fl 
AOS. 19 
99BE’S BUBAL HEW-YORKEB 
,§airir ijusbaiuh 
CHEAPENING CHEESE. 
I Mr. j. r. Chapman, a very intelligent 
farmer and well known factoryman of 
Madison Co., N. Y., in a letter to the Utica 
Herald, gives a pretty plain statement in 
regard to the consumption of cheese in 
England and the policy of the governing 
classes of that nation in cheapening food for 
its workingmen. He also states tho price 
at which Hew York dairymen cannot afford 
to produce cheese. 
The Herald, it will be remembered, has 
been advocating low prices, saying that if 
“ we put cheese at eight cents to ten cents 
per pound, it would double consumption.” 
It complains that A mcrican consumers have 
paid too high a price, and that the English 
cannot afford to pay more for our cheese 
than they did last year. Wo quote the lat¬ 
ter part of Mr. Chapman’s letter bearing 
on these points. He says: 
We are making cheese during the hot 
months, at ruinous prices, to feed the 
workingmen of England; but I Imagine the 
workingmen do not receive the benefit of 
onr losses. It may be interesting to some 
of your renders to know that during tho 
months of May, June, July and August, our 
cheese has sole possession, of the English 
market. I know that American cheese is 
retailed by the English cheesemonger at 
from 8d to lod, or from 17 to ill cents per 
pound. I have lately noticed that you are 
at issue with the Rural X«w-Vobkjsk in 
regard to the prices of cheese. My opinion 
may be worth something or it may not.. I 
know that cheese cannot be made by New 
York State dairymen under twelve cents 
per pound. When the patrons of cheese 
factories receive seven cents per pound for 
cheese, despondency tills their minds and 
they have startling visions of johnny-cake, 
buckwheat and buttermilk. 
Our choose is consumed in England prin¬ 
cipally by the manufacturing operatives— 
not so much by the farm laborers, who live 
upon rat-tailings, bread and potatoes, and 
may be a little bacon twice a wuek. I pro¬ 
fess to know .something about what I state 
in relation to labor in England. 1 was rais¬ 
ed on a farm in Lincolnshire, and my rela¬ 
tions there to day are large farmers. 1 
lived three years Lit Northamptonshire, one 
year near Aylesbury, in -Buckinghamshire, 
three years near Leeds in Yorkshire; and 1 
have had in my employ at onetime as many 
as Too men and boys. 
The farm laborers in some of the midland 
and southern comities of England have been 
combining for a rise in wages, and they have 
succeeded in obtaining an advance of about 
one dollar per week; but the men who coil- 
surne our cheese in England, Wales and 
Scotland are outside of the farm laborers. 
It is the settled policy of England to reed 
her workingmen cheaply, so that wages may 
be kept down ancl her manufactures pro¬ 
duced at less cost than by any other nation. 
Her power and very existence depend upon 
cheap food; and tut long as Americans are 
fools enough to supply her with food staples, 
at a loss, and buy her uiuuufaor urea in trend 
of manufacturing at home and making a 
home market for the products of her soil, 
just so long England will prosper, just so 
long America will suffer. 
The Ilerald thinks Mr, Chapman ‘‘hits 
the nail on tho head,” and now urges the 
adoption of “a more diversified system of 
farming, encouraging homo manufactures 
and building up of homo markets instead 
of longer remaining dependent upon Eng¬ 
land.” Wo have for years urged the no- ! 
cessityof building up and developing home i 
markets as a means of obtaining good fair 
prices for cheese, and wo have pointed out ' 
the foolish policy of glutting tho foreign I 
markets in hot weather by shipping so < 
much cheese below the cost of production ' 
—(See back numbers of Rural New- < 
York eh and our address before the Amor- i 
ican Dairymens’ Association, January 1:1th, i 
1870). Wo are glad the Herald is getting to I 
understand theso points. But liovv tho £ 
Herald’s plan of “diversified farming and i 
building up homo markets " is going to ben¬ 
efit cheese dairying with cheese at tho Her- 1 
aid’s figures, “8 to 10 cents per pound in 8 
order to double consumption,” the Herald t 
does not tell us. Dairymen would doubt¬ 
less be very glad to know how “ good, pala¬ 
table cheese ” can be sold at 8 cents to 10 
cents per pound, thus netting the producer, t 
after paying for manufacturing, only 0 
cents to 8 cents per pound, and yet realia- * 
ing to said producer a profit. That ques- t 
tion just now it would seem could be made ^ 
quite as important and interesting to dairy- t 
men as auy side issues. , 
often damaged from this cause while in 
transit. Is there any remedy-?” Yes, 
there is a remedy, and it remains for ship¬ 
pers to inaugurate tho proper movement 
with the railroads to have our butter and 
cheese secured from harmful iutluences of 
1 heat, while in transit to market. Refriger- 
f ator cars are now coming into use, aud all 
1 perishable products that aro liable to be af- 
1 fectod injuriously by heat while being con- 
£ veyod to market should be forwarded in 
X such cars. The cheese and butter trade 
has assumed large proportions, and their 
1 freightage is an important source of income 
I to the railways of New York, aud we see no 
reason why all proper appliances for the de- 
livery of these goods in sound condition 
should not bo incumbent upon the roads. 
