follows:—“Tho animal is restless, shifting 
her feet, pawing, and heaves laboriously at 
her flanks. The muzzle is dry and hot, the 
mouth open and the tongue protruded. The 
countenance is wild, and the eyes staring. 
She wanders about mournfully lowing; she 
becomes irritable; she butts at a stranger 
and sometimes even at tbe herdsman. De¬ 
lirium follows. She grates her teeth, foams 
at the mouth, throws her head violently 
about, and not unfrequently breaks her 
horns. The udder becomes enlarged, and 
the attacks of mites and fungi. The coagu- expulsion of the whey; for if we cut nun 
lating principle of rennet is dependent upon utely, the whey passes off more readdy than 
the presence of a peculiar animal substance when tbe curds are left m large blocks or 
which soon decomposes under favorable eir- masses. When the horizontal knives are 
cumstances, and its introduction into cheese, used in connection with the perpendicular 
iclb ffirops. 
at best, is apt to excite fermentation. It is 
true that u great part of the rennet used is 
removed with the whey, but a portion re¬ 
mains behind incorporated with the curd. 
An excess of rennet, therefore, will cause an 
knives the particles of curds will be divided 
into particles about iho size of small peas, 
Which will be sufficiently minute for all prac¬ 
tical purposes. 
We do not favor an excessive use of the 
•xcess of this peculiar animal matter to he i (I1 jfe a ml the pulping of the curds, reducing 
retained in the curds, which will mostassur- 
«lly ■**' ■» «»™r of the 'Iieuac. Bui .Ho 
not anu rencier .u, iuc y . , fort that a large proportion of rennets arc 
of tlie disease. Thu is olways to bo rogaitled toli * s J Wnt 
n<? n unsnicious circumstance m a cow at the y ’ . 
time; and If this swelling and inflammation , mMy ;'««««. , 'ti’ruvMed 
he awotnitanlcd, a. they almost nnifonniy 
are, by a partial or total suspension of the 
milk, that which is about to happen is plain 
enough.” 
The symptoms of this disease will bo rec¬ 
ognized by dairymen, for losses are frequent; 
and, indeed, so rapid is the disease in its 
course that the animal is often beyond hope 
before active measures are taken for her rebel. 
Youatt recommends bleeding and physic; 
hut it is not upon this point, that we had 
proposed to speak, but rather upon the pre¬ 
cautionary measures to be taken as a pre¬ 
ventive of the trouble. 
II a cow is in high condition before 
trouble, it will be seen, is largely aggravated 
when an excess of this matter is used and 
retained in the curds. 
It may seem rather strange that old cheese 
makers, accusto/ned to handle rennets for 
them to particles no larger than pin beads, 
for it cannot be done without considerable 
loss. When the. particles of curd are very 
fine, a portion is liable to pass off in the 
whey during some part of the process, and 
it is certain that more oil is liberated than in 
coarser curds. What should be borne In 
mind in breaking, is a ready escape of the 
whey, retaining, at the same time, all the 
butter of the milk that is possible. All 
years, should not be able at once to detect barH p or violent manipulation when tho 
taints in them ; but wc have evidence daily cur fl 8 arc tender must be avoided. Wo have 
that they are unable to do so. An expert gee)1 cheese makers bard at work handling 
last spring was called to examine a large lbe t en( i cr curds as if they were shoveling 
stock of foreign rennets offered lor sale, ami grain, and their cheeses were not much bet- 
found that the larger portion of the stock { Cr ^ b!U1 “skimmed.” Dealers offen com- 
was tainted and entirely unfit for cheese p ] a j n 0 f cheese that is stiff and lacking In 
making. Yet cheese makers were constant- quality ( and should we trace back to the 
calving 
this season of the 
ly purchasing of this lot, and it Is presumed cau ^ CS) p would be found, often we fear, that 
they were all sold and are now being used. tbc buUcr p^i i H ;-on worked out of tbe curds 
Wherever these rennets arc employed it will ],y over-manipulation, 
be utterly impossible to make a peiCecily The principle to be observed in breaking 
pure and clean-flavored cheese. j g to Cl p a t the proper moment, when tho 
An excess of rennet always has t ie e «'c curc i s haves a firm consistency, giving time 
of separating the curd born the miit too - o iem to do their own work, avoiding un- 
should be taken from the pasture during the be utterly nnpossm.e re 
day and placed in a cool, well ventilated and clean-flavored cheese 
suable and this should be attended to at An excess of rennet always has the effect 
least several days before she drops her calf, of separating the curd horn llm milk too 
be given during ll» «Pi<Hy. *»“ “ » co„a,Uon. On .1,0 
in ,i, c evening sl >0 may l,e turuo.l Ollier I,ami, ,1 too little rennet is employed, 
it,,' ti e pasture Tin, object or UtU treat- or If perchance It » not sufflctemly strong to 
ent W to rnltu-o fle.lt an, keep tbe auiimtl Perfect tbe coagotautm o( ll,„ .mill ,mbn, 
S She should also be kept an Hour, the curd produced will be too ten- 
nom UK. U »un. Jlml uot oasily separated Irom the whey 
without loss of butter and Injury to the qual- 
from the sun for .a few days after calving. 
