mv. as 
MOOBE’S BUBAL NEW-YORKER. 
THE CLAIMS OF AMERICAN DAIRY IN¬ 
VENTORS VINDICATED. 
It is now about twenty years since Jesse 
Williams inaugurated, it is system of cheese 
factories and Associated Dairying. The 
system as is well known has steadily gained 
in public favor, and is gradually being 
adopted by the Nations of Europe. But 
since it has proved a success, European 
writers are not wanting who seek to de¬ 
prive Mr. Williams of due credit in this 
matter, claiming that lie borrowed his sys¬ 
tem from Switzerland. It is true Asso¬ 
ciated Dairying, under a certain form, had 
been practiced by the Swiss previous to 
that inaugurated by Mr. Williams, but 
Mr. Williams’ factories in all their details 
of machinery and appliances were essential¬ 
ly different from those in Switzerland ; 
and except, in the matter of several per¬ 
sons joining together to have the milk of 
their cows made up at one place, the Swiss 
and American systems arc quite different. 
We have undoubted authority for stating 
that Mr. Williams had not oven heard 
of the Swiss Association at, the time ho 
planned and erected the first American 
factory, and he undoubtedly was solo in¬ 
ventor and originator of what is now known 
as the American factory system of dairying. 
About the time that Mr. Williams was 
engaged in putting his new inventions in 
operation, another Amerioan was conduct¬ 
ing his investigations in the preservation 
of various kinds of food by eliminating 
the water which they contained. This 
field was comparatively new; or at least, 
no process had as yet been invented that 
could be said to promise auythiug particu¬ 
larly useful in its adoption. It was for Mr. 
Gail Borden, now ividely known in con¬ 
nection with condensed milk, to opon up 
this field and turn it to good account. He 
gave it unwearied labor, struggling with 
alternate disappointments and successes 
until all obstacles were overcome, and be 
was able to put upon the market the article 
he sought, and to have it recognized as a 
triumphant success. 
We have before us “ A brief sketch of 
Gail Borden and his relations to some 
forms of concentrated food,’* by S. L. 
Goodale, Secretary of the Maine Board 
of Agriculture. As the subject of con¬ 
densed milk is one of considerable interest 
to the public and especially at this time to 
dairymen, it will not be out of place to 
refer to some of the facts detailed in Mr. 
Goodale’s pamphlet. 
Gail Bouden was born in 1801, of New 
England parents, in the town of Norwich, 
N. Y. At an early ago he assisted his father 
upon his farm, mid profited, so far as prac¬ 
ticable by the limited educational privi¬ 
leges within his reach. Mr. GoooALKgivcs 
a brief account of Mr. Bouden’s removal 
West with his father, and his subsequent 
labors not only as a teacher in Mississippi, 
but as County Surveyor, Deputy United 
States Surveyor, together with his removal 
to Texas and the various offices of trust 
which he filled in that State, 
Passing over his experimental labors in 
the production of meat biscuit and some 
other forms of concentrated food, Mr. 
Goodale discusses the causes that prompt¬ 
ed Mr. Borden to turn his attention to the 
preservation of milk. At this time, al¬ 
though Mr. Bokdkn knew nothing of the 
"germ theory," and little of other hypo¬ 
theses concerning milk, he had come to 
have a wholesome dread of incipient de¬ 
composition, and rightly judged that if he 
could prevent its beginning, its progress 
would make small inroads upou his pro¬ 
ducts. “The object at whiob he aimed,” 
says Mr. Goodale, "took a sharply-defined 
form at the very outset, namely: to accom¬ 
plish the preservation of milk by the sim¬ 
ple removal of water, accompanied by se¬ 
curity against the occurrence of possible 
detriment from the time when the milk 
was drawn from l lie cow until the process 
was completed.” " Scientific friends, one of 
whom ranked as the peer of any in the 
land, advised him that his aim, in one re¬ 
spect, was too high—that the retention of 
all the butter, uninjured, in connection 
with other solid constituents of milk, 
would be found unattainable in practice, 
and that the removal of a part of the 
cream would be found a necessary prelimi¬ 
nary step; but he utterly discarded the 
thought of condensing ‘skim’ milk, and 
pushed ou, regardless of the advice, perse¬ 
vering with iudomitable will and energy 
until his object was fairly attained.” 