J Dairymen of New York, certainly, aro en¬ 
titled to these improved methods for the 
transmission of their property; for what¬ 
ever losses are incurred on account, of ship¬ 
ping goods in hot weather, react upon the 
producer, since the greater the risk the 
lower the price to meet the contingency of 
such loss. The introduction of refrigerator 
oars, we suppose, may ho credited, for the 
most part, to competing roads, which vie 
with each other in securing the freight of 
tho great West, This competition often 
gives the West undue advantages over the 
East, not only in the carrying appliances, 
but in the relative cost of freights. 
In regard to tho shipment of perishable 
products the West is every year better able 
to compete with the Eastern producer in 
his own markets, as t he following which we 
cut from an exchange will show: 
The perishable products of the fat-off 
H estom prairies are now coming to Eastern 
markets in refrigerator cars, a device which 
The Country (icuLlcnmn thinks must have 
an effect on the value of Western lands 
something akin to that or steam itself. To 
semi fresh meat, I.utter, fruits, &C., 1,900 
miles in the hottest season of the year, and 
have them arrive to market in prime condl- 
tion, is it feat of which our respected ances¬ 
tors of half a century ago little dreamed. 
¥et that is now June every day between 
Chicago. Boston, and New York. The best 
cars of this description, as Is Claimed, are 
classed among freighters as “tho Blue Line,” 
constituting part of almost every freight 
train running from Chicago to Boston and 
New V ork. They are owned by the various 
roads over which they run, and, of course, 
move rapidly and make close commotions, 
aud their success is Mich Unit the companies 
guarantee the delivery of the articles in as 
good condition as when received. They are 
built double all around, with inside double 
doors, tilled in with charcoal, and have a 
Capacity for holding two tuns of ice. They 
are also so arranged as to he furnished con¬ 
stantly wit h a current of cool, dry air. At 
the principal stations they are carefully ex¬ 
amined, and ice added whenev er it is deem¬ 
ed necessary, by means of which t he guar¬ 
antee id u safe, arrival is made good. Very 
naturally, too, the business is growing rap¬ 
idly, ns twenty cars a week are now in de¬ 
mand where tour sulliccd a short time ago. 
Each car will carry yiJJHIO pounds. (Jarsaro 
also furnished at points East of Chicago 
whenever there is freight enough to make 
up a load. Thus one by one are the diflioul- 
tios mastered which retard intercourse be¬ 
tween the producer and the consumer. 
Eastern dairymen should see to it that 
their goods during hot weather be freighted 
in such cars as will deliver them in good, 
sound condition. A good deal of cheese 
from Central New York bought for export 
goes upon shipboard almost immediately : 
after its arrival in New York. It not un- ! 
frequently, however, becomes overheated 
in the intermediate time of leaving thefac- 1 
tory aud being put upon t he ship, and, us a 1 
consequence, becomes more or loss touched ‘ 
with bad flavor. The use of refrigerator ; 
curs, we think, would obviate this difficulty 1 
in hot weather, since the cheese on its ar- I 
rival in Now York would be so cooled off as « 
to take its plaoe on tho vessel and not bo 1 
affected with heat, uiul hence would arrive < 
in a foreign market iu prime condition. < 
The question, it seeing to us, is an im- 1 
portant one at this timo, and we call the £ 
attention of factorymen and cheese dealers 6 
to its consideration. f 
Hkwtsmait. 
TEXAS CATTLE TRADE. 