Wherever this treatment is followed there 
will not be much liability to the disease; 
indeed we have never known an animal to 
be attacked where it hail been adopted. 
the butter had been worked out of tbe curds 
by over-manipulation. 
The principle to be observed in breaking 
is to cut at the proper moment, when the 
curds have n firm consistency, giving time 
for them to do their own work, avoiding un¬ 
due manipulation, closely watching the 
process, and assisting only as it is necessary. 
You cannot go to work to make a choose as 
you would a box, or an Implement, in great 
haste. The cheese maker must be merely 
an assistant, helping on the process here and 
there, and judiciously waiting for it to per- 
WHEAT CULTURE. 
There are some farmers successful in 
their wheat culture. Who are they ? The 
answer is very clear—they arc the best 
farmers, Our Southern neighbors, who ore 
among the poorest wheat growers, average 
but three or four bushels per acre. In Eng¬ 
land twenty-five to twenty-eight is the aver¬ 
age; the latter figure the past year. Tho 
farmers in England ar e farmers. They pay 
attention to their wheat culture. They are 
more or less scientific in their operations. 
And yet their climate is not favorable to the 
plant; it falls behind our own. It is the 
culture, then, to a greater extent than any¬ 
thing else, which shows that we can grow 
wheat if wo will. Where the climate is 
favorable, and the soil agreeing, we can far 
outdo England. Even in our poorest locali¬ 
ties we can come up very nearly, if not 
quite, to Great Britain. 
Plowed wet, clay will be hurt, and made 
unfit for any crop. Plowed dry, it will 
come up in lumps. These lumps, however, 
with a few raius, will become more or less 
pulverulent— will crumble at the expansion 
which the water imparts. But the work is 
not so thorough as when plowed with some 
moisture in it, sufficient, to sever the connec¬ 
tion of the panicles by stirring. 
Plowed in the fall, and exposed to tlio 
action of tbe frost, and cultivated during 
the summer following with or without ma¬ 
nure, and only and always at the proper 
time, when neither too wet nor too dry, long 
un decomposed manure aiding in the sum¬ 
mer, your soil is prepared. 
It will thus be seen that it. is a simple, 
though somewhat laborious, operation. But. 
ment of the soil in the cultivation of this 
delicate yet hardy grain. It loves to feed 
on old elaborated matter of tho soil, and 
becomes diseased, inflated with tbe rank, 
strong manure from tlie stables and barn¬ 
yard. 
Develop then the natural fertility of the 
soil for wheat. Have a compact, yet finely 
comminuted texture, to hug closely, but not 
severely the roots, and give proper depth, 
which should be seven to eight inches, with 
mellow soil below, and drainage beneath 
that. 
All this requires effort. Labor must be 
expended. Thought must precede it. There 
must be judgment, as to the selection of the 
soil, and nothing must prevent the orderly 
treatment of this first and most valuable 
cereal. But such is not tho case save in 
a few instances. These are tho successful 
ones. Sow no wheat at all, unless it bo 
properly done. Put to something else, for 
there is more money in it. But more, much 
more, land may be put in wheat than is now 
practiced. 
Lot it not be supposed, from what we have 
said, thatwc are opposed to manure. We 
are in favor of it, though we prefer the nat¬ 
ural fertility of the soil, if that is abundant. 
