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RUBAI. fJEW-YORIXER 
gairtr gitsbainlrtr. 
COLLECTING STATISTICS OF THE DAIRY. 
In a recent number of the Western Farm¬ 
er, a quotation is made from the Rural 
New-Yorker in regard to the importance 
of collecting statistics of the dairy—viz,, 
the number of factories, the cows employed, 
and the quantity of cheese made annually. 
We regard it unfortunate for the dairy in¬ 
terest of America that these statistics are 
not more fully given in the reports of the 
various dairy associations, and this work, 
we think, properly belongs to the associa¬ 
tions, otc. 
York, but no systematic plan for obtaining 
this information has been adopted. 
The dairymen of America, as well as the 
dealers who haudlo dairy products, are 
greatly in need of accurate statistics upon 
which to base their operations of selling 
and buying. Prices are largely regulated 
by the receipts and shipments at New York 
oily; but these do not always indicate what 
is being done in the whole country. It is 
very important to the dairymen of the 
Hast to know how dairying is progressing 
in the Northwest and in Canada; and it 
certainly is of equal Importance to our 
Western and Northwestern friends to have 
a knowledge of their own progress, together 
with the condition of the business at the 
East. 
dairy is more extensive, is performed by 
tilling a hide with the milk, which is lustily 
shaken by an athletic native at each end. 
The fourth, by dragging the hide after a gal¬ 
loping horse, until it is supposed the blit¬ 
ter is formed. The milk is never strained 
and the butter never washed. I am speak¬ 
ing of the native mode. Of late years, 
English and Scotch people have Introduced 
a few regular Yankee churns. The greater 
part uf the butter used in the olties is im¬ 
ported from Ireland, France, or Germany, 
while thousands of cows graze on the vast 
pampas in Houth America. 
cdfat[m <£ foil until, 
.ECONOMICAL NOTES. 
The Western Farmer, after alluding to a 
conversation which one of the editors of 
that paper had with certain Ohio dairy¬ 
men—owners of large farms and patrons of 
two oheese factories, and yet who had never 
attended a dairy convention, and were sur¬ 
prised to hear of cheese factories in Wiscon¬ 
sin—remarks as follows: 
“ WillMr, W illa uijtell usherwto collect 
statistics that shall be complete bearing in 
mind that our Ohio friend is not alone 
that there are other dairymen, and some 
factory owners, who take no agricultural 
paper, attend no dairy meetings, have never 
heard, except by accident. of Mr. Win Alii), 
or any other writ er on dairy matters V A n- 
other class are willing enough to get all the 
information they can from others, hut act 
as if it was no one's else business what they 
have done in their own dairy or factory. 
“Oneof the editorsof this paper happens 
to be Secretary of the Northwestern Dairy¬ 
men's Association, lie will do what hecau 
to collect full statistics of the dairy pro¬ 
ducts of the Northwest, but he is not at all 
sure that he will succeed better than bis 
predecessors. All the help that can be giv¬ 
en in tlm way i>r making dairymien l'col the 
importance of such statistics, anil any sug¬ 
gestions as to the best modes of securing 
such statistics, he will gladly welcome.” 
We are aware that there are dillieultios 
in the way of obtaining dulry&tatlslioct, and 
aro fully r satisfied that but little dependence 
cqn be placed upon getting the information 
desired, from voluntary contributions. Wo 
have had some experience in this line and 
wo find there aro only a few persons, com¬ 
paratively, who will take tho trouble of 
writing out a report of their own immedi¬ 
ate operations, to say nothing or collecting 
statistics from others. Sometimes persons 
would bo glad to make report, but find dif¬ 
ficulty in getting it in proper form to suit, 
and so abandou the idea altogether, Tho 
dairy associations should furnish printed 
forms with blanks to be filled. These 
should lie sent to all factories which are 
known to the Secretary, with roquost that 
the blanks be filled up and returned. But 
much information may bo obtained by 
sending blanks and a printed letter to the 
Presidents or Secretaries of the County 
Agricultural Societies. A list of names of 
these officers may be obtained at the office 
of tho State Agricultural Society. The 
Department of Agriculture at Washington 
issues a printed list of the various Agri¬ 
cultural Societies In the United States, 
giving the names of officers. This would 
be found useful in sending out circulars. 
Again, every town in the State could bo 
reached by placing the requisite blanks and 
circulars ill the hands of the several Boards 
of Supervisors; and this could be done 
through tho County (Turks. The Supervi¬ 
sor of each town would be likely to be 
pretty well informed as to tho number of 
cheese factories in his town and the cows 
employed in furnishing milk, etc. 
