J 
oration from its surface, and its influence on 
the flow of the sap and the deposition of the 
woody fiber. A leaf is made up of a stem 
and a broad expansion of cellular matter, 
and is attached to the shoot only at the nodes. 
The relative position of the leaves is alter¬ 
nate. At the. place of connection with the 
shoot there is a joint, at which a separation 
is easily made. Woody fiber does not grow 
through this, and in the fall the loaf separates 
at this point. Healthy foliage in of the ut¬ 
most importance in the production of sound 
buds. 
Opposite to a leaf grows a tendril,—and 
nowhere else. Moim says a tendril grows 
opposite to one leaf and a second, and is 
! absent from the third. Dr. Warder found 
| this rule correct when applied to foreign 
vines, hut not true of our native varieties. 
There seemed to he no exact rule or ratio of 
flic growth of tendril on our vines. There 
might he several, three, or three times us 
many, and then a leaf without the tendril. 
T.n some varieties buds near the cane did not. 
produce shoots bearing tendrils. It is im¬ 
portant to know these varieties; for as a 
cluster of grapes is but. a. fully developed 
tendril, it follows if such vines arc closely 
pruned they will be nearly or quite barren. 
The buds left bear no tendrils. The llerbc- 
mont, Oporto and Bullilt. would not produce 
fruit from the lower buds. 
The speaker dwelt eloquently on the won¬ 
derful change of a tendril to a cluster of 
frllit, and of the surprising instinct it mani¬ 
fests in seeking and clinging to support. 
Some proofs Of the identity of tendril and 
cluster were, that we find tendrils bearing 
some fruit, and clusters having tendril growth 
in them; besides, there is no joint at their 
point of juncture with the cane, and in the 
autumn they dry up and wither, but do not 
drop like the leaves. 
After the leaves fall, the shoot becomes a 
cane. The life of a shoot is about, half a. 
year. It is the immediate fruit la 
inar the culture of the Castor Bean uiged that 
castor oil should be excepted in tho learned Pro¬ 
fessor’s sweeping assertion; but the stubborn 
analyser refused to except it! 
ic ilmcmirir 
isnrssions 
LIGHT GREEN GRAPES 
NEW YORK FARMERS’ CLUB 
N. Y. FRUIT GROWERS’ CLUB 
No light colored or white green grape has 
ever been brought, forward with so equally 
good promise as the 
Croton .—[See Rural Oct. 9, page 648.]— 
The vine is hardy, vigorous; and to my own 
observing knowledge, is as productive as 
Concord. It sets its berries uniformly to the 
perfection of each and every hunch—a char¬ 
acter that no white or light green hardy 
grape has yet exhibited. 
The Lydia is jus rich and sweet, or even 
more so, than Croton; but it docs not form 
good bunches, as a rule. The Martha is 
good—quality, not equal to Croton or Lydia; 
and, although in some localities it fills one- 
half or more of its bunches fairly, it never 
can be depended on to give a full crop of 
fruit, saleable iu market; one half of its 
bunches must be eaten at home or go to the 
wine press. 
The Mary is too late for any point north 
of Missouri; and the vine has so much of 
diseased Catawba in it (from which it sprung) 
that disease is a part of its constitution. 
The Allen’s Hybrid and Rebecca are both 
so mingled with the foreign blood as to ren¬ 
der them quite unreliable, except iu isolated 
cases, wherein private gardens, and growing 
in light, sandy, loamy soils, they have suc¬ 
ceeded ; the labor and care of them makes 
the fruit cost, at least fifteen cents a pound. 
The Maxatawncy is now hardly to lie 
heard of; and even at. the great, show in 
Philadelphia, just passed, it took uo position ; 
yet iu some localities, in Missouri especially, 
it is really a fine variety; but in all our 
Northern States it mildews, and ripens only 
occasionally. 
The Anna is of superior excellence when 
it can be ripened, but like Cuyahoga it ma¬ 
tures too late for most locations in the 
Northern Middle States; and when it goes 
South exhibits disease, inherent, from its 
parents. 
The Autuchon, from Canada, lias had 
great praise given by a mere examination of 
one or more bunches grown under high cul¬ 
ture and most careful management; but 
there is nothing to warrant its continuance, 
or a hope for its originator to base his repu 
tation upon. His Canada, a black grape, 
will do to talk about for a time yet; but, 
like all the Roger’s numbers, all his other 
sorts must eventually go to the wall. 
There, now, I have said my say, and I 
wait for somebody to bring me out again. 
Frank Amon. 
(’riming Olil Grape Vino*. 
We continue our notes of the sayings and 
doings of this distil iguished body of scientific ag- 
rlcul tu rists. 
