H| 
WmEmmi 
nettor tipples nntl pwn; liut, like nil the other 
wou<l|>e<)ker*. It In (luuliilshtuK lit number:*, in pro¬ 
portion ns the woods of tln> country uro out away. 
Ami.mid to toll, the few tlmt tire left of this most 
vuluahie of nil our small lords urn sold In iheintti- 
ketn.of thin city, ready picked,for four cents apiece. 
Here tire tlte head* of live ocdnr-hlnls, aomel lines 
called cherry birds, in ■'onsequencoor the had name 
tills till’d Ims from the elrouimtuflCe that it will .-ton e- 
tlmea take cherries, I have Klven Ik a tlioroliuh in¬ 
vestigation I have killed timny ! more limit 1 over 
will uyatn. In thostoinaeh of one I found several 
canker-worms HO perfect u.s to be reudlly idel'ditlod, 
end the heads of enough more to make thirty-si * in 
nil, Think of that I One cedar-bird taking at n sin¬ 
gle inoitl thirty-six canker-worms. -Phis insect has 
for half u century been a perfect seuurgo of the apple 
orchards ol n ::real pai l, of New Kurland, apd has nt 
times seriously threatened other sections 01 the 
country This little bird is a.gross feeder, and con¬ 
tinues in tloeks Mil near midsummer Where Insects 
appear In great number*,its the canker and other 
span-worms sometime* do, It will come suddenly in 
hi r |[e (lacks,unri feed then-day nUe.r day till the post 
is subdued And Mils bnniitlflll UMlo friend of ours 
— the second host of all the bird* -Is sold by bushels 
in this market both fall.I prink, and no one, not 
even tiergli, to cry uptime, in the stomach* ot these 
cedur-tdrdH 1 found dolllllig but CCdnr nod juniper 
hurries the peculiar smell of the Ini ter was very per- 
cuptlbtn in the stomachs of two. The lovers of pin 
will probably be enoude.H of lilts Idl’d 111 fin me, but 
when It is known that all the Juniper berries need lu 
tills country cemo from I'Jumpe, It may inotify the 
wrath of Dio gin drinkers. 
I tero Is the 1 1 cad of | Ini A merman -hr ike, or butch or 
hint its stomach was filled to repletion with amass 
Of Insects, but so comminuted us to bn mid 1st I imui li¬ 
able except by a microscope. This bird, ll Is said, 
will transfix Insects on thorns or briers, niter satis¬ 
fying ills present wants, so as tu keep them till 
hungry. 
Hero Isa meadow larlt. You will observe how Ioiik 
and strong the beak Is. lie bud fed to mpletlon on a 
species of rodpvpnia Insect llku the squash nr pulup- 
k■ n him in all exaimmuions of tin* sionmcli* of 
larks. I have l’uund Insects only,and nearly always 
but one kind of an Insert at a, tilin' In the early 
spring they will feed upon lilies, a. species ot centi¬ 
pede, found about tin* roots or grans. In the sum¬ 
mer you will Hud beetles. This bird appears to have 
an Instinct by which It. know* where to Hud Its insect 
food by the appearance of the regulation, and ils 
beak is formed for mi eh a purpose. II shut adieu feed- 
i iik. It Will be often found e.miteil with mud. This bird 
Is insectivorous, except when the wound Is covered 
with suow;it will then, from necessity, visit your 
barns or stacks for seeds mid vtrain. And now, please, 
lot your Unftvluflbbma carry you back to the country 
m .lune, tin (lie old farm, In the meadows You see 
these superb tints glistening lit tlie sunbeams, You 
hour that glorious burst ol' melody, and tin* sense of 
happtnoss thrills all through you. Hod knew how to 
make a world and to cun it gom'1 when IttYOs niafTe. 
He made the meadow lurk lie painted it. lie made 
its betlk to penetrate the earth, them to patch the In¬ 
sects supping the roots id’ our plants, lie Insliloned 
the organ* to produce that wonderful melody. 