By adopting some such plan as we have 
proposed we aro inclined to think the sta¬ 
tistics could be made tolerably complete— 
at least much more complete than we now 
get them in the dairy reports. Wo think, 
too, that at the Dairy Conventions a com¬ 
mittee on statistics should bo made, select¬ 
ing some well known person from each 
county who is to be relied upon to collect 
the statistics of the counties respectively. 
All this will entail much labor, it is true, 
upon the Secretaries of the various Associ¬ 
ations; but they should bo properly paid 
for the service. 
Some years ago wo furnished statistics of 
all the factories and oows in Herkimer 
county, and wo were the first to obtain and 
print reliable returns of tho quantity of 
cheese shipped annually from the county. 
This last was not such a difficult matter, 
since the various railroad depots and canal 
ports keep a reoord of shipments, and by 
applying at the several places the desired 
statistics were very cheerfully furnished. 
We havo tried from time to time to have 
the American Dairymen's Association take 
I measures to get the shipments of butter 
and oheese in the other counties of New 
Wo feel greatly the need of accurate sta¬ 
tistics from year to year, and wo are sure 
Mr. Morrow is not insensible to their im¬ 
portance for the dairy interest of the North¬ 
west. In our suggestions respecting the 
collection of statistics we do not pretend to 
give the hrttl plan, hut only that which has 
occurred to us as feasible. Wo hope the 
excellent Secretary of tho North western 
vVssociation will mature a bettor plan than 
wo have named, and whatever ho may do 
In the way of making tho statistics of tho 
dairy more complete, w ill bo vury fully ap¬ 
preciated by us arid by many others at t In- 
East who have the best interests of the 
dairy at heart. The Western Farmer is 
doing good service to dairymen in calling 
attention to this subject, and wo hope that 
every factoryman wlm may read this article 
will send statistics of his factory operations 
to the Secretary of his State Dairymen’s 
Association. 
- 
DRAWING MILK TO FACTORIES. 
What is the usual price for drawing milk 
in the dairy districts of New York?—W.R. 
Palmer, Wattsburg, I’n. 
In Herkimer Co* the milk is generally 
carried to the factory by patrons. In some 
other counties, however, milk teams are 
employed to gather up the milk and deliver 
it. Tho price varies, according to the dis¬ 
tance, condition of tho roads, otO., from 
u dollar to two dollars per cow. Sometimes 
a patron living on a road at tlm end uf a 
route, with several farm houses between 
his place and the factory, engages to draw 
all the milk on the street. As his own milk 
is to bo delivered, there is no additional 
journey to bo made in hauling the milk of 
his neighbors along the route, in such 
oases milk is often delivered to tho factory 
at cheaper rates than those wo have named. 
When patrons are located near together on 
good roads, the most distant farm being no 
more than a mile and a half from the fac¬ 
tory, about, one dollar per cow is consid¬ 
ered a fair remuneration for drawing the 
milk. It must he evident that no uniform 
price can bo given for different localities, 
since there must be a variety of circum¬ 
stances that will have controlling inllueuco 
in regulating the rates of delivery for each. 
We boliove that the proper way for de¬ 
livering milk to factories is to have teamH 
employed specially for the purpose. The 
wagons should bo provided with springs, 
and have an awning or covering so us to 
protect tho milk cans from the sun or rain. 
It seems to bo the general opinion among 
patrons who havo tried both methods— 
drawing their milk with their own teams, 
or having it drawn by a public carrier—that 
the latter is tho cheaper, where a fair, hon¬ 
est price only is charged for tho service. 
In many cases patrons prefer to pay even 
pretty high rates, sitico it relieves the farm¬ 
er from much care, to say nothing of the 
time of his man and team, which can be 
employed at other work. At some of tho 
factories tho proprietors or company col¬ 
lect the milk from patrons, and make tho 
choose, etc., at a certain rate per pound, or 
at so much per cow, for drawing the millc, 
according to distance to bo traveled, etc. 
This is a very good way, as the business is 
more under tho control of the factory man¬ 
ager, who is also responsible for accidents, 
mishaps, etc., thus giving less trouble to 
patrons. 
-- 
DAIRY NOTES. 
