lias collected sewage in 
i„ paring ami burning ®il», ilmi c,urn,in. 
only one per cent, of lime, yields twice as tll,t organic mailer, with all the phosphates. 
,i . , ill* ‘ , i unites and snlphut.es, bus been precipitated. I5v 
much potash, soluble ill water, as charred a pipe ihn.ucl! the cover ol each tank he carries 
clay that has only a trace of lime. In the "T wlncii wits set (Ire bv tlw lime 
.. . . , „ oilo it convoluted chamber, where, by the iw 
process o! roasting the lime is changed lroin ol chemical re-agents, It j* ilxod as. a H sili and 
a carbonate into a silicate, and the potash {enr-’orlhf^an'kV y i,,,r <vn- 
. ’ 1 Tima hi i lie tanks have settled, the water with 
Irom an insoluble silicate into a soluble car- "'Inch they wen: mixed is drawn oil in u clear 
borvilc of lvot'wli un ,i modorous eomlirlon, mid tlic residuum is 
Donate Ol potash. collected and dried for use its a manure. 
Ill the Rl'RAb Of January to,’09, I staled V-i 1 "’ expense of'(he process ol preparing fhe 
IniCfly how lime liberate- potash irom poumlaton. >vhil^itHo)dreiulilyat threepouiuLs. 
day:” and for the want of space or time Jt,,? 'ho runount. of the ammonia pro- 
omitted to notice tins remarkable ditlerence not been able tol. urn. If ilieuuunoiiincal liquor 
in burnt day as a manure. Clay devoid of couM ho Ki d'He^emuk^uud Um 
lime, wlidhcr summer fallowed or roasted, ammonia mudo to pass over m the sai 
Ins little value for rntabor emus, but if it 1 “.“.V.*,hc ammonia from tllO Bewage, i 
li.is liuit v.uii ioi laisni, ciop, , Init, il it uddltioiud element of prulit would be iidilfd. 
has lime enough to lbnn a true marl, its fer ,! ,s ' v ' 11 'mown that, in Paris irtauuluctorl 
...... . A . A .. ol muitmnia from this ran waste alone have bei 
lihzmg power is J;ir greater tlum most, furni* matlo proiiuitjte to the net amount ol' $ 100,000 
ers suppose. Lillie not only liberalcs potash, , JV ia * ‘‘ >li,,,!l, ‘dthat on rhcttveivu 
, 1 , . „ J , . . 1 ' ’ one hundred gallons of the amioonlacal liqm 
soda and magnesia irom their insoluble W| h produce from twenty to forty pounds , 
silir iie<s In elav' lo ki> rve <i<s 1 iIm,, i 1 bm »mmoriittin variousforiiusof combination. Co 
situ ates in day, U) sum, as plant lood, tint vei led into the sulphate of ammonia It. broug! 
it greatly promotes the formation of nitric, 1,1 England, ten years ago, irom sixteen to m* 
sulphuric and phosphoric acids out of their t hVi i' u*i i e J |’ *q 11 o ^ L >v!i oh ilimSrffi'S 
mineral dements. It is tic relation of fill- 0,1 bito the river, is In its present state vatuab 
, ... ... as a 1 ) 11111111 - 0 . One hundred gallonsof tills llqm 
c u cons m,ul lo nitric acid m our numerous is said to villain of ammonia us much us fro 
saltpeter caves that will be noticed in this vhmlmSmTMq '•«'<> hundred Pjfn'ds of Pen 
1 yianftii^qo. non diluted with five. oralx tinu 
article. its bulk of water* li lias been shown to pi*odii< 
JIarly in Hie talc war, wliile connected with S.® 
the University of Georgia, 1 learned that possibly be worthy of the ailcuiiim of farme 
. living near the city. Its vnluo is said to be mo 
much saltpeter was made from the debris ol e\ idem upon grass lands” 
limestone caves in the valley of the Tenues- The conclusion of Puns. A’h. paper sun 
see; and believing that this interesting salt mod up the question with asotmd philosoph 
lias piccisdy the same force to make wheat and suggestions that would fix the altentio 
and corn grow for man’s daily bread as to of capitalists as well as ordinary farmers, 
drive cannon balls through the air and kill “The great point lo be borne in mind in mi 
farmers by the thousand while lighting the nuostjon cd maniiringlsthls: Every year’s cm 