.Yleudow lurks are sold In your markets tor ten cents 
iipmee. 
Here Is a robin . bushels and bushels of robins arc 
In your markets lor a, dollar a dozen, llow would 
any of you feel if some vagabond boy .should shoot 
your robin the lod-broHSl Hod greets you morning 
and evening from llio top of your highest, tree In the 
garden V 
'Phis larger bird Is tlm largest of the woodpecker 
family In thl* part of the country. It Is commonly 
culled a Hleker, soineMmcs high-Holder, because It 
makes a hole for Its nest, high up In a tree. The 
stomach of thin bird contained a red berry like a 
cranberry, the seeds of dog-wood hurries, and nearly 
a thousand small tints, From torfder examinations 
ot this turd, I should Judge that ants are Ils chief 
food. I once counted eight- hundred, mostly lb Ihe 
lurvic condition, taken at one meal. The Ilesh of this 
bird m hard and t.lm smell rank not lit for food—*1111 
it in often In the market. 
Here me the heads of throe cnt-hlrds. Every nno 
knows this bird. It Is everywhere in the country, 
and often frequents our Inrper gardens in III" oily. 
It I* a mocking bird, and very nearly allied to t hi* one 
kept a.« a pet. ' i.lko your pet mocking bled, it u III eat 
a great variety of food those had been feeding i* non 
heii’loa—one had eaten purple one-, from a speci. , of 
dogwood, until the stomach was purple through mid 
through In the summer, when Iced trig its young, 
the cat-bird is oftuu vory valuable. .Many times our 
Roots the tons Of which grow uhovn ground do not 
Yield no much augur as Olliers Hull Imry themselves 
heller in the soil, fur llio heads of the roots, being 
exposed to light, turn greenish and yield less erys- 
taliz,able sugar than the purls covered by the soil. 
Manufacturers or sugar cut oil the greenish-eolored 
heads "I the tools before they are pulped,ami hence 
much waste lakes place when beet roots grown in a 
large measure above ground are aont to the luauu- 
factory. Generally speaking, the higher the apcciltC 
gravity of a beet roof the more it is esteemed tor its 
sugar-producing qualities. Good roots arc consid¬ 
erably more dense than water, and rapidly sink to 
the bottom of a vessel tilled with water. 
Tlir expressed julep of good beet routs has a clean, 
sweet taste, and a specific gravity Of from 1,001 to 
1.070. When very high In sugar, the speeitki gravity 
of the lulcc rises above 1.11711, reaching nei'li.lloiiiilly 
1.07a to tOTH- On cun lug a beet root across, wo ahull 
see that It la composed ol concentric zones or layers, 
ditferitig in color more or less, aeeordlng to tntt va¬ 
riety The extol lor, or skin, i* composed of compact 
cellular tissue. Next will he seen concentric ’zones, 
the number of which corresponds with that ol Ihe 
several circles of leaves forming the tops, and the 
tn’oadlhof which depends on the stage of develop¬ 
ment of the leaves. The oldesi and most u\fernal 
leaves are In direct communication with the. oldest 
and most central lovers or /.Otitis,composedeT uellu- 
lular ’.md vascular tissue, whilst the youngest unit 
most central loaves communicate with the most re¬ 
cent external concentric.zones or the roof, amt nro- 
vide.them with nourishment, Iftliu Icavcuiof a beet 
root, are very large and luxuriant, the concentric 
rings of tlm root with which they communicate will 
also bu found vorv huge, the tl* sue of their rings 
spongy, and the cells hum* and piled with sup that 
ti, comparatively speaking— watery and poor In sagar. 
On the other hand, the less luxuriant utiil smaller 
lops of well grown, moderate sized beets will lie 
found hi correspond with concentric layers of cells 
of smaller dimensions, to be Plied with a clen«er sap, 
richer iti sugar t ha n we Pud It in roots wll h large top*. 