We are. not opposed to manure, not even to 
harrowing it in with the wheat. But this ma¬ 
nure must be thoroughly rotten, and should 
be a rich compost rather, largely compounded 
with clay, unless the land has a sufficiency of 
this earth. Clay in your compost is the 
thing for wheat. And lime added, and salt, 
either in the soil or the. compost heap, will 
not injure it but benefit it. 
The manure should not only be rotten, but 
applied early in the season, or the year pre¬ 
ceding. Wo cannot get, the manure too 
thoroughly incorporated with the soil or 
used to it—becoming a part, ns it were, of 
the natural soil. This grows the wheat; 
i n ,i nn io n iuuu, uuu j«u.wv . j . e> — — 1 tnouffll Bomewuui lauunuus, uuwuuuu. , 
"<r° 'fil']!™,' hm' wo here presume that form iU owa "’ or,c * 11 wUl havG its ° wn by it the soil itself is improved, not only for this is ilm healthy soil. This is what the 
nflaeted >\ , , - J, „ _ time, and any attempt at forcing the process the crop of W lieat, but for general subsequent old farmers gave us in their fallows, plowing 
u*v<, um . ---- H . t) temperature —say 
attacked ttbm It Had been *dppt*l. CSly to cigitt-mo degrees - trltrn 
Wc Have Heard o(_ very senous cases of ^ js ,^„ Iulely fndl *. 
lerporal fever t reated successfully with cold ^ for , jbttining beit results, to 
Zl w°r»7ar’ gouefcaTl »t.U not taw the length of rn.net, and employ just 
» «<'»■• »HC Had fallen down Several pail, Heen oh- 
■ „_-.i ...ste, iito wo! worn ihrown '■• u,u o 
by violent manipulation or undue haste, is 
at tbe penally of an inferior product. 
puerperal lever iroatou Bucceoaumy " 
•water. One case, in particular, when tbe 
animal was so far gone that she could not 
risfc after she had fallen down. Several pails 
of C0id water Irom the ^ell \\ t ie tli 1 o\\ n ta j n0f j^ ?t 5g important to know where and .- ■ ■ 
Afier a' time she w^Tble to rite and was kow to conduct the breaking process. In AN UNPATENTED MOVABLE 
FRAMEHIVE. 
sun. In a lew dajssn? i.i n wooden knife was used to cut the curd in p, 0ME onc inquires for a non-patented 
The weather in July and August is gener- lw ^ checkBf aU(l after that it was carefully moval)k; eom b hive. I think 1 have it. 
ally hot and oppressive. It is the most dan- ^ftod with the hands and allowed to split p ue i jniT thtrU&wl of some greater iacilities 
gerous season of the year lor cows to drop apar( , of jtn ou . n necount, or from its weight, t(( eecur0 (;jtS e and economy In time in open- 
their calves. In addition to the suggestions ^ tic]eg were lifted up in tbe tub or vat. in „ bives cxam lnjng combs, and other op- 
offered, attention should be given to tlie cow » Whfin BkUl f u n y done, as fine cheese can be oratioU9 of i K . e cu Hure. I devised the hive 
udder— drawing the milk three or lour times m&de by lhJg procc ss ns by any other, but )hal j am now , 18 !ng exclusively with great, 
during the clay, and bathing in cold water it th0 labor i9 ] ar g C i y increased over the mod- R:Uifi f act i 0U t0 m yself. Bee men who have ex¬ 
it is inflamed. ern pra ctice of cutting with the curd knives. am j no( j express themselves highly pleased. 
-^ It is a question among cheese makers ry hel her T]j jg JlWe fa made jn tw0 sc . c ii 0 ns, fastened, 
CHEESE MANUFACTURE. CU rds are not injured by a minute division r i m „ ( i with a simnlc catch, oasily 
pirnitn. 
AN UNPATENTED MOVABLE 
FRAME HIVE. 
Some one inquires for a non-patented 
movable eomb hive. I think 1 have it. 
Feeljng thtrflwri of some greater Iacilities 
to secure ease and economy In time in open¬ 
ing hives, examining combs, and other op¬ 
erations of bee culture. I devised tbe hive 
it is inflamed. 
CHEESE MANUFACTURE. 