Recognition of the merits of the article 
manufactured, and its reception by the 
public wore slow, and it was not until 1861, 
when the war of the Rebellion made ic 
quickly and extensively known, that the 
demand rapidly increased until it exceeded 
the supply. Mr. Borden now began to 
reap due reward for his labors, and In the 
words of Mr. Goodale, “uncounted thou¬ 
sands of soldiers in camp and hospital— 
citizens both well and ill—city-born infants, 
pining for pure milk tit for babes, hold its 
inventor and manufacturer in grateful re¬ 
membrance and esteem.” 
Mr. Bouden's first application for a 
patent was in May, 1858. The principal 
feature of his process was declared to be 
evaporation in vacuo. The importance of 
protecting the milk from atmospheric ac¬ 
tion, in order to prevent incipient decom¬ 
position, was emphatically asserted iu the 
first application and has been held with 
tenacity ever since. His application for a 
patent was refused apparently from some 
stupidity of the examiners in charge at tlio 
Patent Office; blit lie obtained a patent in 
185G and about this time also his English 
patent was granted. 
It is only those who have had some ex¬ 
perience in handling milk who can fully 
appreciate the difficulties with which Mr. 
Borden had to contend. Milk, of all sub¬ 
stances, is most liable to change or bo af¬ 
fected in flavor so as to be unpalatable and 
unfit for human food. Mr. Bouden had 
to organize, in the first instance, a system 
for the treatment and delivery of milk that 
would ensure its purity and sound condi¬ 
tion when delivered at the faotory. Then 
the piping of the vacuum pan and its con¬ 
nections had to he arranged so that all 
parts could bo readily and thoroughly 
cleaned. He experienced at first great 
trouble on account of the albuminous mat¬ 
ter of the milk adhering to tho heating ves¬ 
sels. This had to bo overoome. Then, 
again, tho milk was disposed to foam and 
How over in the vacuum pan, thus entailing 
loss. Finally tho milk must be so treated 
and handled that it could go Into the hands 
of the consumer unchanged in flavor, and 
in such condition that by an uddition of 
three parts of water to one of the condensed 
milk, a pure, sweet, good flavored article, 
not unlike fresh milk, should obtain. The 
machinery to accomplish these results on a 
large scale is very elaborate, and all the 
details of the business must be performed 
by certain prescribed processes and with 
most scrupulous regard to cleanliness and 
freedom from all offensive odors. Thus he 
originated and perfected a system which 
entitles him to tho claim of being the orig¬ 
inal discoverer of the uuly process for con¬ 
densing milk which has received universal 
approval iu this country and in Europe. 
But a claim is set up in England that Mr. 
Bouden is not, entitled to the credit of this 
discovery, and it is upon this point that 
the pamphlet of Mr. Goodale very suc¬ 
cessfully refutes these adverse claims, and 
proves from the most undoubted authori¬ 
ties that the credit of the discovery be¬ 
longs wholly to Mr. Bouden. He says: 
“ Prior to his application for a patent Mr. 
Bouden had not the remotest idea that any 
one had anticipated him in conoeiving of 
the use Of the vacuum process for tho con¬ 
centration of milk, although he was aware 
of its use in tho treatment of syrups iu re¬ 
fining sugar, and in the preparation of ex¬ 
tracts. For these purposes it wa 3 employed 
because it enabled evaporation to proceed 
at a low temperature, thereby avoiding dis¬ 
coloration or burning. Borden’s employ¬ 
ment of it was for a wholly different pur¬ 
pose. But upon examination it appeared 
that one G him wade had previously con¬ 
ceived the idea, and had planned an appa¬ 
ratus for carrying it into effect, which som- 
what resembled Mr. Borden’s. It equally 
appeared, however, that the process was 
never practiced, and probably the concep¬ 
tion was never embodied. Satisfactory ev¬ 
idence of this is found in the fact that ho 
subsequently applied for and obtained a 
patent for a wholly different process, an 
integral part of which was evaporation in 
open pans, which method he practiced for 
some years. The vacuum process in Grim- 
WADE’s mind probably never advanced be¬ 
yond the abstract idea accompanied with 
plans on paper of apparatus. Father he 
did not attempt to carry it into execution, 
or finding himself unable to overcome the 
practical difficulties attending the process, 
he abandoned the attempt. He neither 
practiced it himself, nor did any one else 
under his patent. The conception fell still¬ 
born.” 
