MOORE’ 
ASSOCIATED DAIRYING IN SWEDEN. 
We have received accounts, from time 
to time, of the Introduction of the associ¬ 
ated system of dairying upon the Continent 
of Europe, but nothing in detail has been 
published—until quite recently—by which 
the American l eader could get an insight 
as to its management, or form an opinion 
of Its suooesa. 
The Journal of the Royal Agricultural 
Society contains an account of the dairy fac¬ 
tories of Sweden, furnished by M. Julien 
Dannfelt, Superintendent of the Experi¬ 
mental Farm and Agricultural College at 
Stockholm. We make a brief abstract of 
this article, as American dairymen must be 
interested in learning how these things are 
managed abroad. 
The greater part of the laud in Sweden Is 
divided into small farms, which are culti¬ 
vated by the peasants owning them and on 
whioli tho number of cows kopt for breed- 
ing, or for the production of milk, seldom 
exceeds ten or fifteen. The quantity of 
milk obtained from the farms is small, inaiu- 
ly on account of the “poor keep” which 
the animals receive during the long Winter. 
It is only quite lately that a regular system 
of dairy husbandry has been adopted, al¬ 
though the nature of the country, the cli¬ 
mate, and the manner of living of tho in¬ 
habitants, arc all favorable, it is said, to its 
advancement. 
The Government, as well as the Agricul¬ 
tural Societies, have, of late, taken meas¬ 
ures to advance the system of associated 
dairies, and it is becoming evident to the 
small farmers that tho factories constitute 
a powerful meaus of obtaining a consider¬ 
able revenue from the farms, and much 
larger than generally results from the prac¬ 
tice of other branches of agriculture. As 
the associated system lias given farmers a 
larger price for their milk than could be 
realized for it on the private or individual 
system, this has stimulated them to a more 
careful treatment of cattle, which, in turn, 
is reacting in a salutary manner on other 
branches of agriculture. 
The factories are managed sometimes by 
a sirgle proprietor, who purchases tho tnilk; 
but the plan that gives the best sat isfaction 
is where the several persons of a neighbor¬ 
hood associate toget her and establish a fac¬ 
tory and have the milk manufactured, di vid- 
iug the profits the same us on the American 
plan. 
The number of cows delivering milk at tho 
factory ranges from 50 to 200, and will aver¬ 
age about 100. The buildings are from 50 to 
60 feet long and £5 to 35 feet wide, arranged 
for milk room, manufacturing room, churn 
room, cheese room, butter cellar and living 
rooms for a family. These buildings appear 
to be somewhat ornamental in exterior, al¬ 
though the cost is not excessive, ranging 
from §250 to §750. The cost of machinery 
is no more than §75 in the Northern pro¬ 
vinces, but in the Southern sections where 
a steam boiler and pipes are used the cost 
amounts to §500. 
From the description given of the 
machiuery we should Judge that the double 
bottom cheese tub—an English invention— 
Is used. We examined these tubs in I860 
in our tour among the English dairies, and 
found them quite inferior to the American 
vat in every respect, while, they are much 
more expensively supplied with fuel. The 
other appliances about the dairy are of the 
English pattern. 
For the construction of the buildings ami 
purchase of machinery, loans are made from 
the agricultural societies, to be repaid with¬ 
in five or ten years at a low rate of interest, 
or with interest only on a part of a loan. 
Generally one dairy woman and a maid 
are sufficient to do the work; but occasion¬ 
ally a man-servant is employed iuaddition, 
to do the heavy labor and convey tho pro¬ 
duct to market. The wages of the dairy 
women amount to from §30 to §45 per year, 
and in addition 12 bushels of barley, 12 
bushels of rye, \)4 bushels of peas, and 
several bushels of potatoes, with all the 
milk, butter and cheese sufficient for her 
table wants or for her own consumption. 
The maid servant gets from §15 to $22 per 
annum in money, and a less quantity of the 
other products above named. 
It is stated that on an average 1 15-100 
gallons of milk make a (Swedish) pound of 
cheese (15 ounces) and 2 8-10 gallons milk a 
pound of butter (15 ounces). But when the 
cattle are feeding on the side pastures of 
the mountains less milk is required for the 
pound of butter or cheese. The average 
dividend to the proprietors of the factory 
has amounted to about 5 peuce sterling per 
gallon, and sometimes as high as G '5 pence 
per gallon of milk. 