Wauls to Migrate. — Mrs. Sabine, Sparta, 
Mich., lives where there is so much lever and 
ague t hat she has decided to migrate to a warmer 
and healthior climate, and asks if there are 
small farms in Virginia iu localities whore there 
is no fever and ague and no poisonous snakes; 
also, if speckled trout are to be found in the 
streams of Virginia. The gracious Commander 
of the Club Suggests that she write to General 
Imhookn, New York City, who is Commissioner 
of Emigration for Virginia, for information. A 
distinguished New Jersey man said that in tho 
eastern part of V irginia, along the water-courses, 
she would find fever and ague; but on the high 
lands of Western Virginia, she will find trout in 
the streams and a healthful climate. 
Timothy nnd Herd's Grass. A. A. 5I.AYOON, 
Fori Dodge, Iowa, asserts that Timothy and 
Herd’s grass are the same, and that it was first 
discovered in this country on the farm of a New 
England farmer named Timothy Herd, about 
one hundred years ago, aud that for a long time 
It was known as Timothy Herd's grass. 
Will Fall-planted Willow uml Cottonwood 
Cutting* Grow I—J. F. Simmons, Iowa Falls, re¬ 
peats his question which he asserts was not an¬ 
swered when asked some weeks since. He wants 
to know, because hn has more time to plant them 
in the fall than in the spring. The Club did not 
respond to this inquiry, but the Run u. advises 
him not to expend labor planting in the fall. Wo 
have known fall-planted cuttings to grow; but 
so far as our observation goes, they were excep¬ 
tions to tho rule. 
This Hex of Cottonwood. Mr. Simmons repeats 
the Inquiry if there Is any way to tell the sex of 
Cottonwood at any other time than when tho 
t reus are In bloom or tho seed is falling. It. is 
replied by members that they know of no way 
to tell at any other time. 
Cottonwood Fence.—Mr. Simmons says he can 
show an impenetrable live Cottonwood fence of 
flvo years' growth. He asserts that It makes a 
bet ter fence than the willow, since it grows fully 
as fast and much strnighter. 
To Manage Fleas.—FRANCIS COLLINS, Morris- 
ville, Fa., expresses much sympathy with such 
of his fellow beings as are afflicted with fleas, 
lit* had been so afflicted. But hn Anally pre¬ 
vented t lmir ravages by never allowing any ani¬ 
mal that tho flea Infests, and particularly I Ik* 
hog, to have any shelter in out-buildings from 
May to the time of frost, in the fall. No flea- 
bites Ninee the adoption of this policy. 
To Exterminate Hen Lire.—F rancis Co LIONS 
tusks how to exterminate hen I lee. A gentleman 
interested in oxtending the culture of the Castor 
IJean says, that in the South colored people tie 
Castor Bean leaves about tho perches, and say it 
exterminates them. Two of the Club’s most 
veracious MitiOhs had tried 'he following aud 
found it an infallible and vifoCB vet.v terminator: 
Turn tho fowls out of tho hen-house, and put a 
peek ol' charcoal and live or six pounds of sul¬ 
phur In an old stove, kettle, or other safe recep¬ 
tacle, sel it on Are and shut up tho bouse close 
until it is thoroughly fumigated. This hud re¬ 
sulted in destroying ail I he lice in the house and 
exterminating them from the fowls that after¬ 
wards roosted therein. 
How to Utilize Aight Moil, ARTHUR VlCKKRg. 
Coatlcooke, Quebec, asks how tw prepare night 
soil fur application to the soil. He was recom¬ 
mended to mix It with muck, common garden 
soil, chip manure or kiln-dried earth, which 
would deodorize it and render it portable, TI 10 
Rural suggests that the best way is lo throw 
into the vaults daily broken or pulverized char¬ 
coal, or tnuek and gypsum, or chip manure, 
Those are the best substances. But dry earth is 
far better than nothing. Clayey loam is pref¬ 
erable. 
Curcnllo on Iho Quince. 
ad,lusting tightener. It should be drawn per¬ 
fectly tout, but not Unduly strained. Tho action 
of heat, and cold upon it will be scarcely percep- 
liltle. We Jc/Iouj l itis from experience. 
Hnmt In Wheat.—li. F. Fox of Wisconsin has 
found that when he cut his wheat ns soon as it 
was In the dough state, the seed produced smut¬ 
ty wheat ; when tho seed was allowed to mature 
before cutting, it did not produce smut. 