Again he says: — " Diligent search by 
Mr. Borden’s patent attorney in London, 
in 1853, (Mr. Borden of Chancery Lane), 
failed to discover the slightest indication 
that any one had over worked a, vacuum pan 
for evaporating milk under any patent.” 
It is, perhaps, needless to state that the 
condensed milk establishments in .Switzer¬ 
land, in Ireland and in England are all 
worked under tho Borden process, Mr. 
Borden's patent iu the United States has 
now expired, and will not be renewed. Mr. 
.Jesse Williams never took out a patent 
upon any of his factory inventions. We 
Can scarcely estimate the benefits that are 
to flow from the labors of those two men. 
The world lias already greatly profited by 
their works, and wo feel a natural pride 
that they uro Americans. Their fame 
should bo enduring. It belongs, in part at 
least, to the nation, and any attempt to 
cast the credit of their inventions else- 
whoro is a wrong in which all Americans 
are concerned. Wo feel grateful, therefore, 
to Mr. Goodale for the work he has done 
iu refuting unjust oluiniH and iu placing tho 
merit of a great invention where it truly 
belongs. 
Jutmt ^Eprtmcnt. 
CONDITION OF NEGROES SOUTH. 
In Rural New-Yorker of Oct. 12 you 
make a statement in regard to the colored 
people of the South which does Injustice to 
the Southern people; and, as 1 do not think 
it your intention to wrong any, I will sim¬ 
ply give you a true statement of tho case, 
The great difficulty with tho colored man 
is that be must attend political meetings, 
hunt and fish, and ho loses too much time 
from his work at the time his crop needs 
his attention most; besides his credit is too 
good, and he spends too much of his cotton 
before It is made. 
As to his making thirty, forty or fifty 
bales, that is all in your correspondent’s 
fancy ; the average crop of tho negro in the 
State of Mississippi is about two bales to 
the hand, and very often they do not make 
that; of course many do better, and they 
make some money; but every one or them 
own too much stock, and is kept in pover¬ 
ty tryhfg to feed that for which ho really 
have no use. 
If you could only know the amount of 
powderand shot, and the number of pistols 
and guns bought by them iu a year, you 
would not be surprised that they are poor 
yet; for with those they must hunt and 
shoot in order to get the worth of their 
money. 
That they are sometimes swindled out of 
some of their cotton, is no doubt tho truth, 
for I do not claim that every man in the 
Mouth is honest any more than they are 
North; human nature is the same almost 
everywhere; and your papers North are 
continually filled with publications of swin¬ 
dles, and then only the large ones arc men¬ 
tioned. But with all tho carelessness of 
the negroes, 1 will venture the assertion 
that to-day the negroes of Mississippi are 
doing as well as the working class of whites 
in your own, or any Northern State, if you 
wilt take into consideration the fact that 
they wore set free only a few years ago 
without any means of support but their 
own labor.—W. W. Folsom, Tyro, MUts. 
Our correspondent says in his first sen¬ 
tence, “ You make a statement, &c." We 
did publish a statement, but we desire it 
distinctly understood that because we pub¬ 
lish a man’s communication, even without 
comments, it by no means follows that we 
either Iudorse or believe all that he says. 
Our object is to arrive at the truth for our 
readers. Of course wo have no means of 
verifying every statement that is made in 
our columns; and we expect to afford space 
for free, if courteous, criticism, and for the 
statement of any facts that may disprove 
or confirm what is published. It does not 
follow, however, that because a condition 
of things exists in one locality it exists 
in all localities; nor are the people of the 
South for the North) responsible for all the 
evil that transpires among them. 
—:--- 
THE VALLEY OF VIRGINIA. 
The Valley of Virginia, lying between 
the Blue Jtidge and Alleghany Mountains, 
and extending from^he Potomac to New 
River, a distance of 250 miles in length, is 
naturally the most fertile part of the State. 
