mxxs 
DAIRYMEN’S CONVENTION. 
Hixtli Annual nicoiiuu of ilie American 
Dairymens* Association. 
SECOND DAY’S SESSION. 
[Continued from pugo 110. last No.J 
(skimini 11 k Ihti Evouiim’t Moss ot 
Iu the evening session, Mr. Arnold of 
Tompkins Co. vend a weJI-writtan and sensi- 
“Can von tell me the quantity exported lust 
year, or tell mo bow I can obtain a correct state¬ 
ment in regard to Hi' 
“Do von tbink we can greatly Increase tne 
exportation of cheese from this country with- 
out lowering the price ?” 
I. Cheese dairying in the old dairy dis¬ 
trict of Central New York lots been less 
remunerative during the past year than in 
1869, and indeed loss than for some years 
previous. This stale of things is not con¬ 
fined wholly to New York, but there are 
causes affecting like dairy interest in this 
State which do not obtain in other sections. 
But it must not be supposed that this less 
—cheese that will he ripe for export at thirty 
to sixty days from the press. Cheese that is 
not ready for market at this age, is consid¬ 
ered to be improperly made, or improperly 
managed during the curing process. We 
do not mean to say that cheese must neces¬ 
sarily be poor that is long in maturing, since 
under some of tbe English processes of cheese 
making, an extremely fine product is so 
made. But the American cheese maker 
seeks to get his product ready for market 
from month to month, and if it fails to ripen 
Dairymen, whose dairies are thus affected, 
examine for yourselves. I would solicit an 
answer from some scientific man, through 
the columns of the Rural New-Yorker, to 
this questionIf it is not contagions by the 
means of air, is i! by innoculation? If it is, 
iu what manner ? 
1 will give my manner of treatment to the 
thousands of former readers of the Rural : 
I bought some stock in the fall of 1869, and 
shortly after I noticed that there was some¬ 
thing wrong with one of the number. As 
ble paper in regard to making cheese from remunerative result of dairy farming conies 
milk partly skimmed or deprived of Us from want of market or lack ol demand for 
* * " . i •_ __J.. .. .. Atvrr Atrnr iMb iritlD. 
in the usual time, it results from over salting, she would not partake of hay, I thought she 
But it must not be suppoaeu ruai ims icss ^ f .. om () . . t at l00 lovv a temperature would eat her mess of carrots, hut iu this I varnished; a square post firmly set into the 
remunerative resu t of dairy httmh S c while curingor from some cause which is wasmistaken. Then I examined her mouth, wood, on each corner. These posts must 
from want of market or lack ol demaiK bt t0 b g avoided so soon as discovered, thinking there was something wrong with have a narrow groove plowed in, and in a 
dairy products, nor from any over 1 H ‘’‘ Th „ majority of New York factories are con- her teeth ; buL imagine my surprise when I line across the bottom, for the reception of 
lion of the same. The causes are ol a cte j wRU ]imUod capacity for holding found the inside of her mouth covered with the glass, made to fit into the bottom and 
ferent character,, and may be jbrmfly to 1 ^ a „ y consiclerab | e length of time pustules. My next step was to secure against corner grooves. If these grooves are first 
as follows :-Iu the hist place diouth, summer, aud it is desirable to get the the spreading of the disease, that is ifit were nearly tilled with ground while lead, as it 
nnr u PYlPflf lllff f)Vl!l H n lllU o ’ c .i. .r .. ..1 il. > __ 
;bt Naturalist. 
n O f'Vn 
AQUARIUM. 