A Texas cattle breeder, informs the 
Kansas City (Mo.) Drover that this season 
great numbers of Texas cattle, (which were 
formerly sent largely to Kansas City,) are 
being driven to Abilene, further West on 
the Pacific railroad, to avoid the excessive 
tax imposed on drovers who take their stock 
through the Indian Nation. The Osage 
Indians now collect a tax of ton dollars a 
drove upon all cattle driven through the 
country. 
In Texas the price of cattle ranges from 
$1” to $10 per head. A drove of 100 stock 
cattle —25 each of cows, calves, yearlings 
and two year olds comprising the drove 
can bo purchased for $0 per head. The cost 
of driving enti le from Texas to AbUeue is 
about $2 each. A stock car from Baxter 
Springs to Chicago costs $105, and will ac¬ 
commodate seventeen head of cattle. Tex¬ 
as sells to packers and others about liOfl.OOO 
cattle ovory year. Large aud numerous 
droves are now being driven northward. 
There are flattering prospects that one of 
the heaviest packing linns iu tho country 
will soon arrange a mammoth establishment 
at Kansas City for the purpose of slaugh¬ 
tering and packing thousands of tho cattle 
of Texas. The location is such, and ail van¬ 
tages for such an enterprise so great, that 
there, is little doubt t hat Kansas City will 
iu five years’ time be known as doing a 
beef packing business second to none in tho 
country. 
There is no regular market value lixcd 
upon cattle in Texas, but they are plentiful 
all through the State. In the Red River 
district cuttle can lie bought for from $10 
to $15 per head, but further South they can 
be had for much less. There aro some¬ 
where near 550,000 cattle on tho road, and 
driven off to graze from where tho old trail 
crosses tho Santa Fe road to Council Grove. 
It is very dry in Western Texas, and up to 
tho 14th of May there had not boon a good 
rain for about seven months, but the coun¬ 
try seems to bo full of cattle. At Rod 
River, it was estimated that 100,000 had 
boon driven past up to tho 517th of May. 
STOCK WANTED SOUTH. 
One of tho editors of tho Plantation, At¬ 
lanta, Da., writes:—“It would bo a wise 
thing for Northern stock raisers to form 
partnerships with gentlemen at tho South 
on the. following basis:- Tho Northern man 
might find the stock and tho Southern man 
the land aud personal at tention, and make 
an equitable division of profits. Those 
profits, in a well-conducted establishment 
of this kind, would be handsome. The de¬ 
mand for certain kinds of live stock is eager. 
Tho writer is constantly receiving inquires 
as to where Merino sheep and Ayrshire or 
Alderney cattle can be bought, and is con¬ 
stantly compelled to say that he does not 
know. At the present moment, he doubts 
if there be a Merino ewe or ram, or an Ayr¬ 
shire or Aldemey cow or bull for sale in the 
Stateof Georgia. Tho Northern agricultur¬ 
al papers are full of stock advertisements, i 
But they are, practically, of little use to us, i 
as few persons can pay the freight in uddi- i 
tion to tho original prico. ’The remedy is 
some such plan as that suggested by “Citi¬ 
zen.” Or, if this be impracticable, then the 
the South. The thick skinned Hollanders 
might stand it, but not the short-horns. 
He have seen a cross of Brahmin cattle 
upon the native stock of the Sout h, to make 
a hardy and profitable variety. The first 
thing for Southern farmers to do is to get 
their lands into good grass and clover, and 
then they oan raise cattle with satisfaction. 
Beans a Remedy for Garget.—Wo had 
two valuable cows, which for a couple of 
years had been much troubled with garget 
iii the bag, and lust Spring it set iu again, 
bidding fair to destroy them. I had read 
in your paper about beans as a remedy aud 
prevailed on the men to bring some, which 
1 boiled a few times, and l have heard no 
more complaint about garget. The disease 
had advanced so far in anew milch cow that 
the men said she had already “ gone up;” 
but the beans brought her buck again, aud 
Him has been an excellent cow all Summer. 
The beaus used were what Is called the but¬ 
ter beau, which aro black when ripe, and 
us I cooked them for the cows, J found 
them to be very strong and beany. From 
our experience here with beans for garget, 
I had ootno to the conclusion that beaus 
had hardly had prominence enough. It 
strikes me as being the remedy above all 
others.—A Suu.scuruER. 
c#titm (ftconoimr. 
— L 
MARKING GROUND FOR CORN. 
