ition to shells and other substances which 
ntally aoooinpaniy it. It is probably 
orth $10 per ton in localities where ma¬ 
il re is scarce. Of course wo refer to these 
mterials when dry. 
Legislation to Prevent Fires. —A St. 
awreiico Co., N. Y., correspondent, who 
rites us of a great destruction of timber, 
undreds of miles of fence and many build- 
Tumbler*, best cook anil hen, P. F. Vole; hald- 
hcads, 1st, .1. V. Ifioknall: agates, 1st, VV ; Simp¬ 
son, Jr.: Iritis, 1st, George Vurvos. N. Y city; 
Ui rlin. 1st, W. A Wii.nl: black, 1st, lieu. Purvcs; 
i:nv other color, 1st, W. Simpson, Jr. Barbs, 
beat cock tind hen, black, F. F- Vole; white, t.eo. 
I’urves; yellow. J. V. Blckncll. Pa mails, best 
ooek and heri, W.Simpson,Jr.; white. J. Y . Btok- 
nell; yellow, F F. Vole. Jacobins, 1st, J. V. 
BieUnell. Simnish Hunts,best pair, w .Simpson. 
Jr. Tin-hits, do. do. Yellow Swallows, VV A. 
Wood. Yellow Trumpeters. P. P. Vole, Bluett 
Nuns, VV. Simpson, Jr. A roll-Angels, do. Mag- 
ol' Distinctively Amen 
|,pies, to (), Howland; 
Trio Plymouth Hocks 
Trio unv other variety. 
2it, E. G. SI udley. Beat 
VV. Simpson, Jr. Host 
lirown Leghorns H. W. 
.J. Mondevlllo, N. Y.; 3d, G. II. 
. N. Y.\ 4ih, Loucks, Salisbury 
inti’ t’oehins 1-t, V. Williams; 
Leavitt; '.Id, ti. H. Wnriior, \. 
P. Williams: 2d, 
Leavitt, PliLshhij 
Center, N. Y. 
ABCH a 
J;u:m (Banning. 
superphosphate of lime. 
©QBE’S BUBAL MEW-YOBKEB 
W 7 
R. P. C„ Ionia, Mich., asks about the con- j, 
version of bones into superphosphate of 
lime. Wo republish, ill response, au answer 
given in the last volume of the Ultra L New- ■” 
Yorker to a similar question from a opr- t 
respondent. Superphosphate of lime is „ 
composed (if pure) of bones, bone dust, t 
bone black, or the pure ashes of bones, with j* 
sulphuric acid added. In WAKING’S Ele- c 
meats the following method of preparing it 
is given: j 
“The process of making it from whole j 
bones is slow and troublesome, as it requires 8 
a long lime for the effect to diffuse itself t 
through the whole mass of a large bone, j 
When it is made in this way, the bones ^ 
should be dry, aud the acid should bo dilu- ,, 
ted in many times its bulk of water, and c 
should bo applied to the bones ( which may , 
be placed in a suitable cask, with a spiggot , 
at (1m bottom,) in quantities sufficient to , 
cover them, about once in ten days; and at. ( 
the end of that time, one-half of the liquid 
should bo drawn off by the spiggot. This 
liquid is a solution of superphosphate of ] 
lime, containing sulphate of lime, and may ’ 
be applied to the soil hi a liquid form, or 1 
through the medium of a compost heap, i 
The object of using so much water is to pro- I 
vent an incrustation of sulphate of lime on i 
the surfaces of the bones; this must be re- i 
moved by stirring the mass, which allows the i 
next application of acid to act directly on 
the phosphate remaining. The amount of 
acid required is about 50 or 00 tbs. to each i 
100 lbs. of bones. The gelatine will remain 
at'ler the phosphate is all dissolved, and 
may be composted with muck, or plowed 
under t he soil, where it will form ammonia. 
** Bone dust, or crushed bones, may be 
much more easily changed to* the desired 
condition, as the surface exposed is much 
greater, and the acid can act more generally 
throughout the whole mass. The amount 
of acid required is the same us in the other 
ease, but it may bo used stronger, two or 
t hree times its hulk of water being suffi¬ 
cient, If the bones are finely ground or crush¬ 
ed; more or less water should be used ac¬ 
cording to the fineness of the hones. I he 
time occupied will also bo much less, and 
the result o£ the operation will be in better 
condition for manure. 