The best roots for the ms mi fact tiro of sugar are 
those in which the size ef these concentric layer* of 
cells doe* not exceed one-eighth to utio-qtmrtor of 
an inch, and, as a general rule, alien roots do not, 
weigh more than two pound* each. The walls of the 
cells arc composed of cellulose, unil upon thin is de¬ 
posited a gelatinous matter called perl,one. which oc¬ 
curs In all bulbous roofs, ami in irult* from which 
jell v run lie nlitallied. I’.esbles cellulose and peetose 
culistilntlng the bulk of the expressed pulp of the 
beet root, the latter contain* small quantities of 
soluble albuminous compounds amt insoluble miner¬ 
al matters, eldolly composed of Insoluble salts Of 
lime. The liquid content* ot Mm cellH, or beet-root 
Juice, contain, in addition to IHP sugar, tliclr chief 
ConMlI.iusat, an appreciable aiminni of vegetable ca¬ 
rd n and analogous iiilroaohous compounds, a little 
grueli coloring mutter, oil, a peculiar acrid-tasting 
substance which has not yet been satisfactorily iso¬ 
lated, citric and proliiilily other organic uchly and a 
tmtuher of saline compounds which constitute the 
soluble portion of 111 " ash of beet root. 
Dr. Voeb'ker gives seventy-right analyse* of flllu- 
slii.ii bents. I rout which we tlnd the average amount of 
crystalll/ithlu sugar Is between eight and nine per 
""ill , of I loPr weight. The highest per eenlage was 
pi, HI, and, whin. Is remarkable, the lowest per cent ago, 
2.22, WHS obtained from a very large root, to force 
tin* growth of which more than tho usual quantity of 
common manure had been applied. I,Ike other green 
crops, the sugar bed, though not equally well adapt- 
florist, Janesvlllo: S. Price. Fort Atkinson; C. 
H. Green man, Milton; J P. W. Hill, Token 
Creek; G.T. Whitney, Mu/.o Manic; J. S. New¬ 
ton, Middletown; J. B. Iluslnnd, Madison; C. 
Rodefeld, Blooming Grove; II. A. Atwood and 
W. C. Andrews, Mendota, III. 
The most distinguishing feature in the way of 
something now, was the large variety of the Si¬ 
berian apples. They should not bo designated 
crabs, as many of those tested were pleasant, 
eatable fruit, the more so as they arc per feet ly 
hardy, and Chit bo grown as far north as St. Paul 
and similar localities, where lew If any of the 
choice vat iotiesof apples succeed. That veteran 
pomologlst. Dr. John a. Warder of Ohio, we 
think collected over thirty varieties of these ap¬ 
ples at this fair. .Several of them have beau fig¬ 
ured and described In the present volume of the 
Rural, varieties botli sour and sweet. They will 
unquestionably be further improved, and ren¬ 
dered a valuable acquisition to Western po¬ 
mology.—it. c. w. 
moral Jfairs 
isnt5sums 
NEW YORK FARMERS’ CLUB 
THE NORTH CAROLINA FAIR, 
Wb continue our notes of the sayings and 
doingsof tills distinguished body of scieutilie ag¬ 
riculturists. 