battles ol politicians, 1 came to this section crops ul a given district of enuntry pass tntoiti 
and bouirht two farms on each of which is <t . v:i, T"" s -Oi'ins of animal life or :u 
<uiu uuuyu uvu minis,im .u n m «niui is a scattered in viirleua forms of waste. In the en 
saltpeter cave. In cold climates the mean not only ilie waste ol' tomi but animal lissn 
temperature of the earth is too low for nilri- ffoFt&'ffi ‘/n 'i 
ficalion to lake plu.ee to nnv ereat extent by wt *I or * n K [huso ^ulistanees arising Iron 
,, J waste and dissolution ot orgitnfaod life, tfuH Hie 
the aid of Umc, potash or poda; lmt m hot ma.\ be ixitumod to t he soil aud again bex-om 
climraos 111,, UmL or ln.lia, ami „oar Urn f.f.‘!iS 
Pacific in Chili and Peril, we find a large cquimirlum grows -poor, wa*le of plant food b 
amount of o»Wc -..tier ami true salipcto ,im !i ^^SSfSSSgS III 
velolied. Does all the nitron - n in the nitrate possibilities of tend lor man and beast and ni 
.... . , . the Olemetilsof national vveallli. Thequestloi 
ol lime, soda and potash come from decaying before us lakes hold of dm very issues of nationu 
vegetable and animal matter? 1 think not; , ? a V* ri, .' j in tlv 
' wrong piaee. i)ic abundance id land m on 
no more than the sulphur wlueh is converted country I ms led to impuri'cci cultivation am 
into sulphurous acid from the sulphuret of laiV"- 1 1"“r£'fraw their means of lfvln. 
iron )ms an organic origin. from mo country. Wherever thore Is the gi'eai 
!• , . r „ , , .... est market there (a the greatest itmomit or cun 
Lndei fitvoi able conditions, oxygen will sumptmu ami wbric. The growl hot our cities u 
burn nitrogen as freely as carbon and hydro- ! l "‘ United States ns compared with the county 
,, • isaaseviat to throe. 1 his ratio isthomeasurnoi 
gen or suqilmr. Uelore vilal air wdl burn theruibin which theat i.mtl icsonm'.s of ihc sol 
.. a. l.igU degree of heat ... SJ U&'SU 
Make? conditions ri^hl, ami combustion 1 “ifss wo fnvo r^iustriMi uiicution to The tmns- 
. .OiKldiultel.v. -Niuilk»li„„ in gov* 
erned by a similar law : and oxyern literally the soil of the eormlry in the same rnlio Hint 
„„ , r ouicsfrowln population faster ilm mho country 
In 11 ns nitrogen lo foiui an acid licit tvill the tuousaudsof touBof plant food thal amiil- 
neutralize lime, potash, soda, magnesia and 'A 1 , 1 * the' ioricsci■ and ai-e deposib"i m 
ammonia. Mulberry leaves am rich mm- withdrawn from the productions ol tho country 
trogen, and cause silk worms and others to n taiwnrofftiun n f the constltucnte of 
grow in weight very rapidly. On our al- elements of plants is drawn from the aunos- 
most linked limestone ,mice's Iho nmll.eny !li”i'Ti.t'ifSTS’lgdl'X-','Vnf^^g.g’oifoM^ 
a'xMimls. Tl,is orpmiml m.ro;;' n, like 11,el 
m nilKh ol out 1 clover, has an atmospheric Providence hy bringing the forces ol mtiurein 
origin Oil calcareous earth die air forms a * be soil and airariOrc and more under thedomin- 
•?' . 1I1C ‘ nl 10imS ,l )«>nol men. and compel ling I hem to produce food 
mold rich in assimilable nitrogen, as il docs 111 rnlio .greater Ilian is noocesarv lbr ihosus- 
in limestone caves tenance an.leluihjntrof anyeonoervablet.mount 
m limestone (.avis. of populmion. The conclusion* we have reached 
If there Were no lime in these caves, nor u ‘, l! following: 
othci liast, not a pai lido ol nit ric acid would soil, is most, vuli mldo as man arc, 
he formed. The dung of bats, or other e\- 'that tho expense of iianspotling it in its 
.... , ' , .. .. . natural stale lo i lie land by any |irocc>,s is likely 
crementitious mailer would form an alkali tu be too e.\|icii6iv<» to make ii profitable. 