“ Bones may be made fine enough for this 
operation, either by grinding, etc-., or by 
boiling under pressure, as previously de¬ 
scribed; indeed, by whatever method bones 
are pulverized, ttyoy should always be. treat¬ 
ed with sulphuric acid before beirij^upplied 
to the soil, as this will more than double 
their value for immediate use. 
“ Bone-black is chiefly used by manufac¬ 
turers of superphosphate of lime, who treat 
it with ac'ul the same us has been directed 
above, only that they grind the black very 
finely before applying the acid. 
l! Bone aslms, or bones burned to white¬ 
ness, may be similarly treated. Indeed, in 
all of the form of bones here described, the 
phosphate of lime remains unaltered, as it 
is indestructible by heat; the differences of 
composition are only in the admixture of 
organic constituents. 
“ Tin: reason why superphosphate of lima 
is so much better than phosphate, maybe 
easily explained. The phosphate is very 
slowly soluble in water, and consequently 
furnishes food to plants slowly. A piece of 
bone as large as a pea may lie in the soil for 
years without being all consumed; conse¬ 
quently, it will be years before its value is 
returned, and it pays no int erest on its cost 
while lying there. The superphosphate dis¬ 
solves very rapidly and furnishes food for 
plants with equal facility; hence its much 
greater value as a manure.” 
---- 
ECONOMICAL NOTES. 
Manure for Strawberries.—Please tell 
me what kiud, how much, and when to ap¬ 
ply manure to strawberry plants. Amos 
VI- W„nni'rt/iv Sitll Ixllll I'll. Mil. 
tion of the plants. Extra fine strawber¬ 
ries are only produced through extra cul¬ 
ture. We have expended two to three 
hundred dollars per acre in preparing land 
for strawberries, and had the first crop pay 
all expenses, leaving the soil permanently 
improved. 
1st and 2d, O. 8. Haines. Duekwtnas 1st, C. a. 
Haines; 2d. G. ll. Warner. Silver Duck wing— 
Salt Hay for Manure. —Will you or 
some of the readers of the Rural New- 
Yorker please inform a beginner what, is 
the value of bent or salt hay per ton for 
manure, used as bedding for stock? Also 
the value per ton of sea weed washed on 
shore by the tide, resembling moss, which 
is filled with small shells, either alone <»r 
composted with barn-yard manure. A. r. M. 
Salt hay is an excellent absorbent, to be 
put in stables, but of itself worth very little 
for manure. It is one of the lowest in the 
scale of grasses, and contains little more fer¬ 
tilizing materials than oak or pine sawdust. 
It is not worth over $5 per ton for this pur¬ 
pose. Sea weed, on the ooutrary, contains 
a large amount of fertilizing mutter, in ad- 
1 IU! UVO « ... ’ ... . 
1st, 2d and :Vl, S. Haines. Silver behrights— 
1st, G S. Haines; 2d. 1*. Williams. Golden Se¬ 
bright*—1st, S. J. Allison, Middletown, Cl.; 2d, 
E. G. Studlfcy; Sd, J. Y. Iliekuell. Black Afri¬ 
can— 1 st, J. Y. Bleknell. Black Game 1st, C. S. 
Haines. Irish Gray Game—1st, 0- ». Haines. 
Plymouth Hook Fowls—1st, W. Simpson, jr.; 2d, 
O. Howland. _ . 
Bronze Turkeys. -1st, W. Simpson, Jr.; 2d, A. 
Hunsberger; 3d, George Van Deveer, Port 
Jackson, N. Y. _ _ „ T , .. 
made Turkeys.— 1st, J. C. Cooper, Limerick, 
nose Gloss—Toulouse- 1st and 3d, YV. Simpson, 
.Tr.; 2d, J. 0. Hooper. Bremen—1st, W, Simpson, 
Jr. White China—1st, W. Simpson. Jr.; 2d, J. Y . 
Bloknell. African-1st, W. Simpson, Jr. 
Bin knoll. While (’all -1st, w.Simnson, jr. woou 
1«t, W. Simpson, Jr.; 2d, J. Y . Bioknell. VV lid 
Black 1st. W. Simpson, Jr. 
Piaeiw nata— Pouters, pied cock 1st, W. A. 