Early Mohawk Potato. — Reubicn MOSS, El¬ 
mira, N. Y., thinks ihe Early Mohawk exhibited 
ar. the Club may be Identical with a potato of 
that name grown in his vicinity, and ask* for llio 
history of it. S. B. Conover gives tho history 
as follows 
* Thl* potat o originated in Michigan, 1861, by 1 >tw ts 
H. UllOWN from u bull t/f tlm Pcacli Blow, the bloom 
of which Imp been i"ipi’"gnntod with the pollen of 
tho Buckeye, from whom 1 obtained the sued three 
rears ago, ami gave them u thorough trial for two 
years previous to the spring of IWI'.I. when, being well 
satisfied of it* barlines* and Strength of growth, ami 
superior quality. I eoneluikal to have them most 
thoroughly tested by the public throughout all sec¬ 
tion* of the country, anil if they allll maintained 
tlio.lr character to olfer them to the public for sale 
this fall. In order to have tlm in thoroughly tested 
in all section* of the country by disinterested and 
trustworthy persons, 1 refused to sell any of them at 
any price, liut sent thorn out In packages of live and 
six potatoes hy mull, post-paid, to the Presidents of 
all the county and town Agricultural Sooletlo* t hat 
wore reported In Mia last edition of the Agricultural 
Reportof the Patent < PHee. with circular yucoinpat ly¬ 
ing each package, requesting that they try them 
against all the other varieties of potatoes in regard 
to earllneds, strength <>r growth, yield and quality, 
and report to me this fall. From tho Large number 
of letters received up l<> this time, I feel no hesita¬ 
tion In ordering the Kurty Mohawk potato to tho pub¬ 
lic us the very best, without exception, of tlm now 
varietiesofTerod, and one which will not "illy answer 
as an curly variety, but orm which, from Its largo 
yield, will take the'place torn winter and spring po¬ 
tato. oT the long ami anil - known white and red 
Teach Blows, which arc fust hcconilng an uncertain 
crop. This potato send* up » stout, vigor.m ■ stalk, 
branching out. above ground, taking the form of a 
hush, growing about one and a half to two feet high, 
of a very dark groan foliage, ratlier inclining to 
make top before llio potatoes set, but a fter setting 
they lt‘crease in size very rapidly, tho tubers grow 
away from tlm stem from three lo six Inches each 
wav, setting from eight to ten potatoes, which grow 
uniformly of large, even size and good dmpo; tho 
Vine* mature anil din evenly, and at the same time 
the lubersareof oblong, roundish shape, with rather 
square or Battened ends. Tho ilesh is white, thu 
skin of a very light pink or rnsetty wliite, with 
prominent pink eyes, tint little sunken, tho potato 
being very heavy and solid and never hollow inside. 
partments. A good many articles were con¬ 
tributed from other Slates. Even Boston was 
represented there, and the Massachusetts House 
of Industry sent specimens Of ltugo vegetables. 
The show of live shock was not equal on the 
whole to tho ante helium fairs. The trial of 
horses was too much like genuine racing to be 
endorsed by the lovers of good order and good 
morals. Premiums were, awarded to Davis Hin¬ 
ton, Raleigh, for best Durham Bull; to A. II. 
Temple, Raleigh, for best. Devon Bull; to Col. 
Russ, Raleigh, for best Poland, and to C. M. Bus- 
bee, Raleigh, for best Alderney Milch Cow. 
In swine, premiums were given to Chester, 
Essex and native. Bt poultry, to Slonefenoe and 
Irish Top Knots, Black Spanish and Brahma 
chickens; Poland goose, Muscovy, Poland and 
English ducks. Mr. Schulte of Salem, exhibited 
native and Italian bees. Someone showed hall- 
breed wild geese tho progeny of the wild goose 
and the tame. S. G. Hayes of Raleigh received 
a premium fur six stalks of com bearing thirty- 
one oars. A premium was given to .1. B. Smith, 
Raleigh, for best Norway Oats—a superior quali¬ 
ty of which iva* also shown, but in too small 
quantify, by JonkinsA Stiles, Thomasvfll'e. Mr. 
Smith also got premium for Early Rose potatoes. 