More properly, Aqua-vivarium. On page 
43, Jan. 21, in the current volume of the 
Rural New-Yorker, L. T. W. desires in¬ 
formation on this subject. The simplest 
manner for constructing the tank is first to 
have a bottom of the desired size, say twelve 
by eighteen inches, made of hard wood, well 
cream. Mr. Arnold said that, so long as 
skimming will give a belter return by 
twenty-five cents on a hundred pounds of 
milk than can be done by making cheese 
alone, it will he of little avail to attempt to 
check its progress. Dairymen do not make 
butter and cheese for the name or pleasure 
of it, but for the dollars and cents. When 
the cream rising on the night’s mess ol 
milk is made into butter, the first effect upon 
the cheese is to diminish its weight. If the 
separation of the cream from the milk is 
complete, the loss in weight of curd is iu- 
mencing early, and extending over a wide 
range of territory, so cut off pasturage that 
even on onr best grazing lands the deprecia¬ 
tion iu the quality and quantity of milk 
commenced unusually early — indeed the 
herds at no time during the season of pas¬ 
turage gave a full yield of milk. In some 
sections drouth was excessively severe 
throughout the whole season, and the con- 
considerable — often less than a pound of sequence was that, although the crop of the 
curd for each pound of butter made. II the 
cream is thin, and so imperfectly separated 
as to carry off a considerable per centage of 
milk with it, the loss sometimes reaches two 
pounds of cheese for eacli pound of butter 
made from the cream. If the cream is 
churned sweet, the butter is delicious, but 
will not keep. If the cream is soured before 
churning, the quantity of butter is greater 
by one-half, and its keeping qualities are 
prolonged. He said the practice of adding 
sweet buttermilk to milk for cheese making 
had not worked well with him. The butter¬ 
milk gives an objectionable flavor to the 
cheese, lie thought that, if skimming had 
no other effect Upon the cheese than Lhe loss 
whole country, owing to the increase of 
dairy farmers, was not much, if any, less 
than in 1869, still upon individual forms 
the decrease in quantify was sufficient to be 
very sensibly fell. Then the extremely hot 
weather of July and August, with un un¬ 
usual trouble from flies in the curing room, 
so injured the cheese product of these 
during summer, aud it is desirable to get tne 
goods into market as soon as may be, since 
there is a saving from shrinkage, and a relief 
from labor in the care of cheese which, in a 
large accumulation, is considerable. We have 
seen cheese during favorable weather in sum¬ 
mer, that was mellow and ripe, and in good 
condition for export, at twenty days old. 
IV. The exports or cheese from New 
York city during the year 1870, according 
to the Custom House returns, were 61,716,- 
400 pounds. Of this quantity 57,663,000 
pounds went to Great Britain. In 1869 the 
shipments from New York abroad were 
55,232,900 pounds, showing an increase in 
1870 over the previous year of nearly six and 
a half millions of pounds. 
Y. The exportation of an extra fine 
contagious. comes from the manufacturer, and the glass 
Having used burnt alum for the healing of set in, it will form a water tight splice, and 
sores, 1 concluded to dissolve alum and wash harden in a short time; sometimes a headed 
the inside of the mouth of those which were rod with a screw end and bur, is put from 
not affected. I took at the rate of five one post to the other, on top of the glass, 
pounds alum to twelve gallons of soft water, AR v a little mud and sand for the bottom, 
I added one pint of alcohol, four quarts of an( j p U t in a few loose stones, so arranged 
salt, and a small quantity of tar, I took a that the fish may find shelter under them, if 
sponge filled it with the mixture and placed 
il within the mouth of those not affected, 
being sure that a portion of the liquid came 
in contact with every pari of the mouth. 
Next I bathed the lower portion of the legs 
with suds formed from carbolic disinfecting 
they wish; in the sand and mud the roots 
of some aquatic plants are placed,—such as 
are found growing in fresh water ponds. 
This tank being filled with spring water is 
ready for the fish. 
But, as it has been found that the decay- 
soap, and to which 1 had added one quart of j n g vegetable matter deposits itself as a green 
months that it could not be sold for the price quality of cheese could he largely increased 
of good cheese. Immense quantities of without lowering the price. This is the 
cheese throughout the country were not opinion of leading cheese merchants in Eng- 
only “ off flavor,” but were also tainted with 
skippers, and a low price had to he taken. 
Again, in some of the cheese dairying 
count ies of New York, abortion among cows 
prevails to an alarming extent. Of late 
land, and from our observations abroad we 
arc satisfied it is correct But a very con¬ 
siderable increase in the exports of ordinary 
or interior sorts would have a tendency to 
lower prices. That these conclusions are 
salt to about one gallon of suds. 1 also 
added a small quantity of tar. Three hours 
after I bathed the portion of the leg just 
above the hoof, with Franco-Prussian lini- 
ment. I repeated Lhe bathing and the wash¬ 
ing once a day for seven days. The affected 
cow I treated in the same manner, with the 
exception of washing the inside of the mouth 
twice a day—once with the mixture given 
above, and once with wormwood steeped in 
vinegar. To the division of the hoof I 
cows feed always contain more or less of 1 
essential oils that give a peculiar flavor and | 
aroma to each species. These oils are sc- I 
creted with the milk and go with the cream, i 
They are the cause of that aromatic, or j 
“ nutty," flavor so much sought for both in < 
butter am! cheese. 
lie who proposes to skim milk for cheese, i 
must remember that if this aroma goes into 
the butter lie cannot have it in his cheese. 