The soil, to a considerable extent, is lime¬ 
stone, with occasional yellow slate, and 
broken with numerous ledges iu the north 
end, near the Potomac, which makes it dif¬ 
ficult to farm, at places; whilst the south 
end is less rocky but more rolling in places, 
and much easier farmed, with abundance 
■>f fine oak, poplar, hickory and wnhnifc tim¬ 
ber, it not having been destroyed by the 
armies during the war. It is also better 
watered by springs and streams, which 
afford tine water power for manufacturing. 
A railroad is now being built from Harris¬ 
on burg to Salem, there to intersect tho Vir¬ 
ginia and Tennessee Railroad, niuking a 
direct route to Baltimore through the Wil¬ 
ley, and giving the farmers of the south 
end Ihcohoice of either Baltimore or Rich¬ 
mond market, either by rail from Salem, 
or canal on Janies River from Buchanan, 
or rail from Staunton. 
Rockingham county is said to be the beat 
for all purposes; but lands are high there. 
Roanoke, on the Virginia and Tennessee 
Railroad, near Big Lick, is perhupBthe best 
part of the Valley for wheat. The crops 
the (last, season on some farms averaged 
twenty-seven bushels per acre. Lands there 
are also high, some held at 8100 per acre, 
with ordinary Improvements. Rockbridge 
and Botetourt, both have large portions 
of fine lauds for sale; many of which can 
be bought from 8,10 to 81.» per acre, (some 
much lower,) with plenty of timber and 
well watered, which will, if properly farm¬ 
ed and fertilized, produce from twenty to 
thirty bushels of wheat, and from thirty to 
sixty bushels of corn per acre during a fair 
season ; and they grow clover and other 
grasses easily, though in many places these 
lands will nat urally set. In blue grass. Fruit 
dooB well, if proper attention is paid to it, 
through the entire Valley. People are kind 
and sociable to strangers with some few 
exceptions, there being quite a nutnbi r of 
Northern families living all through tho 
Valley. .1. CRONISE. 
Fineastle, Botetourt Co., Va. 
—-♦-*>+.-- 
LOUISIANA FOR YOUNG MEN. 
make mention of divers persons writing 
you to advise them where to go, to secure 
good homes; among them a young man 
wishes to select a “pleasing home” in a 
warm section of our country. 1 hope you 
will insert this for his and others' benefit 
seeking a like home —to invito them to 
think of this 08 the place for them, aa com¬ 
bining all the advantages of Florida, and 
well-nigh none of the disadvantages —• a 
country pleasant to live in, very healthy, 
and where a man or family, by active in¬ 
dustry, cun make a good support on a small 
farm devoted to truck, fruits, and a great 
variety of good, useful and staple crops. 
We have no land to sell, but good, small 
homes can bo had, and a hearty welcome to 
all honest workers who will come. 
, .. _ F. McMichael. 
Amite City, La. 
fJomolatjttntl. 
APPLES AND NECTARINES. 
I would like to know if the Yellow Bell- 
ilower atul Taltnaii’s Sweet are varieties 
worth cultivating; also are Nectarines* as 
peaches, and of which are the boat aorta for 
thid locality.— a. VPMl., Vreenfleld , Mass. 
The Yellow Bellflower has been and is 
still one of tho standard varieties for New 
York atul Philadelphia markets. It origi¬ 
nated at Burlington, New Jersey, nearly or 
quite One hundred years ago, and is an old 
favorite apple. The Taiman'a Sweet is a 
native of Rhode Island, and although not 
considered a first rate table apple, it is a 
very popular sort Oil account of the hardi¬ 
hood and. great productiveness of the tree. 
It is a valuable apple for feeding to stock, 
and for making very sweet cider. Necta¬ 
rines are only smooth-skin peaches, and 
succeed under the same conditions. They 
are, however, far more liable to be de¬ 
stroyed by the curoulio than peaches, hence 
their scarcity in our markets. There are 
hundreds of varieties, and by inquiring of 
the fruit-growers and nurserymen of your 
own State you can learn which are the best 
for you to plant. 
—--. 
The Louisiana Grape is pronounced by 
1 REDEiucK Munich, a Missouri grape 
grower, to be undoubtedly a French grape 
of the Burgundy family, related to the Ru- 
lunder, but better, and one of the best for 
light wine; hut it is tender and requires 
covering. 
The Steadly Peach is described as evi¬ 
dently a seedling of La Grange, to which it 
is similar, yet is ten days later, and those 
who have grown it regard it aa better. 