Cheese from Elk Mountain factory, Buncombe, 
received the premium of the Committee and the 
endorsement of the public. I.indley & Son, 
Greensboro, exhibited seventy-seven varieties of 
apples, and Mrs. S. G. Wilson, l'roin near Hen¬ 
derson. seventy-five. Tho latter also had thir¬ 
teen sorts of wine, and forty - eight other ar¬ 
ticles in different, departments. Mrs. Thomas 
Arboriculture 
THE SASSAFRAS TREE, 
In some portions of the South there is con¬ 
siderable trade in the bark of the Sassafras 
root. The tree is considered injurious to 
land, grows generally in ugly shape, and to 
only rather low and small dimensions. In 
fields that are turned out in exhausted state, 
it comes sootier even than the pine, spring¬ 
ing up in thick clusters. When once it be¬ 
comes thickly started in a field it is extremely 
difileult lo eradicate it. Close pasturing with 
cattle is said to destroy it. The wood is 
esteemed for durability, and is therefore 
much used for forks, posts, &c. It is a 
favorite post for grape arbors. Its buds in 
the spring are very forward, very thick on 
the brandies, and are much relished by the 
cattle when they are first turned from the 
dry winter provender. From this cause it is 
sometimes cut down so that the cattle may 
reach the buds. This is done in seasons of 
scarcity, when the rough food is exhausted 
and the grass not large enough on the com¬ 
mons. I have often seen trees which were 
felled for this purpose. They are not cut 
entirely off, but only chopped, so that the top 
will fall to the ground and Ihe sap continue 
to flow to keep the buds fresh. It is a good 
sign of improvement that this custom has 
been entirely abandoned of late, years, show¬ 
ing that the necessity which caused it is 
yielding to better management. 
The pith of the young trees soaked in 
water makes a cooling mucilage, used for in¬ 
flamed eyes; and the tea of the hark was 
formerly esteemed a purifier of the blood. 
Notwithstanding the uses of the tree, farmers 
want it killed on their land, and encourage 
persons to dig up the roots. Tho root is 
shallow, and the bark very (hick and peels 
oiT readily. It is sold unwashed for five 
cents per pound at the stores, whence it is 
shipped further north. It lias been selling 
for eight cents per pound in Baltimore. It is 
used in the manufacture of perfumery, soap, 
medicines, &c. It is only gathered by those 
TIG; EARLY MOHAWK POTATO, 
Club-Root Cabbage.—C. A. DuNNJNd, Donton, 
Md., has cabbage ground on which he hits raised 
cabbage thirty years in succession, which has 
been limed but once in that time. He claims 
that If Mr. Quinn will give hi* land a dressing 
of fifty bushels of shell lime to the aero, ap¬ 
plying it in the full nrter ho takes the crop off, 
or In winter, treating the ground and crop as 
usual in the spring, he will not bo troubled with 
club-rooted cabbage. J brush a Sutton, < n lawa, 
O., Urges Mr. Quinn to give the ground, in the 
fall, a light coat of well-rotled manure, and in 
spring, after the plants are set;, a light sprink¬ 
ling of salt, he will succeed, if the land is cloy 
loam and sand of equal parts. Mr. Quinn said 
fifteen letters huhad received had recommended 
linie and salt, and he should try those substances 
still further, according to directions, although 
he had previously tried both salt and lime with¬ 
out effect. Mr. Fuller said ho had also H ied 
lime In Brooklyn without effect as a preventive 
of c'lijlv-roor, while on Now Jersey sand, where 
he now cultivates eublmgo, ho has had no ap¬ 
pearance of club-root whatever. 
A New Forage Plant, An enterprising Rlft- 
hoan named Unssru, Monroitn makes a propo¬ 
sition to Horace Gut; is ley to introduce ft now 
and remarkable forage plant, which ho says 
grows in ihe Great Basin,nnd is esteemed highly 
by stock raisers, its chief excellence being that 
frost does not affect its value for forage, and 
thntit is very nutrition-:, and stock are fond of 
it both winter and summer. He sends a plant 
which Is given the Club’s botanist for identifica¬ 
tion, but which is pronounced to be only of 
value in regions where the tame grasses will not 
thrive. 
The Silesian Sugar-Beet.—Professor S. D. 
Tit,I,ii an road the following paper: 
From an article covering nearly thirty pages In 
the “Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society ot 
England," on “The olicHUBlry of Silesian sugar 
beet*,” by Dr. Augustus Vofthikwr.I lnive gathered 
the followinginforestlng Information: All the varl- 
etiea of sugar heet may bo considered as belonging to 
one of five chief sorts, viz —I. The French or Belgian 
sugar beet. 2. Tho Qaedliiigharg (Gorman.) 3. Thn 
Silesian, i. Tho Siberian A. The Imperial. On the 
Continent the white Silesian bent, is tho kind most 
approved. It. doe* not contain so large a percentage 
of sugar as either tho Belgian or t,hn Quodllngburg, 
yet it yields a larger weight of roofs por acre, i* of a 
more vigorous growth, and produces a larger amount 
of sugar per aero. 