(anunonia) in place of a Btroug Acid (aqua- JpSpluildKminmtentaby ibn^liStt 
fortis.) In the absence of.a predisposing 'I" - wnlcr and drying llio con tents, and saving 
l«e, .. . (‘oniuiui -, will, l.vdro- 
gen lo form one, rather than with oxvtai to broluablc in laqrhind, 
■ ... . , v . <■ I lmt, tho mixing id' file anmiouiimnl waste 
produce mine acid, Ao other alkali is no of gas works with this sewauv would give a 
available to the farmer as marl or burnt lime; fm a i , i > ,',, i M aA'Tr'• !im VV"i' ° r , nm ','? 1 ol l la ' 1111,1 V ,at 
, ,, . . , . ’ Ill's liquid itself is uselul when diluted as a fer- 
anu it is precisely the fad of its power lo liU*er. 
draw not'isb iii*i"*iicsia wiilnhur and ulm,, ^ t'at ntufit-soil may lie economically do- 
tn.iw pot.is.i, in.i_,iu si.v, siupnui nnu plios- udorized and used in modes that arc iimxpensivo 
phortis out of the earth to feed plants, that and pmelicnble by the use of copperas, muck, 
makes it impoverish the soil it long limed ashes. 1 J u 
or marled without restitution. Il- * ! lil1 most, if not. all these deodorizers add 
7) . , , . ., . . ii, s "nu'm Uiemsolves to tlm value of tho compost 
nut wlnil shall wo restore to our depleted as manure. 
fields? Not nitrogen; for that may be had ----- 
by nitrification at home, much cheaper than WOOD PIPE. 
to buy it in any market. Purchase assimilable 
sulphur in gypsum, phosphorus in phospho- A- G. (page 282) desires to know what 
ric acid, and potash and magnesia in wood k* nf l <»• wood pipe will last a generation if 
ashes, where they can be had at moderate the water continually passes Ih rough it. lie 
prices. D. Lee. a ^ so stfdes that, having used pine and tama- 
- 4 -*"*-- rack, he finds it lo last but fifteen years. 
SEWERAGE OF CITIES. 1 surmise that the pipe composed of said 
material and failing to last longer than 
At a meeting of the Western New York stated, was not always impregnated with 
Farmers’ Club, the subject of manures being flowing water, especially during the drouth 
under discussion, Pits. Axheiison, of the of summer, or the chemical ingredients con- 
Rochestcr University, read a paper on the tained in water or soil were peculiarly an- 
Scwcrage of Cities. The great value of the tagonistic to the proper preservation of the 
and nearly imperishable if constantly wet. 
A. iS. Fria-EK, In his Forest Tree Guitar¬ 
ist says the Larch (Tamarack Hackmatack) 
makes excellent spiles for docks or founda¬ 
tions of buildings built on low, wet grounds: 
that it will last for ages when covered with 
water or driven in wet ground, we have 
abundant proof. Larch spiles have been 
taken lip in Europe where it is positively 
known that they were driven more than a 
thousand years ago, and yet. they were sound 
and uninjured. 
A dozen or more of tbe old style pump 
logs, (Pine and Larch,) six inches in diame¬ 
ter, placed two feet under ground tliilly- 
scven years since, for the conveying of water 
from a spring to a watering trough, are, 
upon examination, found lo bo sound and 
uninjured. The bark was said to have been 
'Jt v TNr ib handled lots bring the large prices. Hearl 
Jf IjCIU V ro US. brush of bright, green color is what is sought 
- cj * f° r . an<1 >* requires experience, well selected 
- - seed and good cultivation to produce such 
POTATO CULTURE. brush. A ton to llireo acres is an ordinary 
crop; sometimes you will get a ton to two 
Hlllinu Potatoes and Depth of Planting acres, but not often. With hands at one 
It is held l»y some that “ level culture,” as dollar per day, it will cost about thirty-five 
it is called, is inferior to raising the soil dollars per ton to cut and get in shape for 
around ti.e Mil. It is said to protect the tuber market. The cost of raisin" is not much 
POTATO CULTURE. 
HIllinK Potatoes and Depth of Planting. 
from the sun to raise the ground around it. 
