('omparatlyc Burliness of Varirtlei.—Mr. Ful¬ 
ler said t hat it was a very nice t Uinur to deter¬ 
mine beyond a doubt what is the com punitive 
(Witness of raspberries. His experience this 
year had upset that or hist. Varieties that 
ripened four to seven days apart lust, year are 
ripening all together this; and some which were 
Inter last year are earlier than those which were 
earliest last year. The season has much to do 
with the matter. He has eighteen varieties 
fruiting and there is not Ihe difference in the 
time of their ripening that, there 
Take out the central limb, or limbs, of your 
tree, and let that suflico for one year; or, 
you'may thin a little the other branches if 
not much is taken out the center. This may 
be done in midsummer, or any time during 
the growing period. It the tree is very 
thrifty aud entirely barren, the earlier in 
summer it is done the greater the check, 
and the wounds will heal over more readily. 
One such treatment Is generally sufficient. 
If not, thin out the rest of the branches, and 
strike at the roots. This may be done by 
digging a circle round the Irec a lew h i t 
from the stem. Dig down till you get to the 
roots, and cut them off; then replace the 
ground. If there is a tap-root remove it; 
always remove tap-roots, as they are of lit¬ 
tle benefit, or at. least not necessary in the 
presence of other roots. And they awj apt 
to push up the tree and give it a spindling 
iscttssions 
Arboriculture 
NEW YORK FARMERS’ CLUB 
We continue our notes on the sayings mm 
doings of tliis distinguished body of seiontillc 
agriculturists. 
A “ Patent ” Corn Cob Fire Hlndler was ex¬ 
hibited hy an enterprising Hoosier who wants 
$1 for the secret. If our renders will soak their 
corn cobs in kerosene,or any other inflammable 
substance, they will kindle quick enough. 
Ripe vs. Green Gooseberries in Market.- Mr. 
InKIif. says it is u fact that half-grown goose¬ 
berries sell better in market than ripe ones. 
linkers will pay one dollar per bushel more tor 
the green than for the ripe. Asks why it is so. 
Bakers assert that for pie making the green re¬ 
quire less .sugar than the ripe. He had supposed 
the reverse the ease. Mr. Fti li.ku says not more 
than one in one thousand knows how a 
gooseberry tastes. Ho had rarely or never seen 
one in the New York market. Mr. Im.u. re¬ 
plied that they are not. seen hero because those 
wlm grow the fruit find It more prolUnhln to 
send It green. Mr. GREGORY said the ripe goose¬ 
berry, when cooked, does not retain its bulk as 
the green one does; so that bakers make the 
distinction in favor of the latter on that ac¬ 
count ; and there is more taste In the green Irult, 
and it requires less of it to give the required 
gooseberry flavor to pics, tarts, &e. A gentle¬ 
man who lias English customers for his goose¬ 
berries, says they will pay three cents per quart 
more for the ripe fruit than for the green, while 
Americana will pay more for the green. Mr. 
Wakeman said that is duo to tho fact that, the 
English oat the gooseberry as a dessert, while 
Americans use It for pies and tarts. For pies 
and tarts It is better green; for preserving, b is 
best, lust as the fruit, begins to color; for dessert, 
has been 
represented to be. Tho cool weather has re¬ 
tarded the ripening of tho blwok-caps, and tho 
red varieties have ripened earlier than usual. 
Mr. Fuller's statement was confirmed hy Mr. 
ItiKi.t,. He had never before seen so great a 
number of varieties of the same kind of Irult 
in the market ill once; nor had he ever seen so | 
many different kinds of fruit in the market at 
th c same time. Wo now have strawberries la 
abundance, black and red raspberries, black ber¬ 
ries, whortleberries, cherries, apples, peaches, 
etc., in great supply. 
llay Making.— Mr. SBRENO EDWARDS Todd 
read a paper on this subject, from which we 
j ox tract what follows: 
Tho prelaws of making hay consists in evnporaUu.it 
the moisture from the Juices of tkn grans, which, ir 
not driven outer the stems a nd leaves. would sooner 
or later boat In the mow. ami thus Injure the hay. 