Good sugar beets posses* Mir following chur-ir- 
ters:—I. They have regular pnar-slmped form amt 
smooth Skirl, carrot-like: long, tapering loots are 
considered inferior to peal-shaped Silesian beet.*. 
I 2. Thcv do not ih.- .w out many fllin>ii“-lji'aneliort 
root* or forks. Forked root- are dHfioult to clean 
and not SO readily pulped as well-grown, symmetrical, 
pear-shaped roots. 3. They have a whttn. firm, and 
dense flesh, and clean, sugary taste, knob roots an* 
readily reduced to u flue pulp by proper machinery. 
Soft and spongy, thick-skinned nmis an* always 
more watery than those of' it uniformly Hrm, hard 
and clone texture, t. Good sugar beets generally 
weigh from one and qne-fourH) pounds to two 
1 pounds. Very small or very tar-'" roots are not 
usually so well suited for the munufacluro of sugar. 
Roots weighing under three-quarters of a pound are 
frequently woody, and, besides sugar, contain too 
large a proportion ot oMier constituents, which pre¬ 
vent in u largo measure tho ex traction of crystal- 
lized sugar from tho Juie". while root, weighing 
more Mian two and one-lmlf pounds arc generally 
too watery, and too poor In sugars. 6 . Good sugar 
beets always have small tops, and no tendency to 
become neeky. 6. They do not show much above 
ground, but grow almost entirely In the ground. 
WISCONSIN STATE FAIR, 
unrivaled in this world, and yel u woman ill the 
Washington Murkut calls them rood birds and sells 
them for four shilling-! u dozen I 
1 have for years linen invti-lltfftllllg the food or 
birds. I wished to know positively how far they 
were useful to ns In controlling the inseCis doetruc- 
Uyo to our ill’ups. I have killed mid dissected ninny, 
so that the Inforuinltuii should he absolute. I shall 
kill no more lor such a purpose. I have learned 
enough to satisfy any oue that llio bird* are one ot 
the links in the chain of creation. Ju*t. as iieoe: .ary 
us any other link, for tin* lllU’oiolllops working nr the 
whole. There Is eheek and counter-cheek c. ery- 
wiiere. Take out the birds, and UisOtila would pre¬ 
dominate. (Hundreds of instances could be given 
where thu experiment. Hast.a tried.) Now, wldit can 
he done to prevent tho wanton de d motion of agents 
go valuable ? 
Io New Jersey wo have a law ample lor tlui protec¬ 
tion of llio birds if enforced. Most other r fates, l 
believe, have similar law*. But your rigo ke'i hlu>w 
how little they are regarded, This I'lub nmj do 
something. Bv giving proper inlormatlon we may 
show the people how much it Is to their Internet to 
spare the lard*, and thus create a public sentiment 
stronger than law for their protection, True, some 
of ill a in will help themselves to our cherries, aid an 
oriole will occasionally sip nectar from our grapes. 
Not oniy boys, but even men, have been known to 
shoot them ror making so tree. Met mil Implore both 
men and boy* to shoot no more birds from such a 
motive. Remember they work for you seven days in 
the week, and charge you nothing but this occasional 
Indulgence. 
Tlm.f'uraillo. — (}. Wiuson, Liberty, Mich., 
asked the title of tbo best work on Ike Gurculio. 
Ho was asvbed to procure, if possible, tin* An¬ 
nual Report of CharuM V. ICILBV, State Ento¬ 
mologist of Missouri, which contains n puper on 
ttie insect of much value. 