Coaffnlaiina tho M»IU and OnMiusf the Curds, 
If it, were possible to have rennets always 
of uniform strength, the exact measure or 
proportion of prepared rennet, for a given 
quantity of milk ill cheese making could be 
given. But as rennets differ In strength, the 
quantity can only bo determined, from lime 
to time, by tests. It, is of considerable im¬ 
portance to use rennet in the right propor¬ 
tion ; for if too large or too small a quantity 
be put in the milk, the coagulation is imper¬ 
fect aud there is a loss in quantity and qual- 
with the knives. 
Mr. IIahdXKG of Somerset, England, the 
great British Cheddar dairyman, contends 
that the curds have a natural grain, through 
which they should b« allowed to split, 
lie therefore employs what is termed a 
“ shovel - breaker’’ for manipulating the 
curds. It. is made of wire attached to a 
long handle, and as tho curds are lifted up 
they split apart, and in this way they are 
minutely broken. In a number of experi¬ 
ments made by ns to dotormjne whaf. ad¬ 
vantage this process has over that where 
knives are used, we have not, been able to 
when closed, with a simple catch, easily 
moved either way as desired. The frames 
are the same height as the hive, and stand 
farming. 
What shall we do then? Cultivate better. 
That is the answer very clearly. It is the 
fact, and, therefore, ought to he encouraging. 
This understood, that we can raise large 
wheat crops—raise a high average, equal to 
that of England — how are we to proceed? 
This has been clearly set forth by tbe best 
wheat growers. It is to select always the 
soil best adapted to wheat; and each farm 
is supposed to have some variety. At least 
to such farms as have this variety is this 
applicable. This soil la a clay soil, with a 
good portion of lime. Lime soils and clay 
soils, either mixed or independent — inde¬ 
pendent in the. predominance of each — are 
the soils that are wanted. One reason why 
such soils arc good is that they are compact 
aud yet mellow. They must be made mel¬ 
low by plowing intermediate between the 
wet and the dry state. 
Sow broadcast, or, better, in drills. Sow 
rather lato—say middle of September, earlier 
or later, according to climate. In the range 
upright on the bottom board, held in posi- of Central New York (43° latitude) it should 
It has beep found that the gain either'in^quTntity or qulilby U On tho 
Him Hl-cu utltlcd to >U* IB* THu Ittultltu tlauger of loss is so grout wlictl 
curds should then be tender and bill tie and * cureless or inexperienced 
yet of sufficient consistency to show t treons tUaJ wc consider it a much inferior 
the particles of milk have been operated prisons, 144. * Ha mhxo 
upon. The appearance of the mass at Ons m> u autUor ; ty ! 
Stage is peculiar and cannot well be de¬ 
scribed. On raising a portion with the fin¬ 
ger it splits with a clean fracture, and tho 
whey forms gradually. Tt is neither too 
tough nor too tender, but is of that consist- 
e»ey which old cheese makers describe as 
just tlm condition to handle easily, and work 
well in all the subsequent operations. 
There is no doubt but that great losses are 
annually sustained at. factories, and among 
farm dairymen, from a misapplication of 
rennd. Indeed, to use rennet properly, we 
must know the exact condition of the milk 
as regards its acidity. Among a large pre- 
portion of cheese makers no variation in 
quantity of rennet is made to meat ‘ l *is 
variation in the condition of milk, and the 
consequence Is that tho coagulation of the 
milk is not uniform from day to day. It is 
true that by watching closely, and manipu¬ 
lating skillfully, wc may be able to counter¬ 
act some of the bad efftms of an improper 
or defective coagulation, but we cannot do 
- so wholly, and whatever loss, or trouble 
H there may be with the curds, is by far too 
jv\ often attributed to other causes than the 
if 7 rennet. 
r p When rennet is added to millc in too large 
quantities—a very frequent fault of cheese 
[i^ tinkers—in addition to injuring the texture 
b' ; | of the curds, it pre-disposos tho cheese the 
f 4 • more readily to undergo putrefactive changes, 
,y.-| spoiling the flavor, anal rendering it liable to 
implement to the lcnifft. Mr. IIardtxg, 
wo acknowledge, is very high authority; 
but at the time of our visit to his dairy be 
had never (soon the American curd knlfo, 
and therefore had no opportunity to test its 
merits and compare results with the “ shovel- 
breaker;” and we have no doubt after a fair 
test he would arrive at the same conclusions 
and results as those we have named.’ 