When apples, pears, peaches, nr any other Irult is 
dried, tins iddaot Is simply to evaporate the moisture, 
which would hasten the decay of Ihe irmt. if we 
spread a small quant ity of green grass on a floor uu- 
' 1 . .I'll.. I ...m I.,...*....* l» Fcm in uni rlt*w. 
have of those trees lourtecn laiman pwcow, 
three Northern Bpys, ten Gravcnsteins all 
thrifty, healthy, bearing trees; the rest have 
all “ died out.” , . 
I have set trees of the leading varieties, 
more or less, every year since. I have 
learned something about varieties, the caie 
of trees, and their hardiness. I find that tho 
trees which are alive and doing the best now 
in my orchard are, in addition to those 
named, the Wagner,Fameuse, St. Lawrence, 
Red Astrachau, Uambo, Duchess of Olden- 
berg, and Keswick’s Codlin. Most of these 
have borne fruit, and arc doing well, while 
the Yellow Bell-Flower, Early Harvest, 
Wine Sap. Twenty Ounce, Scck-no-Furthcr, 
Tompkins Co. King, and some others, have 
winter-killed and proved tender with me. 
Tin Flemish Beauty (pear) has proved as 
hardy and grows as thrifty as any apple tree 
in my orchard. 
My soil is a rich loam on clay subsoil. I 
have learned that it pays to mulch all my 
trees; also to wash them thoroughly with 
strong so.ip-stlds every spring. I think, that 
the best time to prune is in the spring, just 
as the lmds are starting, as the wound heals 
over quickest then. I also prefer to have 
trees taken up and transplanted in tin 
spring; T would sot them out at no othei 
time.” Another tiling l have learned: tha 
if 1 want good, healthy trees and true t< 
name, 1 must not*buy them of “tree 
peddlers” but send or go directly to tin 
nursery for them, even it they cost more, 
prefer Eastern or Rochester trees to Western 
Freedom, Wis. Edwin Nae. 
Dr. Hull of Alton, III, is the great, advo¬ 
cate of root pruning, and also a successful 
fruitgrower. The’country is indebted to 
him for benefit, in this direction, in uiging 
the matter, and practicing it himself. 
If top-pruning and root, -shortening will 
not do—though they generally will—rip up 
the bark and otherwise mutilate your tree, if 
you can bear that. We prefer, however, to 
remove the tree htuI substitute <i new one. 
A tree is worth this trouble, or the ground 
it occupies. 
We succeed generally with the cup form 
alone. Thin done in June is a severe strain, 
but has always been successful with us—not 
to a full-bearing always—and with a lew 
Northern Bpys it. has failed entirely. But 
with others the finest result has been effected. 
This we have found especially the case with 
trees that have dropped their fruit. One 
clipping was sufficient. The fruit held, and 
grew to a largo maturity, bending its 
branches, till its shape was anything but a 
fruit tree. The cup form did this. The 
close branches hold moisture more or less: 
the moisture of the grass or grain below, and 
of the leaves of the tree. This gathers moss, 
and begets mildew and a weak, immature 
growth. Make an opening, and you relieve 
tiie tree of all this. The sunshine gets in 
and the air circulates more readily through. 
Disease vanishes, and fruit multiplies.— f. g. 
InJiirltiR lln! quality ut 1iay by allowing to 
ini ruri'd ton hhk'Ii In tlii' burning miu, us them is of 
liaklnn bread or pics or rakes too much. 
if urn** hr allowed to llo for hours, and in n 1 *"! in¬ 
stances for two or three liuys, exposed to the hot 
,nn tho hay will appear quite h« unpaiiiiatilo todo- 
raoVtlo animals tw WSrchod unit dried up broad 0"*»* 
lo ns. I iitllD will rut Much Interior bay nubrr tbmi 
nlarvO. Ami mo pooplft will MHbMlst oil MCovrbr<1 ami 
lirUld-up bread. But do they eat IL will, a relish 
The BUViStanres in Min newly mown crass tiro In .t 
semi-fluid anil plastic miKlltmn. Vhr otijm t iu emk- 
1., P liny tH toorythosu substances Just onoup.li Lo 
prevent their spoiling in the inior, mul nf file mmio 
lout' retain a kind of nTunticlty. When thektiwoshud 
1.. jives of grass will break anacrumhlo loanmis, the 
ovldl'liro is conclusive I hut the hay has buen * .iwl 
too much. When gram t* spread out, In tho burning 
miii, a:, soon as the stums iiml leaves on the mirluro 
become wilted. Urn tedder and the fork* should ho 
PHI, hi motion, ami tliu ut'wly-nimvn 1 n*V should he 
tossed about continually until every leaf and *tpn> Is 
III. to Ini raked. Hy stirring and turning and tuddlnk 
oi lier stems nml leaves are brought to the sin fni.e, 
whoro they reeelvn the licneiilof the heut.of tho sou. 