Wood, 135 Maiden lane, N. V. Pied hen 1st, do. 
Yellow plod, pair 1st. do.; 2d, J. Y. Bleknell. 
Blank pied, nine pled and rod pled 1st. W. A. 
Wood. While 1st, F. F. Pole. Mitchell, Ontario, 
Canada; 2d, W. A. Wood. Carriers, best cock 
ings in that comity in October, says:—“ Our 
timber is getting scarce ami valuable, and 
thousands of acres are being destroyed 
every year by. fire, which In most cases are 
set by careless, heedless and irresponsible 
persons, having no respect for their neigh¬ 
bors’ property and interests so long as they 
can accomplish their own ends." lie urges 
the necessity of some legislation that shall 
prevent, dud punish such vandalism. Wo 
agree with him as to the necessity of such, 
and urge those most likely to suffer to 
move in the matter while the Legislature is 
tiabhil Class.—Leopold Buck Of any Color—1st, 
H (Aiwood, Thome, Yorkshire- England ; 2d, 
A. M. 1 la 1stod, ltye, Ns Y. Leopold Doe of any 
color- 1st, H. Cawood; 2d, A. M. llalatod. Seli- 
culured Doe -1st, It. Cawood; 2d, A. M. Ha sted. 
Urokoiwcul*iri.nl 1st, A. M. HulsU-il> liinui- 
layim lut, ll. Cawood. 
[,'M, —Dost exhibition of Salmon — Livingston 
HtoiiDi i-hiirkstoivti,* N. 11. Brook Trout- 1st, 
Fred. Mather, 1 loneoyo. Fulls, N. Y.;8d, L.Stone. 
Best ElchibitUm ol Mink Hossegue Bros., 
v Dr! t Poultry . - Heat (•nlleetlon • O. Howland, 
Auburn, N. Y. _ .. , ,, 
Special /'miliums. Best ColleOtion from Eu¬ 
rope J. O. Cooper, Limerick, Ireland 
Muon ’s llurdl .\' U'-Yorl<i:r ITue. Best Breed 
in session. 
Treatise On Clearing' Woodland.— 
Win. H. Fells asks us “ if there is any 
treatise on clearing woodland, and any ma¬ 
chinery to aid in the work. Arc there any 
published directions for making charcoal ? 
VVlmt kind of brushook is best for cutting 
bushes.” We. do not know of any published 
hook which gives detailed instructions in 
this branch of wood craft. There are saws 
invented for cutting down trees, but so far 
as we are aware they have not come into 
general use as a substitute for the ax. Our 
observation has uot extended into the mod¬ 
ern practices in heavily timbered count ries. 
Lot some of the lutellegent back-woodsmen 
among our readers answer our correspond¬ 
ent. 
3:he ^oultry-Oiinl. 
N. Y. STATE POULTRY SOCIETY. 
PREMIUMS a WARPED at the annual exhibi¬ 
tion AT ALBANY, FEB. 1872. 
Asiatic- Class. — Light Brahmas- 1st, B. Mon¬ 
tague, Mount Vernon, N. Y.; 2d. 3d and 4th, P. 
Huiues, Cuba, N-Y. „ 
Cavalry Gentleman Prize .—Best Collection of 
Fowls- P. Williams. 
chiinmtan Cun tor Asiatics.— P. Williams, on 
Trio While Cochins. „ T . .. 
Thomas McGrow's Prize. — Beat Trio Light 
Bndnutis H. Montague. Best Trio Dark Brah¬ 
mas—I*. Williams. . 
[>. IT. I In stim's Prize. Best Dark Brahma 
Jieltl fljnrps. 
FIELD NOTES AND QUERIES. 