All this amounts to only opinion. A po¬ 
tato should be planted not less than six 
inches deep. This secures it, from all injuri¬ 
ous effects of the sun. It protects outside 
of the bill, the* whole being a uniform guard 
against drouth. No potatoes will sec the. 
sun in such ease. The drouth not only will 
not so seriously injure it — and this is impor¬ 
tant with the potato — but the moisture in 
excess in a wet season — the ground being 
well drained as it should be—will pass oil, 
and the crop will be all the more benefited; 
it wants moisture — no sudden flooding, 
v hich might hurt it, especially in connection 
with a high temperature. 
Deep, “level” planting and culture is 
what the potato wants. It wants to have 
its soil stirred; and when the vines are get- 
removed when placed in their present posi- ting lo he in the way, a mulch will be a 
tion, and the cuts with the ax, and small pin great benefit. Straw is a good mulch. Let 
knots are plain and distinctly visible when it run up against the bills, and cover the 
unearthed. whole ground. The color of the straw will 
A. M. G., having in a degree failed with lessen the heat of the sun, shade the ground, 
more than Indian corn. Ale. 
Muoonpin Co., in., iseth 
-- 
ONION CULTURE. 
John Whatmoke, Dunleith, Ill., writes 
the New England Fanner as follows:—I 
generally grow several sorts of onions. 
When my black seed onions require thin¬ 
ning out in the bed the second time, I dra w 
out those with 11ie largest, bulbs, about Hie 
size of horse beans, and lay them on the 
ground in rows to dry. They will enlargo 
Considerably after being drawn. Let them 
lie till the tops Are all quite dry and dead,_ 
no matter it they have a shower of rain or 
two upon them, if turned over often lo dry 
again. When quite dry I tie them up in 
small bunches by the tops, and hang them 
up where the sun can shine on them, taking 
care to stow them out of frost's way in win¬ 
ter. Soon as spring opens put them in rows 
about six inches apart each way, and wo got 
early green onions, either to eat green as a 
a salad or to use with “sage” for stuffin'’ - 
the pine tubing and impregnate it with oil 
of some kind. l. d. b. 
- 4-*-4 - 
ROAD MANAGEMENT. 
Tho English system, after long experi¬ 
menting, is to plant six or seven inches deep, 
and close also, say two and a half feet be¬ 
tween the rows, and half that distance in 
the rows, with little seed in a hill. Thus 
there will be more uniformity; tho two 
asH,!u,'!m n V.'uc'hu’ntov'!u'Ti i'hibu i'UmI'lJn',;u- ° UR P ublic rou<Is nccd something more there will be more uniformity; tho two 
ih said to contain ul’ninmonla as much as from than the ordinary routine system of manage- ext remes of large (hollow,) and small pota- 
vlim guano, wjion diluted will! ii v.'"iu - Mx vinVt's n,en *' mcans a road mas ter elected toes will he measurably avoided. The grain 
^Wf Uj ,^I^* r ^iV:.! 1 ^‘vxt"5 n 1 U ' 0, ! 1 U<, ° y car, y> who knows little or nothing of the and flavor, the quality in general, will be ini- 
tion ami removal of this .liquor in <:*u*!ck inighi subject, or Knowing, has not hing to *work proved. I herewi 11 also be earlier maturity. 
pOFslti!v lx- orthy ol th*3 al (mil tun of tiiriiiitrs noon lmt Ihc conindlcd ^hiviiifT uddii tI n, . . 1*1 . , ,, 
liviiur near the eitv. ii.h v.-ii.i.. u 1 uul ‘ ompuu a wjmg upon tuo Plant early, plant deen. nlnnt eve . cu I • 
hoe handle labor” of poll taxes. Just what 
we do need it may be difficult at present to 
reach; but with the wealth and improve¬ 
ment of our agricultural condit ion it is time 
that more attention was given to improving 
Of Hint ry n >ad ways. 
As a point, 1 will say that instead of Dis¬ 
trict, or Township Jtuad Supervisors, there 
be one County Roadmaslyr, to whom shall 
lie paid a salary, and whose office can only 
be held by a man having made roadmaking 
a study theoretically and practically. Have 
the taxes assessed upon the lands, assess¬ 
ment being guided by the views of the road- 
master, and so averaged that, each acre pay 
and flavor, the quality in general, will he im¬ 
proved. There will also be earlier maturity. 