Butter Making in Soutli America— 
A correspondent of The Methodist, writ ing 
from Brazil, says: "In South America 
there are four native modes of making but¬ 
ter. The first is, putting the milk in a com¬ 
mon bowl, and beating it with a spoon as 
you would an egg. Tho second, pouring 
the milk In a bottle, and shaking it until 
the butter appears, which Is extracted by 
cracking off the top of the bottle. Bottles 
aro valueless in this part of South America, 
On account of the number Imported with 
fruits uud liquors. Tho third, where the 
Another Neck Yoke. —Looking over 
the different styles of neck yokes in Rural 
New-Yorker of Oct. 12, T did not see my 
plan, therefore I send it to you. For the 
center of yoke make the large ring to go on 
tongue and weld tho two small rings to 
play in largo one; t hen take an iron rod of 
suitable size and make after the following 
plan: —Flatten the ends and punch for 
nails; then make a groove In the wood to 
Correspond to tho iron; then make two 
bands for each side of center of yoke; tdip 
the rod through the small rings that are 
attached to the large one, place the rod In 
the groove and rivet on tho bands close up 
to the small rings. Tho nails can be driven 
on the outside of band or partly in the 
band; or a hole drilled in the bunds, if 
mado to match. I use one that I made over 
four years ago, and is just as solid as over. 
This plan strengthens the yoke Instead of 
weakening it, and it can bo mado smaller.— 
II. Johnson. __ 
Linseed Oil Barrels for Cider.— In 
your issue of Oct. 19 Wm. J. Richardson 
inquires about tho utility of linseed oil 
barrels for storing cider, and you discour¬ 
aged the use of them for that purpose. Our 
experience is to the contrary. Many years 
ago there was a scarcity of cider barrels 
in Vermont, and linseed oil barrels wore 
made use of to supply the deficiency, with 
no other cleansing than torlntie itu-nu out 
thoroughly with cold water. In the follow¬ 
ing Spring it was found that cider thus 
storm wan better for drinking purposes 
than that kept in other packages, the rea¬ 
sons assigned being that thu oil tended to 
preserve the cider mainly by forming a 
thin film on its surface, excluding tho air. 
Ilinseed oil being a vegetable production 
from tlaxseed, cannot, in small quantities, 
be very unwholesome if pare. — i). U. 
CiLEKVKR, Hodi Co,, Win. 
I [would say III Wm. . 1 . Richardson that 
1 have used linseed oil barrels for cider and 
oau recommend them. I cleaned by scald¬ 
ing thoroughly four or live times In succes¬ 
sion. I like them best; they don’t sour.— 
j. u. 
Arresting Fermentation of Cider, 
in one part of your last paper you tell a 
eorri-. poiident how to filter eider, and soon 
after detail Prof. Uorsford’h mode of ar¬ 
resting fermentation. I will give you my 
opinion. Prof. Horsfoiid’k plan is"good in 
a large establishment, or when conducted 
by a mail k "uwingsomcthliigof chemistry; 
but the simplest mode is to filter the cider 
just HI you have stated, through satul and 
charcoal, and then throw into the barrel 
from throB to live pounds of fresh beef. 
The quantity is governed by the acidity of 
the apples from which the cider was made, 
the most acid requiring the larger quantity 
of meat. Tho principle upon which it acts 
is, tho albumen acts upon tho acid ami pre¬ 
vents fermentation, in your detail of Prof. 
ilonsifOKn’B process you do tho same thing 
by using the eggs. Bi-sulphite of lime is 
largely used by lager beer men to proven!, 
acetlfication; but at present not many ci¬ 
der makers make any use of it.—c. 
We have also nrroHted fermentation by 
throwing into a barrel of older, when it had 
reached the condition of fermentation suit¬ 
ed to our palate, a half pint to a pint of 
flaxseed. 
Fertilizer for Virginia Lands, — A 
correspondent of the Southern Planter and 
Farmer gives the following recipe for a 
fertilizer, which he says he has found to be 
the cheapest, and most efficient of any ho 
ever used. This is the recipe and probable 
cost: 
1 ton No, 1. Peruvian guano, 
1 ton salt (ground alum;.... 
1 ton raw-hone. 
% tou land plaster . 
Cost por ton, $80 00 
. 15 (X) 
. 55 IK) 
. 8 HO 
$158 00 
He adds:—“This will make your manure 
cost you about $40 per ton, and 250 pounds 
per acre Is quite enough for cotton and I 
suppose would be for wheat or corn. You 
see this will cost just ?5 per acre, and no 
man can manure an aero of land as cheap 
with any other manure, especially the 
heavy --.table manure, even if it were given 
to him. I have been using this compound 
onoottou. alongside of most of tho standard 
compounds, and I havo seen nothing equal 
to it on my lands." 