Chess and Smut.—One man said, in the 
Rural New-Yorker, that freezing wheat 
in a certain way, or muuuer, would change 
It to chess. I have raised on my lands from 
1,000 to 5,000 bushels clean wheat annually, 
for the last forty years; have had it freeze 
out entirely on knolls where the snow was 
blown off; drown and freeze out by tha 
acre where ponds of water formed from 
thaws in the winter, when the ground was 
frozen, but never had any extra chess, nor 
over raised a bushel of chess to a thousand 
bushels of wheat. St. Haul says God gave 
to every seed his own body. 1 once raised 
a clean piece of pure smut, as follows:—In 
1830 1 sowed nearly seventy acres of wheat 
on new cleared oak lands, being the first 
crop. Our practice was to wet the seed 
and dry it off with newly slaked lime, 
completely whitewashing every kernel ; 
then sow it broadcast. In finishing the 
field, my seedsman fell short six or eight 
quarts of seed; he went to the barn, took 
the same kind of seed as before used, but 
having no lime, he thought he must do 
something to it, and so he did ; he wet the 
wheat and covered it, over with plaster of 
Paris (gypsum), which completely dirtied 
this little quantity of seed, aud finished 
the field with it. To my astonishment, at 
the coming harvest this Little parcel of 
ground was a complete bed of smut; not 
one head in um had a,sound kernel of wheat 
'm it. I mowed it and carted it to the hogs. 
The rest of the field was the best wheat I 
ever raised, yielding from thirty to forty 
bushels of clean wheat to the acre and free 
from chess or smut. 
Some writer in the Rural New-Yorker 
has said that smut was caused by an insect 
puncturing the kernel. If this be true, the 
little insects were kind to me — doing all 
their mischief in one corner of the field, so 
that it could be cut by itself.—n. c. 
Growing Potatoes without Plowing, 
—“ 1 planted potatoes by dropping them on 
top of the ground and covering them with 
straw lust, year. I had a good yield in quan¬ 
tity, but poor in quality. The exposure of 
• ’ ■ • • . ' ,,, >r \r I III) I UUP I'WWI *«> M » 7 • ... - ” I ” - 
"S rUio potato to Itel.l and air fiivoa ti.am a 
p. Witrxnus. green color, 60 that they not only taste bad, 
lstituents. y Mills, N. Y- Partridge Cochins—1st, G. II. 
ison whU8Upcrplioiipluite of limn i^vU^ al a“d «S l :-,« ‘lft , Sj; l ’i:. l ^liS: 
better than phosphate, maybe - fi j, r^.-uviti ; tth, J. Y. Bleknell, YVesi- 
laiued. The phOftjihate is very moroland, N. Y. Blank Coghlns—1st and 2d, P. 
, , . ,, Williams. Champion cup lor Asiatics -P. WU- 
ible in water, and consequently ij atn ., for While Cochins. 
ooil to plants alowly. A piece of J h ala au Class.- Colored-1st, II. Ilalea, ltldge- 
ge as a pea may lie in the soil for /Vvarnei'Ts!), 1 W. Simpson! ‘Jr., 
tout being all consumed; conge- W rot Farms. N. Y,: tth, H Hales. White—1st, 
will be years b. l'ore its value is G. H. Warner ; 2d, 11. ILrrlsoii, Rochester, N. Y.; 
v ‘ • , , . .. , ikl, J. Y. Bleknell. Dominiques—1st and tth, O. 
;md it pays no interest on its Cost Howland, Auburn, N. Y.; E. G. Studley, Cluver- 
r there. 'Shesuperphosphate dig- aek, N. Y.j 3d, W. Sltnpson, Jr. 
^ . . , .. i7.. Game t'lass. 1 thick 'Breasted Bed 1st and 3d, 
,■ rapidly and furmshog food fm j y Bloknell; 2d, V. A- (’heever, N. Y city.; 
!i equal facility; hence its much 4 ( 1 ,, J. Cl. Cooper, Limerick. Ireland. Brqwn- 
nm nil re ” HrOlisud Bed 1st and 3d, P. W. Hudson, N. 
luc as a man ire. Manchester,Conn.: 2 d and tth, M. H.Crjrer&Co., 
-♦♦♦- Salem, O. Duekwlngs-1st and 2d, J. Y. Ulck. 
xTAwnMicif noil; 3d, M. II Crvcr & Co.; 4th, J. < . Uoopci. 
ECOilO-dlGAL NUiEo. Blue—l«t, J, Y. Biekncll. White—1st, P. VV. 
- Hudson. Pile-1st, P. W. Hudson: 2d, J < . 
> for Strawberries.—Please tell Cooper ; 3d, .las. Livingston, West taring, N Y .; 
rind, how much, and when to up- til, M H CVyer * Qo. Any or her color- 1st, 2d 
'••• ;» salHbSrf/ r 3 ilS laUt8, AM0S S: l. Memin, 
LOCK, Sullslnu ij. Mo. y ( Ry; 3d, M. 11. Oryor & Co. White 1 ,cg- 
*fcr old, well rotted barn-yaril horns 2d and Bh, Cluw. A. Cheever: 3d. B. L. 