Plant early, plant deep, plant, level, culti¬ 
vate well, and mulch. A light, rich soil is 
tho best, and works the best. Except in 
new land, ashes should be applied; apply 
almost in any stage of the growth; mid¬ 
summer will do for late growth, and is per¬ 
haps preferable, :ls the tuber when it. devel¬ 
ops wants the strength. F. o. 
-«•-.«.- 
BROOM CORN CULTURE. 
In reply to J. IV. Gilbert, about raising 
broom corn, I would say that the answer 
given in the Rural of May 15, is all that he 
needs in cultivating the crop. Cutting and 
J Quito onions I plant twelve inches apart 
each way, on not too rich soil, but that well 
pulverized. Rich soil makes the bulbs grow 
to a larger size, but they rot and won’t keep. 
Multipliers and Shallots I plant on good 
soil. 1 find the Top or Tree onion to pay 
the host here, as they are a sure crop. I 
plant the large bulbs for raising the seed on 
good rich soil, and let the little bunches of 
small ones remain on the old stalk till it is 
quite dried and dead—then gather tho tops, 
spread on a hoarded floor to dry, ami put 
away in open baskets or boxes with many 
holes or cracks to admit of plenty of air, till 
the next spring. Pull tho bunches lo pieces, 
and plant each little bulb srjxii'tttely about 
six inches apart in the rows; the rows being 
wide enough to admit of a hoo between 
them. These small onions bring good crops 
ol large ones il kept clean from weeds and 
planted on good rich soil. I suppose the 
above is what your correspondent requires 
to know about onion sets. 
-- — 
CULTIVATING POTATOES. 
The Slants Anzciger, a paper of Northern 
Germany, gives some particulars of a new 
curing are left, to be explained. Cutting method of cultivating the potato discovered 
its due proportion, whether abutting on the should be done as soon as the seed is fully by Guhlich, of Pinneburg, in Holstein, and 
road or not. Have t he assessment, whenever formed, and before the brush c ommences to which is said to have given surprising results 
made upon a section, sufficiently heavy to change from a bright green color to red. wherever it was tried. The leading features 
make a perfect road—not just enough for a We will suppose the crop ready for cutting, of this new mode of culture arc_1. Turning 
passable road in dry weather and an impass- planted in drills, three and a half feet apart, up the soil to a considerable depth. 2. Choos- 
able one in wet. Have this tax collected by Tile first part of the operation is tabling. It mg as seed, large, sound and many-eyed 
the County Treasurer, and paid to the road- is done in the following manner;—You potatoes. 3, Leaving each seed potato a 
master on his accounts being certified to by stand between two rows, with your back to- space of twelve square feet. 4. Laying tho 
the. County Commissioners. wards the center of the field, and break them seed potato with the budding side down. By 
It is a well known fact that good roads down so that the rows will be crossed, break- a report, laid before the last meeting of the, 
add largely to the value of farming lands; ing about three feet, from the ground, and Frankfort, Agricultural Society, the following 
and although a change from the old pro- throwing tho brush forward across tho row results of experiments made in potato «tow- 
from Liu* country. Wlu'rt'vi'i - there Is the xreal- 
| eat market there Ih Hie greatest amount of e.m- 
sumptum and wnRte. Tho jrrowi hot our cities in 
Jhe t lilted Stales us compared with I he country 
is as seven lo three. This ratio ihlheiueasurcol - 
Hic rule in which the ind.mil resources of Ihe soil 
hit. drawn lroin t he country whi rr- it stows to 
Hie dt.v where it issold, consumed nn<ldissolved. 
Euless we clve cuustnul> intention to The trans¬ 
portation of waste organic, matter from the eii y 
to tho coiniirv, we shall he continually exhaust - nin y ho at first apparently hard, at opposite the one it, grew on, forming a tabic ing last year, are made known • 
ui.1 1 ; mo * caUBin ff ™: ilcrs 10 w 011 land * "hich lo lay the brush on after cutting; also making In one morgen, (two-thirds' 
The thousands of tons of plant food that annu- they are not cultivating, it will nevertheless it more convenient to cut. which was planted with eiffht 
ally pass down the CJenescn unit ai'C'leposllcd in lie found morn iltet. limn llvn ninconl kvi e,ia; n n, n.-,,—.,......! „ . .i _ _l ...i_.... i. i . 'I 
III' - bottom of Elk,. ( mtnrio, are .1 11-1 so much 
withdrawn irom the productions ol the country 
which our river drams. 