Oliver 1*. Htingill, Kumlord, Oxford county, 
Me., writes: I think I he prime cause of smut in 
wheat is Hie spoiling of seed by either heating, 
molding or sweat ing of the wheat In the stack, 
mow or bin, after it is harvested and before it is 
sown ugaln. I think wheat used for seed, if en¬ 
tirely free of I he disease called smut, will not 
produce stoni ly wheat from any condition of 
the atmosphere or soil. If Hie above conclusions 
arc correct, wo shall readily com® to t he opinion 
that, to prevent tho growth of smut in wheat, 
wo must take particular care in harvesting our 
wheat for seed. Wo should have it well ripened 
and dried before it is put in the Imrit and gran¬ 
ary, and hoc that It is kept free from damp, mold 
or smutty wheat. II is evident that smut will 
propagate smut by contagion, when mixed with 
the wheat and sown together; hence some of the 
remedies recoin mended will be found very use¬ 
ful in chocking or preventing the disease or fun¬ 
gus when smutty or damaged wheat is sown. 
But. tho sure way is to sow wheat that Is entfoly 
sound, free from all dump, mold, or damage,and 
all contagion of smutty wheat. Some twenty 
live years ago 1 was engaged In grinding wheat, 
and was muck troubled with smutty wheat. One 
of my patrons always brought tile elcan wheat, 
free of smut, and his neighbor always raised 
wheat more or less smutty, on the sonic kind of 
land, 1 heir farms adjoining. Noting this fact, I 
aske d the first named how he ltKuuigud to grow 
wheat free of smut, and his neighbor smutty 
wheat? Ho said hispractiee was to cut his wheat 
when ripe, mul shock it In the field until dry, 
then put It in Hue burn, where it would keep and 
roniuii! dry until thrashed and used for seed. I 
have conversed with many wheat growers, and 
have raised wheat sotnofifteen years, nnd all my 
observations and inquiries have led me to the 
above conclusions. 
Guo. W. A mks, Union county, Oregon, says: 
“ Let those who are postered with smut in wheat 
soak their seed in vitriol. To every five bushels 
dissolve one pound of vitriol In enough water to 
thoroughly saturate, the wheat, and let, it stand 
over night, or twelve hours, before sowing. 
When 1 came hero in 1862, my neighbors told me 
I must vitriol my wheat before sowing, to pre¬ 
vent smut. I del so, and hud a good crop.” 
Keeping Grapes. Alexander Farmer, Mo¬ 
dena, N. Y., says the best way to keep grapes In 
winter, so far as he. bus knowledge, is to take 
good clusters of perfectly ripe fruit, trttd, after 
sweating them in baskets a short time, wrap 
each cluster In two thicknesses of clean white 
(issue paper,and puck them in cleun, tight boxes 
four inches deep, holding about halt' a lmshel, 
and. It Hie “ children " do not get their Angers 
In them, some varieties will keep well In this 
way till April. 
To Cure Garget.— GEORGE Lee, Barre, Mass., 
writes:—” The evidence is overwhelming that, a 
piece of garget or poke root inserted under tho 
skin of tho breast of cows will curt! the garget. 
It may thus cure from counter-disease or irrita¬ 
tion, or by absorption of tho medicine into the 
blood and lymphatic vessels, or circulation, so 
us to act specifically upon the diseased gland by 
Cither a chemical or dynamic power. It is often 
Inserted In the. breasts of horses to cure glandu¬ 
lar disease about the throat." 
How to Get Water. J. E, HUMPHREY, Victor, 
N. Y., asks the best, way to bring water a distance 
of one hundred and thirty rods to his building, 
with a rise of fifty to seventy l'eet. A head of 
ten feet Is attainable. Ono gentleman said by a 
water ram ; another said with that fall hoshould 
rather risk driving a force pump with a water 
wheel. 
Club-Root Cabbage, H. W. GILBERT says 
that club-root in cabbage is caused by a worm, 
and that a surface application of ashes will de¬ 
stroy them. Ho knows from many years’ ex¬ 
perience. 
lieet-Hoot Sugar.— J, BatcHBLLKB, N. Y. City, 
asks tho names of parties largely engaged in tho 
manufacture of sugar from tho sugar beet. The 
usually accurate Commander of the Club named 
Bei-cher & Uro., Chicago, which was incorrect. 
Tho Germania Beet Sugar Manufacturing Co., 
Chatsworth, III., arc the only parties largely en¬ 
gaged in the business that, we know of in this 
country. Other manufactories are reported as 
preparing to work the boot into sugar. 
Warts on Cows’ Teals. — Robert Kinnicut, 
Warren, it. I., writes that sweet oil applied every 
night nnd morning for a few days will remove 
warts from cows' teats. 