. . , , , . . Haviloek, Mott. Haven. N. Y. Brown l,eghmn— 
The quantity must be determined .y, 1 -(qa.j,, y. 
iharanter of the soil, whether rich " Polish Class.— Bluek —1st. W. Simpson, jr. 
..... 71 .., ntrtrtitiil von eno afford. White Ft and 2d, E. O. Stiidlcy. Silver—1st 
—P. wWTshus. _ ..... 
(j, II. Warner's Prize— Host Trio Partridge 
Cochins-G. It. Leavitt, 
John J. Bn ill's I Vi,'!'.— Best. \V lute Cochin Hen 
J. J. Berrv, IluekemWek, N. J. 
Geo. It. rutih 's Prizes. Best Dark Brahma 
lien—Henry Turner. Best Buff Cochin Hen— 
W. Simpson, Jr. . . 
IVm. II. Itill's Prize. Best Trio Dorkings— G. 
H. Wampi’. ,, „ 
M. II. < ryers Sweepstakes on Games.— M. II. 
Cryer Eo. 
Dean Suite's Prize. Best Trio Games, to ho 
Judged without regard to finther, uad with ro- 
gard for Illness for I lit* pit P. VV. Hudson. 
Gen. I. Uirch's Prize. Best Trio Black bpan- 
isli A. Merwin. 
John G. My is' Prize .—Best Trio White Lcg- 
J. Isum * Prized Bust Trio Black Polish-YV. 
Sitnpsoa, Jr. _ ’, _ , , 
Tims. It. Greer’s Prize. - Best Trio Spangled 
Golden Hnmlmrgs t>. Howland. 
F. It. G est's Prize. Best Trio Spangled Silver 
Hmnlieras—J. C. Sidi.ll. 
A. li. Von Gaaslicch A Co.’s Prize .—Best Trio 
Creve-Cosurs-Jus. Miller. 
j Phi ran House Prize. Best Game Bantams— C. 
S. Haines; best Sclniglii, ilo., P. Williams; best. 
Black do., J. Y. Biekncll. 
I j. staye's Prise— Beat collection of Ban- 
tams C. S. Haines, e 
Ciaiyrcss Hall Prize,—Best coop Capons— E. II. 
Davenport. 
Show A- Pose's Prizes. Heaviest Turkey Cook- 
A. C, Hunglierger; do", hen. W- Simpson, Jr. 
jj. role, min A It in.'s Prize. Best Toulouse 
Geese \V. Simpson, Jr. 
Peter Van trie's Prize.- Best Bremen Geese— 
W. Simpson, Jr. 
F. Biekm Ws Prize. Best eollectlou of Geese 
—W. Simpson, J r. 
Fomin A liuijlru's Prize. — Best Trio Rouen 
Ducks J. Y. Biekncll. . , , 
fj. Ij. Staye's Prize. — Best Trio Aylesbury 
Ducks J. Y. Bleknell. 
„s. Watson's Prize. - Best Trio Cuyuga Ducks— 
O. Howland. _ x _ , 
S'. A P. Templeton’S Prize- Best, Pouter Cock— 
YV. A. Wood. „ „ ^ 
W. Shmjf.im, Jr.'s Prize.— Best collection ot 
Pigeons W. Simtison, Jr. 
C. ll. \ 1 \ Kelveif s Prize. Best Collection Lop- 
Eared Jlabblla—A. M, Hulsted. 
B'. It. To, 1,1's PrlZ‘\- Best device for Trans¬ 
porting Eggs for Hatching—W. H. Todd, Ver¬ 
million, Ohio. _ 
l‘. V. IP,wit's Prize..- Best Exhibition Trout— 
Fred Mather. 
YV. Woodcock, Salisbury, Md. 
Wu prefer old, well rotted barn-yard 
manure. The quantity must be determined 
from the character of the soil, whether rich 
or poor, and the amount you can afford. 