lleVhlrs tills, gras* will cure In tlo- ii r mvieh soo or 
iii in wiipn iviiiit on (lift runn<l. Ootiicl irtiu.iiinftry 
hn Ilovisoil tnr knrpmu max* whirling h»hI Hying 
111 ,out ill the mr. the Imy would be ready'for the barn 
much sooiirr than if allowed to bo until llio S™# 
and leaves cm tho surfuco arts as dry as burnt D>C- 
''when we deposit, now wheat, Indian corn or grain 
Of any kind tit the granary. why are wo' always so 
careful to have every kernel sufficiently dry to pre¬ 
vent heating? When we gather mini., sago and elder 
hurries, why are wo always so careful 111 drying him 11 
tilings, to avoid any spontaneous heat I simply he- 
cause spontaneous hem, after tho moisture has been 
expelled will leave a musty taste unit a tmmldy ap- 
pearuS. We say. and truthfully, too. that hy hom¬ 
ing and sweating In a body such substances arc n- 
Jured in proportion to the degree ot heat. But, 
strange to say, many Intel Hgonl farmers will Insist 
that It Is ft Rood way to Cure grtm* by puttinK it into 
a Unlit ha.ru, trend ft down light in the mow and let 
the redundant uiulstnre he expelled hy spontaneous 
hear It. injures hay Just, as Jtiitfih to beat aud sweat 
m the mow iir stack as it. does grain t" heat In th 
mu. i know this is so. In ordOrDi test thin Opinlan. 
let a load oi preen grass he spread around in u, barn, 
-ay two toot flunk, without being pressed down. Oi. 
naslimally let II be turned over, until every part Is 
thoroughly dry. Then let tins imy bo compared with 
other mow-burnt, musty, dimly and mouldy hay 
that has been allowed to sweat and heat amt reel* 
while buinR cured, like a TboinpMonlam iituum-box, 
„nd 1 will guarantee that the notions nhout drying 
and ruring hay hy sweating will be cherished no 
longer. 
Ramie.— A Louisiana correspondent «cnt the 
OSAGE HEDGE 
fuller, said dry loot for the vino and sulphur 
on the foliage wore remedies for it.. Tho sul¬ 
phur rimy lio applied with a sulphur bellows 
agricultural Implement dealers keep them or 
flic sulphur may he put in water andtlie sulphur 
water thrown upon the foliage with a syringe or 
otherwise. 
Seth lioyden Giving Fp Strawberry Propaga¬ 
tion.—Ur. Tin miii.e had been to visit SE-rn llov- 
dkn. He found that he had abandoned all 
strawberry experiments, and Mint, he felt un¬ 
kindly toward the Farmers’ Club. The reason 
was because the first, year his “No. ;«>" was 
exhibited, the Club’s oormnltteu deferred milk¬ 
ing the award until it could bo further tested, 
and promised to visit his grounds and extun I no 
il growing the following season, bald Commit¬ 
tee fixed a day when they would visit him. Ho 
was prepared to receive them ami give ail Ihe 
Information in ills power, but the Committee 
diil not appear, and lie had never heard trout 
them. He thinks there is something wrong 
nhout it, and has abandoned further experi¬ 
ments because of his disgust, at such troaUiionl. 