“ As a luryo propuri ion of the constituent* of 
i elements of |dimts is drawn from the anno*, 
phere, i' is evidently the design of Providence 
llml the Ine.vlmusiihle atmosphere shall be con¬ 
stantly enrirhJnK the land. The business of the 
thoughtful farmer is to work out the design of 
I’rovidcnoo by lu itiKiriK the forces of iminre in 
I ho soil midair more and more under 1 1n-domin¬ 
ion of men. and compelling i hem to produce food 
in a ratio greater than is necessary for the sus¬ 
tenance and ehd hina - of any conceivable amount 
of population, 'fhe conclusions we have reached 
are the following : 
1. That siHVaye, eithc-r with or without night- 
soil, is most valuable its manure. 
8. That the expense of transporting - it in its 
natural state to ihe laud by any process is likely 
to be too expensive to make ii profitable. 
•T That it Is possible lo reduce It to a solid state 
b.v prcalpkaiimr the content* in Iim<^separating 
the water and drying the content*,'and saving 
the disengaged ammonia in Hie form of a salt, 
and that tbi* proeess seems to have been mudo 
proliinhle in England. 
4. That tho mixing of the ammontneul waste 
ot gas works with this sewage would give a 
greatly increased amount ol ammonia, and that. 
1 his liquid itself is useful when diluted as a fer¬ 
tilizer. 
f>. That night-soil may be economically de¬ 
odorized and used in modes that are iimxpensivo 
and practicable by tho use of ooppei-us, muck, 
charred peat, charcoal dust, dried clay or i-oid 
ashes, 
i>. Thai most, if not all t Imse deodorizers add 
some in themselves to Hie value of the compost 
as manure. 
WOOD PIPE. 
A. M. G. (page 282)desires to know what 
ashes, where they can be had at moderate tne water continually passes through it. Ib 
prices. D. Le,e. a ^ so soft's that, having used pine and tama 
- 4 -*-+.- rack, he finds it to last but fifteen years. 
SEWERAGE OF CITIES. 1 surmise that the pipe composed of sail 
material and failing to last longer that 
At a meeting of the Western New York stated, was not always impregnated wit] 
Farmers’ Club, the subject of manures being flowing water, especially during -the droutl 
under discussion, Pre s. Anderson, of tho of summer, or the chemical in gredients oon 
Rochester University, read a paper on the tained in water or soil were peculiarly an 
Sewerage of Cities. The great value of the tagonistic to the proper preservation of the 
fertilizing materials which escape from the wood,—the latter cause can only be ascer 
be found more just tlmn tho present, by 
which a few industrious and poor men often 
increase, with I heir labor in road making, the 
value of lands held by the speculator, only 
until just such time as the construction of a 
good road will make it valuable.—A. Thorn. 
•- 4 - 4-4 - 
Regenerating Old Fence*.— Come, fanners, Jet 
us reason. You have got throe lengths of six¬ 
teen-feet fence there; Hie posts arc rotten, and 
It wauls rebuilding. Your posts would be too 
short, to drive again, so you have got. toget seven 
now posts. 1 guess I will build that, fence and 
make four length* of it instead of three, and 
use the old posts. I will saw the posts lour and 
a half feet long, and drive them eighteen Incite* 
into the ground, and just twelve feel apart- I 
will heat tho nails red hot. and let them cool, so 
lliey will clinch: then saw Hie board* off four 
feet long mid rip them up three inches wide; 
lake two pieces, one two by I hrue inches for th« 
top and one one by three Inches for the bottom, 
and nail my pieces on so (hey will project one 
foot, above tho top. You can then carry a whole 
length at. once; lay the end* of I wo by three on 
the posts, and you have a length of fence, and, 
1 claim, a better and cheaper fence than you Imd 
before your fence rotted down; If not, tell ns 
so through the Rural. -11. Minus, Pine \'al- 
/.\y, A. V. 
- 44-4 - 
For Fence Posts. With the exception of ce¬ 
dar, White Oak is Hie most durable. Large 
trees, growing in low or swampy ground, are 
best, ami I he posts taken from the butt end near 
Hie heart will last longest. I f set in clay soil, it 
Is bet ter to fill Ihe holes with cobble stone, and 
pound 1 hem down firmly. Posts set-in this man¬ 
ner not only last, longer, but are firmer, and not 
as liable to be I brown up by frosts. They should 
be well seasoned before being set. Such posts 
will lost twenty-five years.— J, If. Woouhurn, 
Kingsville, Ohio. 