But whatever he the process of breaking 
adopted it should be completed before any 
additional boat is added to the curds. Nor 
should tho braking be done too rapidly. 
The whey must have time to escape. T pou 
(his very point some cheese makers are in 
fault. Tlipy are in too great haste, and finish 
cutting the cufds at once, After passing the 
gang of steel knives each way across the 
vat, dividing the curds into long columns or 
checks, at least fifteen minutes should elapse 
before the knives are again employed. Then 
a gang of knives, cutting horizontally,should 
be used, as these will cut Iho mass evenly 
into cubes. The same length of lime should 
lion by a screw in the upright standard of 
the frame at one end ; said screw is inserted 
in a slot in a horizontal piece, say two inches 
wide, held by a post at each end set in the 
bottom board. Now, by raising Iho catch, 
one or both sections of the hive can be re¬ 
moved without any trouble, and without 
scarcely disturbing the bees, thus leaving the 
frames convenient to handle and examine, 
remove and replace, and that, too, without 
that sudden jar so irritating to bees. Any 
one used to movable comb hives can see at 
once the advantage and economy of this 
arrangement. 
The honey boxes can set on top of tlie 
frames wit bout any honey board intervening; 
the cover is made hip-roofed high enough to 
not be earlier than that. The soil being in 
good condition—a good seed-bed, ground 
rich, and the seed evenly and properly 
planted, there will be a good growth, and 
not au overgrowth. This last must be avoid¬ 
ed. Late sowing will do tins. In “ new 
land” a month later used to ho a success. 
Why ? Because the soil was dry, mellow, 
and sufficiently rich, the clay not having 
been hurt. Since then this lias been the 
case extensively—abusing the clay — and 
hence the result, 
We want, at the opening of winter, a 
in the manure and exposing it thoroughly to 
the action of the bent and of the soil, plow¬ 
ing and mixing it well. 
This was necessary in lands long cropped. 
In new land it was not necessary. There 
the manure—leaves, wood, &c.—was long 
acted upon by tlie elements; and, united 
with the soil, it, afforded the best of plant- 
food. There was a healthy growth, both of 
straw and grain. Both are needed, the one 
(straw) to grow the other. If the straw i9 
healthy, what will hinder a healthy action 
on the grain ? It is in such case t hat we get 
our sound and perfect wheat. Of course all 
grains are subject to external influences. It 
is our business not to add injury to these. A 
rank growth docs this—a growth originating 
from coarse, strong manure. Even sod will 
do it. Experiments have demonstrated it. 
And yet sod, when thoroughly rotted and 
mixed with the soil, is one of our best ma¬ 
nures. A clover ley is one of our best for 
wheat. 
We are, therefore, to avoid these rank ap¬ 
plications, and use only well-ripened ma¬ 
nures. To repeat:—Have a compact yet 
mellow soil, thoroughly drained and porous, 
with a predominance of day and lime, or 
one of them; tlie ground worked deeply, 
so as to reach the lower branching of the 
roots, and meet the drouth; the grain 
sowed rather late, and drilled. 
If tho soil is rich, this is sufficient; if not 
add manure, either the year before, or early 
in the season, or, if well-rotted compost, 
barren in with the grain. 
Of course the seed is to be sowed,—and it 
should be brought from abroad if possible, 
covering of the ground; no more. We want or a new variety used that is known (from 
no stalks to shoot up, as is the case some¬ 
times with early sowing, but never with late 
sowing. A simple covering of the ground- 
dear the honey boxes, and when painted p i ftt) hugging the soil closely, is the beauty 
makes a neat and tasty appearance. It is 
not patented, nor intended to be; any one 
can make it. and use who dioosps to. If these 
hives arc manufactured for sale in time for 
another season, due advertising notice will 
be given. E. Russell. 
Farraersville. Cult Co., N. Y. 
We understand this to be a Iiivc on which 
moveable comb frames may bo nsec]; but is 
practice in the locality,) to be reliable.— f, o. 