More recently a company with large cap¬ 
ital has been organized for the purpose of 
purchasing milk and manufacturing it into 
blitter and cheese. Tho capit al of this oom- 
pany is fixed at £55,000 ($275,000) and the 
business involves the establishment of 
branch factories or dairies at places which 
are in daily communication with the capi¬ 
tal all the year round, as well as at other 
points which are deprived of such daily 
communication. 
The milk from tho different farms that i 
have entered into contract with the com¬ 
pany for the delivery of that produce, is 
conveyed every morning and evening im¬ 
mediately after the milking, to tho nearest 
of the sixty stations at present fixed by. 
the company for receiving milk. It is there 
poured into tin. vessels holding about 8 gal¬ 
lons, which are placed in water cooled so as 
to be from 36 to 40* Fahrenheit, and are 
left there until tho cream is risen. Tho 
skimmed cream is conveyed by railway or 
steamer (during the Winter also on roads) to 
the central factory, where it is made into 
butter. 
At some of t he brauch factories whore at 
least 500 gallons of milk per day may' be ob¬ 
tained, t he compauy intend to manufacture 
Cheddar cheese, but at present that descrip¬ 
tion of cheese is not made. The skimmed 
tnilk is made into cheese on the Dutch 
method and now finds a good market at 
home. The butter, on the other hand, is 
exported. 
It is said tho attention whiob this enter¬ 
prise has called forth, has given rise to pro¬ 
posals for the forming of several similar 
companies Indifferent pnrtBof the country, 
and from which the best results are antici¬ 
pated. 
Thus it will be seen that associated dairy- 
ing having obtained a foothold upon the 
Continent, tho system must spread and be¬ 
come popular among other nations where 
soil and climate are adapted to this speci¬ 
ality. IIow far our export trade in cheese 
is to bo affected by this movement abroad 
remains to be seen. Much will depend 
upon the character of goodB manufactured 
and the price at which they can be put in 
the English market. 
@he darto. 
GARDENERS’ NOTES. 
White Apple Tomato.— In the Rural 
Southland we find a tomato mentioned as 
new, with this name. This is ita'first year 
of fruiting, aud it is declared promising. 
Dr. Swasey says of it:—“The plant is a 
hardy, vigorous, drouth-defying grower, and 
a. prolific and Continuous bearer—equaling 
in all these respects the common red and 
yellow plum tomato. The fruit is of a 
beautiful creamy-white color, medium in 
size, of a regular, slightly oblate, apple 
shape, with a smooth* tender skin and a 
fiesh at once so almost melting in texture, 
so deliciously fruity in flavor, so devoid of 
that rank tomato twang that most people 
are not particularly partial to, so solid and 
so rich, that one willhuve to look long and 
wide before finding another Variety that 
will so completely come up to the highest 
standard of a first-class table tomato. As 
a Southerner we are proud of it because it. 
is said to be a Southern variety—and were 
it not we should esteem it as we do now, the 
best salad tomato in cultivation. 1 
Club-Root in Cabbage.—This is what 
an English journal recommends for Club- 
root :—Frequently change the positions of 
the crops; dig, trench, and expose the soil 
well to frost; lime It, or point in a dressing 
of soot. As regards the plants, transplant 
them frequently, rejecting all that exhibit 
protuberance on the roots. A little wood 
ashes or soot dropped into the holes at 
planting may also prove beneficiul as a pre¬ 
ventive; but when once a plant is fairly 
affected, the best tiling to do is to burn it; 
even if the protuberance is removed the 
plant rarely comes to much. 
Guano-Water on Cucumbers.—It is 
asserted that weak guano-water poured 
over the whole of t he foliage of cucumber 
vines in frames infuses great vigor into the 
plants, and is also a preventive of red 
spider. 
Melons in Georgia. — Augusta, Ga., is 
reported to have shipped over the Georgia 
R. R., from July 1 to Sept. 1, 1872, <38,222 
watermelons, and 15,782 cantalopes. 
“HORSE TALK” FROM THE CENSUS. 