A “ whole milk” cheese cures faster Ilian 
one from which the cream lias been taken. 
Cheese should cure neither too fast nor too 
slow. If it cures too fast it will huff and 
generate foul gases that, will injure its flavor. 
If too slow, it, will he biller or sour, or some 
other change will supervene and produce 
effects that can never be removed. The 
right temperature for curing a “ whole-milk 
Cheese” is 70\ Cheese made from milk 
wit h the night’s cream out will cure no faster 
at 75° than the former at 70°. A more 
thorough skimming of the milk will require 
that the cheese made from it be cured in a 
temperature of 80° to 85°. 
This important item in curing has been 
overlooked among those who make “ skim 
cheese.” The whole matter of curing cheese 
needs to he more thoroughly studied. Tons 
and tons of cheese are spoiled every year for 
want, of skill in curing. 
Mr. Chapman of Madison Co., demon¬ 
strated very clearly that cream t hat has been 
once separated from the milk, cannot he 
worked hack so as to he retained in the 
clieesc. He referred to his long experience, 
as a cheese maker, and gave an account ot 
his factory, &c. He said if lie bad water 
convenient at bis factory for running an 
agitator, lie should not skim the night’s milk. 
He thought Mr. Arnold confused the idea 
of skimming milk at night with skimming 
the milk at the creameries. 
Mr. Dick <>f Eric Co., could not satisfac¬ 
torily mix in the cream from the night's 
milk. Mr. Root of Pennsylvania, who con¬ 
ducts a creamery, said the quantity of but¬ 
ter from a given quantity of cream, was but 
slightly more when the cream was allowed 
to become sour before churning, than when 
churned sweet. When churned sweet, the 
buttermilk could he added to the milk for 
cheese making, and it improved the quality 
and quantity of the cheese. On the whole, 
he thought there was more profit in churn¬ 
ing the cream sweet. Mr. Blanding of 
Broome, Lhought a general adoption of the 
skimming process would lend to a deteriora¬ 
tion in the quality of cheese, and therefore 
could not be commended.—[Concluded next 
week. 
-- 
QUESTIONS ABOUT DAIRYING. 
.... -o ' ■ , , , , . r . „ vinegar, to tne envision oi me nooi 
in weight, the question of profit and loss in years many arc trying the experiment of well founded we have only to refer to the (be gud8 at firgt( and afterward ap- 
maklnu butter or cheese from the cream keeping over, or “ milking up, such stock, history of the trade, when it will be seen lied a mixture 0 f pitch . U id tar to the affected 
would be easily settled. But the skimming and in consequence a loss yield of cheese is that excessi ve shipments at any one time of Qe0 . a Allteer 
lias other influences. The grass upon which obtained in these dairies on that account, bad flavored and Inferior stuff, has wo- Buel, N. Y., Feb. 1871. 
Finally the full in gold, while it affected the 
price of cheese, did not, on the other hand, 
touch the price of labor in a corresponding 
ratio. The dairy farmer with a less price in 
greenbacks for his product than in 1869, was 
compelled to pay for labor, for stock, and 
for other running expenses of his form, 
about the same as during preceding years 
when the difference between gold and our 
paper currency was very much greater. 
All these causes combined, it. will be seen, 
have conspired to reduce the profits of dairy 
farming, notwithstanding there lias been an 
unusual good demand lor cheese for export, 
and lhe gold prices in Liverpool and Lon¬ 
don have not fallen off. Tlio focls here 
stated are important, in considering the rela¬ 
tive profits of the dairy for the year with 
those of previous years. 