^rkricultunit. 
INFLUENCE OF STOCK ON GRAFT, 
Again I ask for information, A few of 
my- Maiden’s Blush apple trees, which were 
top-grafted oil hard Winter apple stems, 
ripen a few weeks later than others in the 
same orchard whioll were root-grafted. 
Therefore, does the sap of the original stem 
uniting with that of the graft so materially 
Delate tho fruit? If this question is of any 
interest, or of any practical importance, T 
atfait an answer.— ,Iohn D. ITiiliivpi. 
Of course the sap taken in at the roots 
passes up through tho stem and branches 
to the leaves, but it is lit,tie more than pure 
water, containing inorganic materials which 
become orgauio when assimilated by tho 
leaves, and then as it descends the change 
takes place, the original cells of both stock 
and graft forever fixing the type of all those 
on and around each. Now, to make the 
matter plain, let us suppose that the cells 
of quince wood are an exact cube while 
those of tho pear are triangular. Wo graft 
the pear upon a quince root, am.1 of course 
all the nutriment or materials necessary for 
the growth of the pear must be gathered 
by the quince roots from tho soil (except 
the little taken by the leaves). These sub¬ 
stances are carried up through the cells of 
the quince wood and then through those of 
pear to tho leaves, where they are assimi¬ 
lated, coming in oontact with air, and re¬ 
ceiving certain gases therefrom, after which 
commences the downward course between 
tho wood and bark, forming now cells. The 
type or form of the pear wood cells, in those 
<>! the cion or bud first inserted, being tri¬ 
angular, others are added of the sumo 
shape; but as the assimilated sup reaches 
those of the quinoe stock the cube form is 
assumed, because the first ones are of this 
form. Something of this kind actually 
takes i)luce in all grafted or budded trees, 
because the Htock remains unchanged as 
well as the graft. 
When we graft tho pear on quince stocks 
we always find the quince unchanged 
through all time, although it has been 
carrying up orudo sap to tho pear and re¬ 
ceiving assimilated or true sap in return 
with which to extend its own bulk. The 
gases received from the air, go necessary for 
growth, have been gathered by pear leaves, 
and still the quince retains its own dis- 
tinotivo characteristics. The distinct vital 
powers of each species and variety enable 
it to form and retain Its own distinctive 
Characters out of the materials which may 
pass through others that aro more or less 
different in appearance or structure. There 
has been an occasional freak or departure 
from this rule, or at least an appearance of 
such, but they arc quite rare. 
The difference In the ripening of your 
Maiden’s Blush apples, may bo accounted 
for, theoretically, In many ways; but we 
presume that tho stocks, which you say 
originally produced very late, hard apples, 
also naturally started to grow late in Spring, 
consequently the grafts upon them would 
not bo pushed into growth as early as upon 
stocks of an opposite character. The stock 
does have an Ln linen go upon the graft, and 
the graft also has its influence upon tho 
stock; but seldom is it sufficient to ma¬ 
terially change the character of the fruit. 
The Rawle’s Janet, which is one of the latest 
of apple trees to show its leaves in Spring, 
would be an excellent variety upon which 
to test our theory as regards late ripening, 
caused by tardiness of the growth of stock 
in Spring, To give all the facts in our pos¬ 
session relating to the influence of stock on 
graft, and vice versa, would require more 
space than we can spare at present; but we 
hope tho above hints will enable you to 
look for causes as well as effects. 
ARBORICULTURAL NOTES. 
Olive Oil in California.—A Writer in 
the Overland Monthly publishes tho infor¬ 
mation that tho culture of [.the Olivo tree 
and tho manufacture of oil from its fruit, 
is gradually becoming a leading industry 
in California. The character of tho climate, 
and the soil of the valley of Santa Barbara 
mul of the foot hills of Xbiuta Tnez, for sixty 
miles along, are adapted to tho production 
of the finest varieties of oil. It is predicted 
that this portion of tho State wiLl event ual- 
ly be numbered among the most celebrated 
oil districts of the world. 
Now Material for Tying nn Frni 
Trees.—The Bornological inXitVo 
Reutungou (Germany) offers for sale strip 
of tape prepared with India rubber, whie 
are said to be vex-y serviceable and durabl 
fur this purpose. These strips are 2‘ j fee 
long, and about % inch wide, and are soli 
at the rata of 2>£d. per 100. 