Linseed Oil for Harness. —B. G. Young, Baby¬ 
lon, L. I., denounces the recommendation to ap¬ 
ply Unscodoil to harness, asserting that it rots 
the leather. The Professor of Chemistry asserted 
that all vegetable oils are injurious to leather. 
The distinguished member Interested in exteud- 
irttig por 
tion of Lite vine. Tho cane is brown in color, 
lias smooth bark, and Iho shoots grow from 
it, Its existence, as a cane terminates in a 
year. It then assumes a rough bark of dark 
color, and is called a stem. The duration of 
its life is 11 ic age of the vine. 
|bc feuhntfr 
BURYING CABBAGE 
As the season has arrived for the gathering 
of cabbage, a few hints on the methoif of 
burying them whole may be of benefit to 
numerous readers of the Rural. Cabbage 
should be gathered in November. They are 
not injured by being frozen a number of 
times; ou the contrary their flavor seems to 
be much improved (hereby. 
ALPHABET OF THE VINE 
Abstract of Hr. John A. Warder’s Address 
at Cunuudaignn, at New York State 
Grape I'uil'. 
Du. Warder addressed an appreciative 
audience for an hour, tho subject being “ The 
Vine and its Peculiarities.” In his opening 
remarks he said the observing and knowing 
grape growers were 1 lie successful ones. We 
must begin at the beginning. A learned 
professor had said that a safe starting point 
for the teacher is to assume the ignorance of 
his class. And with due deference and 
numerous exceptions in his audience, he 
would assume to leach them something of 
the alphabet of the vine. 
The first point for consideration is the bud ; 
it is an individual and perfect plant, contains 
all the elements of a plant; perfect in its 
organization and capable of starting a new 
community. The hud has an individual 
though not a separate existence, and is ca¬ 
pable of producing a plant like the parent. 
The plant is a community of buds. The 
position of the buds was curious; they al¬ 
ways grow at. the axil of a leaf and are ar¬ 
ranged alternately along tho cane. Each 
bud lias its own connections with the root. 
When buds grow, the product at first is 
termed a shoot. In its first condition it is 
soft, contains little fibrous matter, and is 
easily ruptured or torn from the parent plant. 
Summer pruning is done on Iho shoots, and 
no implements are needed hut the thumb 
and finger. As it acquires age, the shoot de¬ 
posits fibrous mailer; it is then firmly con¬ 
nected at the joint with the parent plant. 
The shoot is interrupted at intervals by 
nodes, or joints. At these places the shoot 
swells out, and the organs of the vine are put 
forth—the leaf, bud and tendril. There is, 
in its early stages of growth, a joint in the 
node, at which the shoot may be broken 
easily and squarely oil. The wood fibers do 
not run through. A shoot cannot he broken 
smoothly at any other place. In time the 
wood fibers run through, and the shoot can¬ 
not then he easily broken at the joint. The 
smooth portion of the shoot between the 
nodes is called the inti mode. This is not 
• ap ,Me of producing buds, but may, at any 
point, throw out roots. The leaves are the 
most important part of the plant. If they 
fail the fruit goes, loo, and perhaps the en¬ 
tire plant. 
The speaker alluded to the chemical action 
due to the foliage, the large amount of evap¬ 
Fioure 1. 
Figure 1 is a perspective view of a trench 
of cabbage for winter. The manner in which 
they tire covered is shown in figures 2 and 3. 
Select a dry spot of gpouncl (if if is under- 
drained so much the better,) on which water 
will not stand during winter; this selected, 
dig a trench two feet wide and six inches in 
depth, in which scatter straw (rye or wheat 
A gentleman named 
Bunnell hud succeeded in getting fruit in spite 
of the euroullo, by smoking ono-lntlf of the tree 
with old straw, which ho said seemed to drive 
the Insects into the fruit on the other half, and 
ho got fair crops from that, port smoked. Ho 
exhibited quinces, showing tho difference be¬ 
tween stung fruit, and lhat, not. stung. The New 
Jersey Entomologist said that, the eureulio which 
attacks the qulflco is not tho same that attacks 
the plum. It appears later in the season. It 
never goes into the core of the fruit, ns does the 
plum eureulio. Another member knew of no 
mode of destroying the eureulio so successful 
and effectual as tho jarring process. 
A Corn Caterpillar.—J, H. Wood, Sussex Co., 
N. J., sent, some time since, specimens ol worms 
infesting and eating corn foliage. He writes: 
“They get upon our hands and cause the flesh 
to rise up in blotches; their effect upon the 
flesh Is similar to that produced by nettles, and 
cannot bo got rid of forsoine days. The species 
is new t o us, and wo would like to have the opin¬ 
ion of tho Club about thorn, whether they are 
poisonous to cattle or not." Tho New Jersey 
Entomologist said he had been able to determine 
tho species, but he did not say what it was. He 
said, however, it was not new. It is not poison¬ 
ous to the hands any more than the nettle. The 
“barbs” or ball's of tho caterpillar produce 
upon the skin the same sensation as the nettle. 