II. At the Little Falls market the range 
of prices for good factories during the year 
has been from 12c. to 16o. per pound. The 
host factories will not average much, if any, 
above 14%o. If the cheese from all the 
factories was averaged the price would be 
less than the figures named. From a recent 
report by the Treasurer of the Willow Grove 
factory—(one of the fancy factories of Oneida 
County, and which in former years lias 
taken the lead in prices obtained for Oneida 
County cheese)—it appears that the average 
for the year has fallen a little short, <>f 141^c. 
As the items of this report may be of interest 
in this connection we give them as printed 
in the Utica Herald as follows: 
Statement from Willow Grove Fnotory. 
lowed by a sudden decline in prices, while 
large shipments of really fine goods like 
those of 1809 were worked off without any 
marked reduction, the market generally be¬ 
ing sustained. 
From statistics of cheese consumption 
among our own people, it would appear 
that our home demand keeps well up to the 
increase of production. There is, this year, 
no surplus it) the country, and it may well 
he doubted whether the production of meaty, 
good flavored cheese—a really fine article— 
will be in excess of the demand, at fair 
prices, for sonic years to come. The only 
tear that we apprehend is the overproduc¬ 
tion of ordinary and inferior sorts, as il 
is very difficult to coax people to pay a high 
price for poor stuff that gives no pleasure in 
the eating. 
icrbsman. 
lOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE 
The symptoms given by Prof. Law in the 
Rural New-Yorker, on page 32, are so 
nearly similar in all cases of its earliest 
stage, that a novice can as readily tell, by 
following his description of symptoms, as 
one who is more skilled iu this branch ol 
science. The disease is highly contagious, 
spreading through the herd with fearfl.il 
rapidity, lessening t he value ot those affected 
, „ rapidity, tassening tne vaiue oi muse uueeicu 
S ,a,.-.,..,., Willow O...V. Faery. ' endangering the life of the 
herdsman, and the life of the consumer of 
wus disposed of ns follows:-Paid to Alonzo m nk and beef, by engendering a new disease 
. ... _™ -f....Iri.m* nllil t.ll.-n1il' AllA 111 I 1 •> ° 
W'EBTCO .\T, for making unit taking on re of l lie 
Cheese, Oft cents n him Ired. amountinir to 
3111 . 40 ; paid to Mm owners of the factory nun 
machinery* for t he use thereof, <U cents a hun¬ 
dred. amounting to *J,453.*l; paid to Major 
Miller 70 cent..* a hundred, amounting to 
543 11. This constituted the furnishing- fund, 
and was used by Mr. Miller in paying' Tor wood, 
boxes, bandage, annono, suit, rennets. Govern¬ 
ment. tux, stamps for checks, services and ex¬ 
pense of salesman, the treasurer, so. 1 here 
remained Oi Hie furnish It nr fund, after paying 
nil expenses, *1(50.07, which was paid to the 
From o n i vim oiinnmv oi cream, was noi It will hescon that the netlull cost for furnish- .. . 
Irom a given quam y ’ ing wa-* *'i ,377 04 , mid *4.v>7i.tW vnwptud to the out receiving the necessary supplies and 
duly more when the cream was allowed makingthe Pg^yor neces9aiy exorcise to sustain the animal sys- 
hecoma sour before cliinning, mn vv »< n s (h(J ] mtr o n8 ' net receipts a pound were t em [p a healthy condition. By doing thus, 
ir „cd sweet When dmrned the * 12543 8, or a Treasurer. man violates the laws of nature, and he re- 
Ltermilk could he added toAbe m. * foi <( [wl0 vii»” of Herkimer have ceives nature’s reward. And in addition to 
frVi'niit.v of the cheese' On the whole done belter than this, but as extreme prices the above, the rocking to and fro of the cars 
1 quantity ot the cheese. Ju t. . Hlt-ed"C.d goods” at tbe Little causes the cattle to become “ tipsy ” creates 
thought there known, often fever, the pulse throbs foster, and in propor- 
^ight 8 ; genera, ~ ofUm aliove £5 ll 
there*;; - - - “ *■ “ * - 
iild not be commended. [ onciuu next * Farra tla j r i eg have averaged less than fac- later to the extremities of the limbs and 
-- lories,—of the former we have seen “ very udder. 