The N. Y. Commercial Advertiser gives 
this interesting article under the above 
beading: 
The endless cavalcade of horses and equi¬ 
pages that for hours every day orowds the 
avenues up town, and pours unceasingly 
through the drives of Central Park and 
over the roads beyond, for miles away into 
Westchester, would alone suggest some ex¬ 
amination of the census figures, in order to 
estimate the expansion of the horse inter¬ 
est during the last few years. But besides 
the Park and the drives, there is au unend¬ 
ing procession of the slow and toiling horses 
that do the work of the city. They hold 
down town under a perpetual blockade, and 
they are constantly passing and repassing 
in every street. They seem only leas nu¬ 
merous than the population. But when we 
go to the census for facts and figures we arc 
met with a rebuff, which, on the very verge 
of tho inquiry, is quite exasperating, fur 
by one of those blunders of legislation 
which give force to the advice of Oxen- 
STKfiN to his son, to set' “with how little 
wisdom tin- world is governed,” the enu¬ 
meration of live stock “not found on 
farms” was omitted from the census 
schedules of 1850. Thu same mistake was 
made in 1860, but census takers were re¬ 
quested to ascertain tho number of stock 
not on farms. Again, in 1870, the same 
blunder was made. This the Superinten¬ 
dent has endeavored to rectify by reference 
to State censuses, police returns, etc., and 
the aggregate is given by him in advance 
sheets of the third volume. To show the 
perfectly absurd nature of the census re¬ 
turns in the regular tables, we quote tho 
figures for this city and county. Now York 
County is credited with the following live 
stock: 
Horses...S 23 Mules.4 
Vows..284 Oxen. 'i 
Other Cuttle. ... 13 Swine... 02 
and the aggregate valuo of these herds and 
Hocks and d roves in placed at $188,650. Three 
hundred horses and mules in all New York! 
The palpable error of the law maker in pro¬ 
viding for the livo stock enumeration is, 
however, rectified by tho Superintendent 
of tho Census for the whole State, and we 
find that the total number of horses in New 
York is as follows: 
, . 1370. i860. 
On farms .630,801 603,735 
Not On farms .319,380 93,358 
The point to be noticed is tho vast in¬ 
crease in horses, “not on farms,” which is 
226,922 in ten years. For the whole State 
it is over 260,000. This includes, of course, 
tho village and city horses, and by far the 
largest portioifot it must be credited to 
New York City, where the increase in horse 
flesh is one of the most remarkable features 
of the few years that limit the opening of 
Central Park, and the progress or comple¬ 
tion of other great improvements in roads, 
etc. Wo have no meaus of ascertaining the 
actual number of horses in this city, but it 
probably does not fall short of 20h,<»U0. 
Another fact is worth noting, that the 
census in regard to the horses of Kentucky, 
Vermont, and Virginia shows the following 
result: 
1870. 1800. 
Kentucky.351.200 410,913 
Vermont . 69,015 80,373 
Virginia. 208,300 330,305 
A decrease of 145,035 in these prominent 
horse-raisiug States. In nearly all of the 
Southern States the stock of horses for the 
ten years shows a very large decrease. 
Maryland is about stationary at 102,000. A 
few of the important aggregate figures are 
as follows: 
Whole Country...8,090,219 T ,431,088 
Illinois. .1,017,04(5 077,899 
Iowa... 482.780 211,100 
Missouri .. 645,822 4*2,443 
New York. 860.2*1 690,183 
Ohio. 704,001 026,346 
Pennsylvania .... 611,488 603,834 
This table puts Illinois at the head, and 
New York second, in the list of States. Al¬ 
together, the “horse show ” is interesting, 
but we hope that before another census is 
taken Congress will be wise enough to make 
provisions for taking a census of all the 
horses, no matter where they are found. 
The partial returns got together by the 
Census Superintendent show that there are 
in the United States 7,142,849 horses on 
farms, and 1,547,370 not. In New York and 
Massachusetts, in Connecticut and most of 
the Territories, more than half of the horses 
are not engaged in agriculture. 
4 » »- 
To Prevent Horse Having a Fit.— 
Tell “A Subscriber,” iu Rural of Sept. 21, 
page 1S6, to wind his horse’s bit with oam- 
ptaor gum and he will not be troubled with 
fits again.—p. c. x. 
BON E SPA VIN. 