Where lo Get the llomeyn Strawberry.—A cor¬ 
respondent of tlio Club asked where lie could 
get Hie ltomoyn Seedling. It was replied that it' 
lie would purchase Trioinpho do Gand plants ho 
j would get them for much less than ho could 
get plants of the ltomoyn (so called,) which is 
Identical with the Trlomphe. [Wo notice that a 
distinguished member of the Farmers’ Club, 
and a pomologlst of much pretension, whoso 
initials are \Y r . H. is advertising the Romeyu 
for sale and Is not advertising the Trlomphe, 
although we have heard him assort in public ids 
belief that there Is no difference between the 
strawberries bearing the two names. If they 
are identical, why is he selling them as distinct? 
And why should he charge douhlo for the plants 
| under tho name ltomoyn that plants of the 
Trlomphe tire sold for? Which is ihe correct 
name of this variety. Triompho or ltomoyn, if 
I they uro names of one and the same variety? 
Is Triompho asynonymn of Romeyu? Will not, 
| tho learned and distinguished pornnlogist en¬ 
lighten tho world, through the Farmers' Club, 
upon the nomenclature of this fruit?—En. 
j Ritual.] 
Wbll suited fur I,Cuts us a gornl, well-workeU, deeply 
cullivutud, and thoroughly drained day loam ; or. lii 
other wiml*, a soil containing n grind deal of clay, 
wll.li a fair proportion ol' siuid. Most clay loams con¬ 
tain sufflclf'id (lino 
On land deficient In llmo the sugur-bccf, Is apt to 
get lingered And tued, and linnet: cure should ho taken 
to ascertain whether the .soil *m, apart for tho culti¬ 
vation of thin crop contain* a fair proportion of llmo. 
In t.lio north of (lerniiiny bocT growers sow not less i 
than lirioon poriml* of seed to the aero; thl* Is about 
double the quantity ul‘ omngoiii seed usually sown, 
because beet roots have to be grown more elose.ly 
Mum mangoltls. If grown too far apart the roots are 
larger, but remain poor In sugar In geporul the dis¬ 
tance between the rows, and from plant to plant, 
should not bn loss than twelve nor greater than 
eighteen inches. Beet roots generally get ripe In 
about five months. A good Inmouilon of nml nmy is 
alTordo/l when a root Is cur In two with a knife. If i 
tlm ntswly-cut surfaces ol the beef, rapidly turn eidol¬ 
on exposure, first red, then brown, mid lltutllv dark, 
the ripening process Is not completed ; but. if they 
remain unchanged, or turn only slightly reddish, It 
umy he taken for granted that tile root, is ripe, 
Great care I* necessary in harvesting the ernp, for 
Oie»H]zbt i;.-t Injury to the roots Is sure to lie f ollowed 
by a proportionate luv.s of sugar. W non fermentation 
sets In, i ru It sugar or glucose i* produced, which does 
not crystallize. Tho crop should bo taken up In dry 
weather ami exposed for a few days to the air. but 
never to the sun: when stored, especial precautions 
should betaken to protect the roots from wet and 
frost. 