0TTESTI0NS ABOUT DAIRYING. good things” sold at. Little Falls, when the The excrement is feverish, and cattle.com- 
v - market, was dull, at 8 to 10 cents,—a price, ing in contact and inhaling air which is ren- 
Sanford Howard, Secretary of the 0 |' C0 urse, below the cost, of production. On dered foul by minute particles of slaver and of 
NOTES AND QUERIES. 
A Steer Losing Saliva. 
I have a steer, that when he eats an ear 
of com the saliva runs out of his mouth in 
streams. In eating an ear of corn 1 think 
he looses about a pint of saliva. Please tell 
nie what is Hie matter with him ; also give 
a remedy.— O. Newell. 
According to veterinarians this is an in¬ 
dication of what is known as Blajn or Black 
Tongue, which is considered a dangerous 
disease, often quickly fatal. It is regarded 
as contagious also, and the man who has the 
care of such animals should see that, the 
saliva does not touch any sore place upon 
him nor lodge on his lips. If Ills Blain, large 
vesicles or bladders, red, livid and purple, 
will he found running along the side and 
base of the tongue. These should be lanced 
from eml to end. If this is performed when 
the saliva first begins to run from the month, 
and before there is any unpleasant smell, it. 
will usually effect a cute. If the vesicles 
begin to have a livid appearance, and the 
saliva is offensive to the smell, any bladders 
remaining whole or begin ing to rise, must he 
deeply lanced, and the ulcers washed several 
times a day with a solution made of a drachm 
of chloride of lime to a pint of water—with 
the aid of a syringe. When all fetor is re¬ 
moved, bathe the mouth with a lotion of 
equal parts of tincture of myrrh and water 
or a pretty strong solution of alum, and a 
fourth part of the tincture of catechu. This 
disease becomes speedily fatal if neglected. 
Worms In a Calves’ Tongue. 
P. Green writes the Rural New-York¬ 
er I sometimes have calves that refuse 
to eat, remain poor. Last spring one would 
not eat. One of my neighbors said, ‘ Possi¬ 
bly he has worms in Ids tongue.’ On pull¬ 
ing out the tongue, there appeared small 
specks llie size of a pin head, slightly 
brown. On scraping the tongue with a 
among the race of man now unknown. Is p green writes the Rural New-Youk- 
it of foreign origin? It is not. Was it EK I sometimes have calves that refuse 
known in the United States ere the year t() ea , 1 . ema |n poor. Last spring one would 
1870? It was. Where? In the county of no t, eat. One of my neighbors said, ‘ Possi- 
Montgomery, N, Y. Any where else? Yes. b [y be lias worms in his tongue.’ On pull- 
Wherc? En route from the West to the j ug . out q ie tongue, there appeared small 
East. How caused? By crowding fat cat- g p ec i cs uie size of a pin head, slightly 
tie in cars and compelling them to remain brown. On scraping the tongue with a 
almost in an inactive state for hours, with- c , lse blood would issue from those 
specks. 1 gave it a thorough scraping with 
a common table knife; the calf seemed to 
improve afterward. I guess the scraping 
helped it. Who knows f" 
Calomel to Kill Lice on Calves. 
,J. E. R., Oxford, N. Y., after trying 
sundry recommended remedies, and although 
he was told that Calomel would kill Calves as Mutual Dependence of Birds, 
well as lice, tried it, killed all the lice and y w0 nevv p,jrcls have lately arrived at the 
did not injure the calves. He says lie used j T ondojl Zoological Gardens, the alleged 
“hut a very little,” but does not say how habits of which WQltld seem to afford a lesson 
much nor how lie applied it. [ inman beings in relation to the mutual de- 
- nendence of the two sexes. The male has a 
To Snve a Choked Cow. strong, short and curved beak; while the 
Mrs. T. Skinner advises the readers of female lias a bill longer, slraighter and ciote 
e Rural New-Yorker, who may have a r i f ,r. ea t<>iv formed. The male is able to weak 
slimy film on the glass, which is unsightly, 
and unhealthy to the fishes, introduce 
about six fresh water snails, (so called,) also 
found In ponds; these feed upon this green 
matter, and remove it as fast as it is formed, 
while, at the same time, they lay innumer¬ 
able eggs, which ns soon as hatched into 
vitality, and before the shell hardens, are 
devoured by the fish, and yield them food 
upon which they thrive. 