-4~4~*--- 
THE NORWAY OATS. 
of a wheat field in the fall, just previous to Seeing the advertisement of these oats in 
winter. Rural New-Yorker last winter, I sent to 
It now and then happens that, an unfavor- Messrs. J. & C. and received a small package 
able fall will keep the wheat in a lagging by mail. Seeing so much in the paper that 
statu—just push it out of the ground, green was unfavorable, I kept them In my trunk 
the field slightly. I prefer this to a rank until sometime in February last, w hen I took 
growth. The good Boil, warm and dry, and them to a small patch of ground which had 
full of life, will preserve the tender yet vig- been imperfectly plowed once with a short 
orous plant, and will astonish us iu the plow, drawn by a very small mule, hastily 
suuuiu wu mv .- — *; v shaned hive must, pay a royalty on a move- 
Tl,cwl. ey .u,»t nave time to«toW 1 .«»■ otTit? Vo Jtouid like to bo 
this very point some cheese makers are in uu ‘ u ^ >; 1, . . 
fault. TJ|cy are in too great haste, and finish informed if this is no so. 
cutting the cupels at once. After passing the -' “ 
gang of steel knives each way aepoes the Experience wiili Bees.—Tn the spring of 18681 
vat, dividing the outdo into long coin,,,,,, or 
checks, at least fifteen minutes should elapse )K)Und ., ot n0 „ ey . Tfic tirst qew stock sent out 
before the knives are again employed. Then O no swarm, besides making twenty pounds of 
a gang of knives, cutting horizontally, should surplus honey, making h» a’ 1 hyo eqiontes and 
& 0 ’ ... . . nil -urintei Inn through well. At tho present time 
bo used, as these will cut the mas? "ven \ j kavp B i ovtm colonies of bees from the one hive 
into cubes. The Soime length ol limo should w ; tb j Q a pttJo more thnn one year's time. AU 
now' be given for tlie whey to form or escape, ar0 doing as well ns any in this part of tho coun- 
and if the steel blades arc set near together, try, it being too wot and very cold, who has a 
no further cutting will be needed. The only 8 i J. ,n “ ai 1 ^ 9 btJttcr cxper ’ P ’ 
purpose of cutting or breaking the curd Is to * ” —---- 
facilitate the escape of the whey. Additional Ati , 9 nnd Bees.—p. writes us that he differs 
heat is also used for the same purpose. from A. w. about ants, and addsMr. Qpin- 
The Cheddar dairymen of England favor «»in his Mysteries of Boo-keeping, exonerates 
a minute division or breaking ot tho cuius, rojmrd thorn useful In carrying away dead bees, 
and it would seorn to be wolf adapted for ac- thus preventing decomposition, which would be 
compliskinfi the main object desired — the a nuisance.” 
it not true that the person who uses a S p r i a g by the miracle of growth and spread- threw them over it, broad east, and had a 
moveable comb frame in any kind of, or bl g p ] an t s , occupying tbe soil completely. negro drag a brush over them. In March 
But it must be particularly understood 
that this soil is not a wet, undramed soil 
It must be drained, either naturally or olhcr- 
w'ise; and according to the* degree of drain¬ 
age will be the success of the crop. 
England has her soil underlaid with tile ^ 
this is one of the causes of her success, and 
the frost bit them down considerably. 
They received no more attention until 
July 1, when a freedman with a grain knife 
cut them and another gathered up after liitu. 
He tied up fifty-three large bundles. On the 
8d just., I went to the patch, gathered an 
armful of scattered heads from which 1 
Other as a whole. Much wheat Is lifted and excepting the. barbs or beards—or whatever 
killed by the frost. This would not happen you term it, I want no better oat than the 
if drainage w’ere more practiced. The soil Norway has proved to be so far. 
would not be worked so wet. It would I have no ax to grind and if I had, there 
protect the wheat better in the fall, and would be no necessity to go to New'York to 
during the winter and spring. It would add grind it. F. A. Dulany. 
fertility, aud of the right, kind—the natural Camden, Ala., July 6. 
ingredients of the soil—which are much * * * plA(1 _, ne 
bettor than rank manure from the barn-vard, gnys the 8WMfc potato lmpoV erishes the soli far 
or even a dense sod turned down and rotted, ] esg tkatl Km ; n crops, and is produced in far 
Much is dependent upon the proper treat- creator abundance. 
. 