'I’he idea that tho caterpillar injures stock was 
new and improbable. 
A Yew Seed ling Potato.—A wide-awake Ver¬ 
mont Yankee sends tho Club specimens of a 
new seedling potato, the fourth year from tho 
seed, which he says has produced si.v hundred 
and forty bushels per acre, and which he will 
guarantee to produce, on good Vermont soil, 
six hundred bushels per acre. Tho tubers were 
distributed among members for trial. Other 
largo potato stories were told, for which wo have 
no space. 
Moist Cellars.—A. SHUMWAY, Halloek, Ill., 
writes“ My cellar is on level ground ami <11111- 
,cult to drain. I have a cement and gravel wall 
and bottom which are quite hard, the latter ton 
inches thick, and yet the water Cornea la through 
tho hot tain. It seems the pressure is so great 
that it forces the water through tho pores. Now 
wluii can be done. 1 cannot, drain. Will coal 
tar, applied cold or hot, fasten so firmly to the 
bot tom as to keop out water, or is there some¬ 
thing better ? I f you can give us a lit tle knowl- 
"dge on this subject you will confer a favor on 
loruulture 
FLORAL NOTES 
Clotilda Holland Rose.—A friend of mine sent 
me last spring a rose called Clotilda Holland. It 
did not bloom. Cun you tell tno the color of tho 
flower?—Mrs. P. S. Scott, McmUlon, (>. 
We have never seen it in bloom. 1 1 . is a newly 
Imported Hybrid Perpetual, described as a beau¬ 
tiful clear chorry-roso, largo, double, of vigor¬ 
ous growth and a profuse bloomer, it is called 
" superb.” 
Inquiry About Aster Seed*.— Will Urn seed 
saved from the flowers oT the side branches of 
the aster produce aa double and perfect flowers 
next, year as seed saved from the central flower? 
Also, what part, of the blossom should the seed 
Is; saved from to produce double Mowers; 
around tho edge of it or in the center? and will 
tho sumo rule apply to tho Zinnia?—G. E. M., 
Lowell* Mew. 
Figure 2. Figure 3. 
is best) three incites in depth, on which stand 
the cabbage, top downward, two or three 
inches apart, until the trench is full, when 
Straw is scattered around the head and part 
of the stem. This done cover with earth from 
four to eight inches in depth, according to 
t he exposure. By placing boards ai the side, 
as shown iu figures 1 and 2, rain will be 
prevented from washing away the dirt; or 
by packing the dirt by striking upon it with 
the, shovel blade the same point will be 
gained. Break oft’ a number of the outside 
leaves, and free the roots from dirt before 
burying. L. D. 8nook. 
The Gladiolus. Helen Montgomery. —You 
may plant bulbs front the time tho ground is 
dry and warm in spring until the fifteenth of 
June, and thus secure flowers till summer and 
until frost in the fall. Tho bulbs should be kept 
in a cool, dry plaoeduring winter, but they must 
not be allowed to freeze. 
Late Blooming < hryxniitheninm* should not 
he kept in the house during the winter, if ono 
cares not to destroy their vitality for the future. 
It is better to plunge the pots iu thoground with 
the plants, or turn tho balls and plants out of 
tho pots and plant in the borders. 
Preserving Cabbage, Cauliflower, etc. — A 
friend of mine preserves cauliflowers, cabbage, 
Ac., in this wayTho heads arc out, leaving two 
or throe inches of t he stem. From this stem the 
pith is cut out und the heads suspended, invert¬ 
ed, by cords and the stems kept filled with pure 
cold water. They are kept as cool as possible 
without, being allowed to freeze.—s. 0 . w. 
Lilac IBoMAom* in September.—The Bucyrus, O. 
Journal sttiys that an Intelligent young lady in 
that, town, on the second day of August picked 
from a young lilac its entire foliage, and hs pre¬ 
dicted, it put forth new foliage, and blossoms 
were gathered from it September lii. 
Keeping Squashes. — We have kept winter 
squashes by packing them in barrels and plac¬ 
ing in a cool place, where they would not freeze, 
until lute in winter. If care is taken not to 
bruise them, the Boston Marrow may thus be 
kept until April. 
Early Winter Blooming.— Will some one tell 
how I can have fuchsias, verbenas and petunias 
bloom in the early winter?—K ate. 