Tbe plant, by its respiration, consumes 
the carbonic acid produced by the fish, ap¬ 
propriating the carbon to the construction 
of its tissues ami fibers, and liberates oxygen 
in its gaseous state to sustain the lienllby 
functions of animal life, at the same time 
that it feeds on the rejected matter, which 
has fulfilled its purposes in the nourishment 
of the fish and snails, preserving the water 
in a clear and healthy condition. Tiius a 
balance between the animal and vegetable 
is established, aiding each other to perform 
their functions with health aud energy.—J. 
Stauffer, Lancaster, Pa. 
L. P. W., in Rural Neiv-Yoricer of Jan. 
21st, asks some one to write about aquari¬ 
ums, the care of fish in them, mode of mak¬ 
ing tank, cement, &c. lie does not state 
whether for salt or fresh water, and a full 
answer to all his queries would take more 
space than can he allotted. I will try and 
give him a few points, and if lie wants more 
let him write to me. The following are con¬ 
sidered good proportions:—18 inches long 
by 18 wide, and 13 inches high ; 30 inches 
long by 18 wide, and 18 inches high; 48 
inches long by 24 wide, and 24 inches high; 
with cover to keep out dust and keep all 
acrobats within bounds. 
For cement for salt or fresh water the fol¬ 
lowing is recommended:—One part (meas¬ 
ure) of litharge, one part plaster of paris, one 
part, fine beach sand, one-third of powdered 
resin (fine); mix well. Tills will keep for 
I years, if corked in a bottle ; when used, 
make in a putty with boiled linseed oil. 
As for the fitting up with rock work, if 
desired, there is n fine chance for a display 
of taste It is best to let some part of the 
rock project above the water line, for the 
accommodation of the amphibia; also to 
wash well all gravel or sand, in order to 
keep the lively ones from kicking up a dust. 
He should stock his tank with what vege¬ 
tation lie requires at least a week before put¬ 
ting in a fish. (Here a long chapter could 
be written, but I will merely say get water 
plants that have some leaves growing under 
water, for they do not waste all their oxygen 
on the air.) Also have a curtain to regulate 
the light, and thereby control the growth 
: of vegetation. Snails act as scavengers, and 
1 eat tbe conferva on the glass, and most fish 
’ are very fond of their spawn and young. 1' 
> the balance of animal and vegetable life is 
properly adjusted, the water’need not he 
changed for years, except, to supply loss 
, from evaporation.— Fred. Mather, Eoneoye 
\ Falls, N. Y. 
Michigan State Board of Agriculture and 
the State Agricultural College, writes us as 
follows: 
“How have the profits of eheese making in 
this country during (lie yeflr 1870, compared 
with Hiosp of previous years?” . .. 
“NVhat lias t>oen tire mnire of prices in New 
York or at Little Fulls Tor the season?" 
“ At what age la Aiaerlcuu oheeso sold for ex¬ 
portation ?” . 
the other hand, some of the fancy form dai- cxcrementitious matter, rising and falling 
lies have run along pretty close with the aud disseminating throughout the atrnos- 
f ; iclories. As an average, we should say that phere of the stable, will, within seventy-two 
the Rural New-Yorker, who may have a aelicately formed. The male is able to break 
choked cow, to give her a pint of strong open t he‘ tough bark of trees wherein lie me 
vinegar, poured down tbe throat through a „ ru i, g on which the birds feed ; while the i - 
funnel. She says it will afford immediate ma ] e w jtli her pointed bill can pick out iu 
. « ■ .1 _v _ J!.wilt, hnn 
relief. 
the form dairies have sold at about 2c. below 
the factories. 
III. The rule with factories and farm dai¬ 
ries is to make cheese that will mature earlv 
hours after, he affected with sore throat and 
sore mouth. I am well aware that some of the 
scientific assert that it *s not spread through¬ 
out the dairy by the inhalation of foul air. 
To Kill Lice on Calves. 
Somebody asks how to kill lice on calves. 
I find a strong brine, thickened with soft 
soap, kills lice for me “ dead as a door nail. 
Wash thorougly. —P. Green. 
grubs, which she divides with her mate. 
----- 
Inquiries for Naturalists. - W. B. wisilies m 
know how to construct houses for maitin b m 
and also how to attract the birds bo that m > 
will occupy them. Will some one vho 
please answer ? 