Tho Commander or the Club said that If lie 
thought ho had appointed a committee of that 
sort, and the neglect, to meet such appointment 
was intentional which ho did not. lie I love in 
would discharge thorn. He was sorry lo leani 
that Mr. Bovoicn felt, unkindly toward the Club 
and that, ho was going to abandon his valuable 
experiments In fruit propagation. He hoped In 
would suspend judgment until the matter eouli 
he Investigated. Hr. Tiumim.e and Mr. Fi llki 
PLUMS—BLACK KNOT 
Osage Hedge. His plan, for a poor clay 
soil, is no doubt a good one; but Osage 
plants will succeed well on any soil that will 
produce corn. There is an immense amount 
of it being planted here in the prairies; and 
wherever you see a failure it is for want of 
proper cultivation. It, must bo kept clean 
and the soil well pulverized, to grow well. 
For beautifying your hedge rows, when you 
set, your hedge, plant, [black?] walnuts, say 
two rods apart, or any kind of tree that is ot 
quick growth, keep the hedge well trimmed, 
and tho effect, will be. good. In planting the 
trees, I have reference to the prairies where 
trees arc needed for shade. s. l. t. 
Rossville, III, 
I notice in the Rural, as well as in some 
other journals, that many people are troubled 
with black knot on their plum trees, and 
in consequence have a great, source of an¬ 
noyance as well as loss ot trait, and from 
what experience 1 have bad with plums, I 
would suggest that they graft as much as 
as possible on the common wild red, or 
native plum stock, so common in different 
sections of Canada. I have about fifty trees, 
all of which are grafted on the native stock, 
and I have never met with an instance yet 
where there has been any appearance of 
black knot. 
My trees are of all ages, from one to eight 
years old, and there seems to be no difference 
what foreign variety is used for cions, all 
doing equally well. Root grafting I consider 
as the best and only safe plan to adopt, and 
may be done precisely the same as in start¬ 
ing an apple nursery, although most of my 
trees are made from shoots, cleft-grafted as 
close to the ground as possible, and often 
they arc one year old transplanted in the 
spot where I wish them to make a perma¬ 
nent tree, being careful to plant them deep 
enough, so as to cover the union three or 
four inches below the surface, thus preveiil- 
roots from the 
Club specimens or what he called the Ramie 
plant. Mr. GREaoiiY, Mr. FULI.BH and others 
pronounced it to lie Jute* instead ot Ramie. 
The accomplished “Shirley Dare’s’’ Ihunlc 
parasol was passed around URionir tho nicuibois 
and critically examined. 
Brook Trout.—W m. Mri.ES, Princeton, Bureau 
Co., Ill., has on his place a clear, cool, novor- 
futliritf sprina crock, running rapidly over a 
pebble bottom, through a grove of maple, elm, 
ash, linden, etc., and could easily construct arti¬ 
ficial ponds, of one-quarter of an acre lo two 
acres In extent- Mb wants tho opinion of the 
Cluli as to whether the brook trout would thrive 
In sueU a stream — In the bard water of Hint re¬ 
gion; and if so, where more specific information 
can he obtained. Mr. Fuller replied that Ur. 
J. M. Crowell, Ridgewood, N. J., who isaprae- 
A Phenomenon.—I believe it to be tho duty of 
every |?ood observer to record all worthy facts, 
and in due time place them before the people 
for their information. I havo a (fact) curiosity 
in my door-yard, viz: a hickory tree about, 
sixteen foot high, which 1 transplanted from an 
open grove to my door-yard ono year ago this 
last spring; the buds (which woro not. ready to 
leave out) all dried up, withered, and the tree. In 
all uppeai’aiioes, waa dead. I allowed it to re¬ 
main till this spring, when, upon using my knife 
upon It, I found tha sub-cutiele in a very green 
state. It. occurred to me that, It might leave out. 
I havo watched il closely, and now 1 cun re¬ 
port that the *’ dead has come to life."— NY. T. 
Wallace, Ktnusvilk , O. 
mg “ suckers," and securin 
foreign variety, and in most eases they will 
be loaded with fruit the second or third year 
after setting out. It is poor policy* to plant 
out large wild plum trees and top-graft 
them, as in a few years the graft will make 
too much wood for the native stock, and 
will outgrow it altogether iu size, so that it 
will soon become diseased and die for want 
of nourishment. 