Bird* nnd In*ects.— Dr. TlURDLB exhibited 
birds and read a paper, from which we abstract 
what follows: 
Here is a hunch of u dozen birds, already picked, 
bought in the Washington Market, Two of them 
arc Mu- downy woodpecker. This is one of the 
woodpecker family Mint remains with us all tins win¬ 
ter, ami like most of tho otlmrs is exclusively in- 
icctlvort us. Here arc some specimens of apples, 
like million* and mHUoii- every your, perforated 
through and through by an Insect, until It la out ot 
shape, insipid, Had almost worthless. This Is ihe 
work of the caterpillar of an apple moth. Tills 
caterpillar, after feeding to maturity, leaves the 
apple and seeks a place of concealment In which to 
spin Its cocoon. It the tree hus scale* ol bark large 
enough to -.nil, its purpose it will take refuge there, 
and there :hl■. downy wo.elpeekortliid- it. Here are 
scales of hark from apple and pear trees, under 
whloti the remains of llio ooCoons of Mu * Insect may 
be seen, a ml oti the other side of each you may ob¬ 
serve a hole leading directly t" the middle of that 
cocoon, 'flint hole was made by uaw of those 
downy wooiluoekers. and ilmnigh It he has taken 
the eiterplll.tr Men hid ite-r rayed an apple. I lit vis 
long Itipavo that this terrible enemy of «*nr fruits 
had its enemy arpongKi III" birds, but uirlil I found 
In Min stoma. Ii of mu: of these downy woodpecker* 
several of thi *e aiteridllnr*. I was at a loss to know 
to which of the many birds wo were so ranch in¬ 
debted. After longiiud patient winching, 1 ’vas able 
to Identify thl* one -eulight in the .'i t. Thorn Is 
Eastern nml older Si ale* not proving h; inly in 
Wisconsin. In a large portion ... the State such 
apples aa the Rhode Island Greening, Splteon- 
bnrg, Baldwin. Northern Spy, and many others 
known ns standard and approved fruits have re- 
sultod in most discouraging failures. To supply 
their places wilh hardy varieties has been a 
work of time and practical experience, to which 
the politologists, .nurserymen mid cultivatin’.* 
have given their patient and well directed labors. 
Tho result la shown in a large variety of fruits 
unknown elsewhere, and fur a huge part with 
no name, or only local and conflicting nonien- 
eluture. The hull devoted to horticulture was 
not only large, but filled to its utmost capacity 
with largo, fair, well grown fruit. As the ex¬ 
hibition was made to a large extent by county 
and town clubs, our notes of individual ex¬ 
hibitors are not sufficiently lull to do them the 
justice to which their contribuiionsareenrttled. 
The largest Individual exhibition was made by 
Eli Stilson, Oshkosh, Winnebago Co.—eighty va¬ 
rieties, embracing apples pears, plums, quinces 
and grapes of marked excellence. S. Bundy of 
Fox River was also u huge exhibitor. Kenosha 
qouuty, by a club ot forty exhibitors, made one 
of the largest and most creditable exhibitions in 
the hall. Waukesha county also filled long ta¬ 
bles with all the varieties of fruits, very much 
to their credit, but we were not able to obtain 
the number of exhibitors or plates. Among 
other prominent exhibitors may be named Mr. 
and Mrs. J. C. Plumb, Madison, apples, pears, 
cranes, and a profusion of choice flowers; J. 'J'. 
The Apple Tree Borer. G. Tj. RANDALL, Riv¬ 
erside, Me., writes the N. E. Farmer: “I have 
round an effectual remedy for ihe destruction 
of tho egg of tho apple-tree borer. After tho 
deposit of tho eggs of the borer, which will be 
in September, make a wash <>f one pound of to¬ 
bacco and one pound of sal-soda, put into two 
gallons of hot water; let it stand for thirty 
minutes, stirring it frequently. Then take a 
rag and rub the body of the trees—the lower 
part especially—with this wush, and the work lx 
done. This is n good wash, also, for removing 
lice from the limbs. I have had several young 
tree* destroyed by the pests, but by using the 
above wash I have no trouble.” 
Buying Apple and I’t-nr Trees.—W. If. C., 
Fair view—The most experienced fruitgrowers 
will toll you that it is the boat policy, If you 
have the means, to buy trees of the varieties 
you may have decided you desire to cultivate. 
Order direct from reliable nurserymen. Do not 
buy of the pel.II rs. Consult with your neigh¬ 
bors who have had experience with varieties, lu 
making selection for an orchard; their experi¬ 
ence will be better Hum any outsider’s advice, 
unless you furnish him the name of the State 
you Jive in. 
To Destroy Pismires.— Take copperas and dis- 
solve it in water, and wasli trees which they 
frequent, and there will be no further trouble. 
Make the solution strong.—D avid C. Rydor.n, 
flensaelaer Co-, A’. Y. 
Osnge Orange Seed.—R ufus P. Turnham. 
Milam Co., Texas, asks if any of our readers 
c an give the best method of obtaining the seed 
from the Osage Orange apple. 