I have a valuable horse that has a bone 
spavin on his hind leg. Can you give me 
information that will cure it? It Is of 
about two or three months’ standing. I saw 
a notice of Prof. Magneii’n work on the 
horse, not long since, in the Ritual. Is 
that the beat authority 7 If so, where can I 
purchase it and the price? J. 11. Gates. 
Prior. MAGNER’swork is excellent, but we 
do not know where it can be ohtalned nor 
the price. We quote whut follows from it: 
Tho only reasonable treatment for bone 
spavin is counter-irritation and rest. If 
there is heat during the first few days, ap¬ 
ply cooling applications, such as an ounce 
of sugar of lead to half a pail of ice water. 
Keep the leg wet for about two weeks, when 
it may pass off. A dose of physio should he 
given. ^ If this stage has passed, repeated 
blistering with a preparation of Iodine or 
cantharides will be necessary; but muoh 
better would be the actual cautery iu au 
operator’s hands. Clip tho hair closely 
over a large surface four or five Inches 
above and below the enlargement, and then 
out to the middle of the back and foreparts 
of the leg. Any of the strong blisters 
recommended for spavins, for which form¬ 
ulas are given below, are to be used. If a 
blister, rub it iu well with t he hand for ten 
minutes or moro. In two days put on some 
grease. When the inflammat ion goes down 
wash with warm water and caatile soap] 
and when dry put on more blister, and so 
repeat, keeping up just as muoh irritation 
as you can without destroying the hair. In 
the meantime the horse must be kept, in a 
comfortable stall, for one of the conditions 
of cure is rest. Keep up the inflammation 
in this way for four or five weeks, after 
which give a run to grass. n is some! imes 
necessary to blister lightly, If the lameness 
does not disappear in six or eight weeks 
which may bo repeated a few tones, with 
md.no ointment in the proportion of one 
part of Iodine to four of lard. Work should 
be light, if auy, within three mouthy. This 
treatment will usually cure without leav¬ 
ing a blemish. 
Treat ringbones on the same principle. 
Iron off the hair and blister in the same 
maimer, observing the same condition of 
rest. As regards taking off the enlarge¬ 
ment, this treatment is as effectual towards 
that end as can be used. 
Several of the very best reoipes for the 
cure of spavins and ringbones will be found 
below. Bear in mind you must always clip 
the hair off of the part to be blistered, and 
that the medicine must be rubbed iu well 
with tlio Imrtd for ton minuto8i 
Very Strong BUster for Spavins, Ring¬ 
bones, Curbs, Etc.— Finely powdered oau- 
tharidas, I oz.; powdered euphorbium 2 
drams; lard, 1 oz.; tar, 2 oz. 
A (-cry Active Blister for Spavin, Ring- 
bone, Etc. Two drams corrosive sublimate, 
1 oz. lard, oz. tar, 2 drams cantharides. 
Rub and mix well together. 
A Good Blister ]or Spavin, Ringbone, 
Etc.— Biuiodide of mercury, % drain ; can- 
tbarides, 1 dram; lard, 1 oz. A fine blister 
for any purpose requiring counter-irrita¬ 
tion and absorption, will take off curbs, 
splints, etc. 
Powerful Absorbing Blister for Spavin 
and Ringbone.—Equal parts of biuiodide 
of mercury and cantharides, three parts of 
tar and lard each. Rub iu well with the 
hand for three mornings and use lard after 
to soften and take off the scab, when it may 
be repeated if necessary. 
-- —. 
NOTES FOR HORSEMEN. 
To Keep a Mare’s Tongue in her 
Mouth.—If G. II. T., New Lisbon, O., will 
procure a piece of olastio baud, one-half or 
three-quarters of au inch wide and fasten 
to each end of a straight bit, sons toibrm 
a loop large enough to pass over tho ani¬ 
mal’s nose, and thus keep tho bit firm 
against the upper jaw, he will soon have 
the satisfact ion of seeing his young mare 
keep her tongue in her mouth. I believe it 
to be merely a habit which some colts form. 
—J. M. Shekk. 
Frank H. Lare writes that his father 
had a horse that had the habit of thrusting 
ills tongue out of the mouth, and he got a 
bit made as shown iu the Illustration (with 
a crook In It backward toward the root of 
the tongue) which broke him of the habit. 