- 444 - 
To Loosen Screws ami Bolts.— The Coach Mak¬ 
ers’ Magazine says:—“ When you find screws arid 
nuts ha ve become fast from rust, pour on them 
a little kerosene or coal oil, and wait a few mo¬ 
ments until ihey become soaked with the liquid. 
When this is done they can be easily started and 
the bolt saved.” 
to my tue• nrnsa on auer cutting; also making in one morgen, (two-thirds of an acre,) 
it more convenient to cut. which was planted with eight metzen seed 
Cutting should be commenced at. the same and where each seed was left twelve square 
end of the row where tabling was com- feet, the produce was one hundred and eight 
mcncetl, by doing so you will have the brush scheffels (German bushels.) Another morgen 
before you and two eun eut on the same planted with twelve metzen, and when each 
table, one on each side, piling the brush in seed potato had a space of time square feet, 
piles of convenient size, placing the brush yielded eighty-eight eehcflcls. A third mor- 
straight, which will ho necessary to observe gen was planted with one sehellel of seed 
through the whole process of handling. each potato being left six square feet, and the 
Taking off the seed is the next operation, produce was seventy-eight scheffels. The. 
which can be done either by hand or horse- average crop obtained from seven to eight 
power. If by hand, a cylinder arranged on scheffels on tbe same land was fifty to sixty 
the gearing of an old wind mill or cleaning scheffels. The advantage claimed forGuh- 
Fun, will do very well for cleaning an acre or lieh’s system, is that it, saves six or seven 
two; but if a larger crop, a liome-powcr is bushels of seed per morgen and also increases 
preferable—a t wo-horsc-powcr is sufficient, this product from twenty-five to one hundred 
and an old thrashing machine cylinder put P cr cent. 
on a frame is as good us anything that can 
be bought for cleaning on. Two men and 
three boys can clean about twelve hundred 
pounds per day. Cylinders for cleaning 
broom corn can be bought at agricultural 
warehouses; but. I never found one superior 
to the one above described. 
Cleaning can be done most conveniently 
with five hands — two men to hold ihe corn 
on the cylinder; two boys to arrange the 
brush in bunches of convenient size, which 
is about what can he held in one hand, and 
one to spread the brush under a shed to dry. 
There are many ways of arranging a shed. 
The plan is not material, so that you get the 
brush dry without molding, which can bo 
done by laying il, on lath or poles, arranged 
so that the wind will pass through it. A 
tobacco shed could be easily arranged for the 
purpose. 
Baling for market can he done on any or¬ 
dinary baling machine. 
There arc difficulties attending the raising 
of broom com, equal to those of growing 
any other crop. Few new beginners realize 
the large prices quoted in the markets. Well 
< orn Cultiirv. — i always plow uniter turf for 
plowing 1 it from eight to ten inches deep. 
When I have manure to spare. 1 always put it on 
unit turn it. under. lean always see then that 
m.V corn leaves never roll up like my neighbors’, 
Blow as early as you can, so as to give i he turf 
time to rot before planting. As soon as tho com 
is largo enough, so I can follow the rows, I dress 
it nut; then for every five acres I tuko live bush¬ 
els of hen droppings, ton bushels of ashes and 
two hundred and fitly pounds of plaster, mixing 
it well, and putting about a tablespoonful to 
each tiill of corn. Jn this way l urn enabled to 
raise over one hundred bushels per acre. My 
land is not rich, but I think grows better under 
this mode of treatment. - Howard Starr, Mc- 
dlna Co.. Ohio . 
» — -- — - 
Early Pasture. What grass should I sow for 
very early pasture on a rich piece of laud, 
though too rocky for grain culture? Clover 
will grow well,and with the exception of alittle 
timothy is the only grass, (if clover is grass,) 
sown In this part of tho country. But it is 
entirely too tale for this use, and will soon die 
out and blue grass usurp its place. Will not 
orchard grass be Hie most suitable? When 
should this grass be seeded with wheat?— in the 
fait, or ia the spring, like clover? I wish a piece 
for very early pasture that we need not keep 
our stock so long on dry feed. — If. W., New Vil¬ 
lage, A. J. 