By grafting as above directed, I really 
tlduk the black knot would give ns little or 
no trouble, at least it has been the case with 
me, as well as many others with whom I am 
acquainted. J. E. Solomon. 
Briglitou Village, Ontario, 1S69. 
Bowing Timothy in nn Orchard, t lift VO n 
younjt apple orchard, planted two years :uro 
this season; 'he field is in corn. I wi-htosow 
timothy in September, mid follow with clover 
in the spring. Some of my neighbors toll Tim 
that ir I iio so, the timothy will injure the young 
(roes. Willyon orsome of your subscribers wlm 
havo had experience be kind enough to state 
through your valuable paper if such is the fact. 
—J. E. It., Carnhridvc , Mil. 
We would not. advise sowing timothy or any 
grass in an orchard ns young as yours is. Wo 
would cultivate It In hoed crops some years. 
ma imvV'^uienft winch i tinuk’u a tact, worthy of 
mitiise. Another tart worthy of notice '*• thutovory 
settler being twenty-one. years nt age. or lint head ot 
a family. Is entitled toopo hundred and su tv itriys 
us a. homestead, to he exempt from *'' 1 * l '' r , Y«iv' ‘I,ni 
These are the provisions ot the lloinestpad Law ' , t>ut 
an ihe Govornnionl does not pay anything * )7. 
Using, people do not all know thaw facts. Wldle in 
tho States, whore land Is hold hy ’ land sharks , iinil 
monopolizing organlMitioii*. they have eveijthlng 
•tuck full of inducements tor people to buy tin Ir 
lauds at high prices: Intho ^"aVarler 
selections cost hut fourteen dollars foi a qjmrici 
section—ono hundred and sixty acres, as a hunic- 
Htead—and,°all being taken, we can have schools, as 
m old States, immediately. 
Quince Culture.— A. J- STERLING, Rochester, 
X. Y., purposed to plant four acres with quince, 
and asks, “ Are there two or more kinds, and il 
so, which is best for hearing and market? How 
far apart should they he set both ways? What 
kind of soil is most suitable?" Mr. Fuller says 
there arc more than two kinds. Ur. Tkimrle 
says he has cultivated the “ Apple," “ Pear" and 
Portugal varieties; and for his own use preb rs 
tho Portugal. Doubted it it would prove lho 
Pear Blight, Ete.—The lenvesof my pear trees 
are turning blaelc; I suppose it is the blight. 
Will some one tell me the cause, aud remedy, if 
there is one ? 
1 would also like to inquire how to prevent 
the hot-el's working in elm trees. I have some 
that are nearly ruined hy them. 
Why would not coal tar do to use, in place or 
grafting wax or paint, on trees after trim¬ 
ming ?—T. 
BARREN FRUIT TREES 
We are not in favor oft mangling trees, 
but we are in favor of fruit. Now there 
are many trees that will not bear, and many 
more that are shy bearers. These it is desir¬ 
able to bring into successful production. 
This can be done principally in one way— 
by hacking the tree, taking down branches, 
and clipping the roots. Sometimes pruning 
ihe branches alone will do; but often both 
remedies will have to be applied. It is some 
trouble, but not so much as it seems. The 
centr. - stem of tho tree and some of the 
branches are soon taker, out. This is mainly 
to lie done with young trees, as a tree is not 
permitted to get old if barren. 
The cup form is tho best to produce fruit. 
Orchards In Peas.—A correspondent writes us 
that ho finds sowi ng tho common field or Cannda 
pen. at iho rate of about two and ono half bush¬ 
els to the aero, and plowing them in about two 
inc-hcs deep, curly in spring, one of the best 
methods of keeping the ground loose and light, 
and tho trees healthy that he has ever tried. Tito 
crop is left to decay on the ground, and the 
whole expense is the cost of seed and plowing 
in spring. 
Ownrflng Apple Trees.—S. ,T., Grafton, Mo., 
asks how apple trees are dwarfed. They arc 
usually dwarfed by working them on French 
Paradise stock — a tree which rarely attains a 
height of more than a few feet. These stocks 
can bo obtained of almost any nurseryman. 
trees woro in a woudertu 