Twenty-five to one hundred two-horse loads 
may be applied per acre. Apply enough to 
make the soil rich, and of this you should 
be the best judge. If you intend planting 
In the spring, put on the manure t he pre¬ 
vious autumn, but if this cannot be done 
conveniently, apply early in the spring and 
plow it. under, covering about four inches 
deep. Thoroughly harrow the land before 
planting; in other words, put it into as 
good a condition as possible for the recep- 
lorns 2d mid 4th, elms. A. Cheever: 3d, ILL. POULTRY NOTES AND QUERIES, 
lay dock, MOU. Haven. N v Y. Brown Leghorn— _ 
d ’f’oii*h V'kiss.'-’ffiaek’ 1st.' YV. Simpson, jr. Sending Eggs by Express.—Can eggs 
•Vhite- 1st nod 2d, E. G. Studley. Stiver—1st bo packed and sent by express so that we 
and 2d, W. Simpson, jr. Goklon -ist, J. V . Biek- ca j, rely upon their hatchingV--J. H. n. 
" flamhurt/ Class.— Spangled Golden 1st, (). They can he packed nml sent safely (anil 
Howland ; 2d and 3d, J. 0. Sidell, Englewood, are ev(irv season), If t he packing is properly 
Sideil.^'p^offied tlnkicn^ lst'and2<1, M. H.V’ry- done; and if the eggs are good, a large per 
er & Co. Pencilled Silver—1st, YV. Simpson, jr.; oe „t. of them will hatch, it’ they are proper- 
~'\.'ieorh l 'chim Greve Oa-urs- 2d. James Miller, ly treated by the man who gets them. 
N. Y. City. Houdrm—1st, E. G. Studley; 2d and :id, —- 
«. ITJKShJ" Brahma Fowls as -1 wish to 
itautam Cbm.- Black-breasted Beds Isl and ask some of your readers if Urahrna iowis 
4fb. f. 8. Haines. Tom's Itiver, N. J.; 2d, Perry w m j. iy 0 ,r,r S j u summer as well as native 
E.Toliw, Tray, N. Y.; 3d, YV. SimiWOn, Jr. Der- , .. " 
bys—1st, C. S. Haines. Brown-breasted Reds— ones r—C. R. R, 
but are thought to be poisonous, I do not 
want to try again.” So writes a correspond¬ 
ent of the RURAL New-Yorker at .Madi¬ 
son, N. Y. lie does not tell ns how deeply 
he covered his potatoes, but evidently not 
deep enough, or they would not have been 
colored. We have seen good Crops of good 
quality produced by covering five or six 
inches deep with straw. 
Orchard Grass?.—An “ Old Subscriber ” 
writes:—” I have had no experience with 
Orchard grass. How often does it need re¬ 
newing?” It has a perennial root and 
needs no renewing. It is a grass that, abides 
well where it is once established, and for 
that reason is vastly better than timothy 
for mixing with red clover. Another rea¬ 
son is that it blossoms earlier than timothy 
and about the time of red clover, and it 
therefore ready to cut with the Clover. It 
is a grass that has been far too long neglect¬ 
ed in this country by t he mass of farmers, 
both as a pasture and mowing grass 
Tobacco in Ohio.— A. (1. IT., Clayton, 
O., writes, Jan. 13:—” Within three miles of 
Salem, O., over two hundred acres of to¬ 
bacco were cultivated last season. The 
price ranges from eight; to fifteen cents per 
pound, according to quality. Many farm¬ 
ers are holding tobacco for better prices, 
and buyers are not doing much. Wo in 
Ohio cannot see why there is such a differ¬ 
ence between Ohio and (.Vuinoctiout to¬ 
bacco. Is the difference in quality caused 
by a difference in climate or culture, or in 
the care takeu of it? Will some one please 
tell us V” __ 
When to Top Tobacco.—Will some of 
the readers of the Rural New-Yorker 
inform me the best time to top tobacco; 
how many Leaves to let grow; the proper 
time to sucker—whether while tho dew is 
on, or when dry? What is the cause of the 
leaf rusting? And if we cannot do it up in 
some shape at home, without picssing, so 
we can use it for chewing tobacco?—A Sun- 
SORIUER. 
Flows and Plowing.— Although it isau 
advertisement Of a particular plow, a little 
book With t his title, by Thomas M. Nichol 
( it; 4 , Nassau St. N. Y. City) contains many 
very useful hints and sound ideas about 
plowing. 