A Texas correspondent (whose letter is 
just at hand) usks the cheapest mode of 
marking corn luud in check rows. We give 
a sketch of a contrivance we have used. It 
is made of a square or round stick of 
timber, say four to six inches in diameter. 
in which are inserted four wooden teeth, 
say two feet long, These teeth should be 
strong, round, and, not as the engraver has 
shown, sharp, but rather blunt at the 
ground ends. They should be wedged into 
the pole firmly the distance apart it is de¬ 
sired tho corn rows should be. A pair of 
poles, cut from the woods, wedged into the 
stick at right angles to tho markers serve 
as thills, and a couple of hooks to hitch to 
are nailed firmly on top of tho pole; added 
a piece of sapling of a length that when 
bent it will come up about breast high, is 
bent as shown in the sketch, with which the 
operator guides the markers. Tho first rows 
being made straight by driving the horse to 
a stake, tho tooth making the outer mark 
in the field, returns in its own mark. We 
know of no better or cheaper or more rapid 
way of marking corn ground. The marker 
may be weighted according to tho condi¬ 
tion and character of the soil iu which It is 
used. 
---- 
ECONOMICAL NOTES. 
DAIRY NOTES. 
FORWARDING DAIRY PRODUCTS IN HOT 
WEATHER. 
A correspondent from the western part 
of the State asks iu what way dairy pro¬ 
ducts can be forwarded to New York, and 
other cities on the sea board, during hot 
weather, without liability of injury from 
heat. “ Our shipments,” he says,” are 
Keeping Cream.— Next iu importance 
to having milk perfectly pure and sweet, 
and free from all animal odors, comes the 
matter of keeping tho cream after it is 
taken off the milk. In the first place, the 
less milk there is witii the cream at the 
time it is set in tho cream jar, the better. 
A great deal of carelessness is shown iutliis 
matter, for be it known that milk makes 
cheese, while the cream only makes butter; 
and the more milk there is in the cream at 
churning time, the more cheosy-liavored 
will be tho butter, and, therefore, tho more 
likely to spoil afterward, unless excessively 
salted. Really pure, good butter requires 
very little salt, while butter as ordinarily 
made will soon spoil, unless well salted or 
kept covered with brine. 
formation of a joint stock company for the 
purchase and sale of thorough-bred animals 
of the kinds of live stock needed at the 
South. It is the opinion of the writer that 
one thousand Merino sheep could be sold In 
Georgia at $10 per head before the close of 
the year. At least 8:5,000 could be cleared 
upon this importation. But this company 
should buy stock and raise their produce 
for sale. The double purpose of a public 
and private benefit would thus be an¬ 
swered.” 
-♦♦♦-- 
NOTES FOR HERDSMEN. 
Cattle for the Mid-South.—A corres¬ 
pondent writes:—“ What bred of cattle is 
best to cross with our native stock in a 
country as far .South as 80 degrees, where 
pasturage is scant and cattle have to travel 
over a large extent of territory to get their 
living, and where ticks, musketoes and flies 
of every description are abundant in warm 
weather'/” It is of very little use to put 
the line bred cattle of the North, upon the 
broom sedge ranges of Tennessee and Nort h 
Carolina. Cattle which have been accus¬ 
tomed to tho rich blue grass of Kentucky, 
and with skins senstive to the bites of 
insects, will succumb to the hard fare of , 
Wagon Axles.—J. W. H. asl«“ Inthe 
construction of axles (iron) for farm wagons, 
should they taper from collar to outside 
nut? or, should they be of uniform size, 
and the wheels have “pipe” boxes?” If 
the axle be made straight there will prob¬ 
ably- he less friction; but the axle will not 
be as strong as If it bo made tapering, the 
weight of metal being the same in both 
cases. The subject requires and deserves 
careful practical investigation. It is not 
improbable that the best form would bo a 
combination of two straight journals, the 
outer one being less than tho inner one, 
and the junction of tho latter with the 
collar being shaped so as to conform to 
Scaiele's Anti-friction Curve. 
Sawing Down Lumber.— in Rural 
New-Yorker, Juno 22, Frank Bachelor 
asks some one wlxo knows to inform him how¬ 
to saw down trees without injuring them. 
My method is the same us his, with one ex¬ 
ception ; cut tho notch, apply the wedges, 
saw all around tho t ree instead of one side 
only; leave no place to break off. The trees 
1 sawed were all hemlock; hud no trouble 
in their gigging backward; cut the notch 
the side the tree is to fall.— Old Sub¬ 
scriber. 
