' • y 
out much light, but they yield a great deal 
of heat.” 
“ We cannot understand if you talk so 
fast,” said Sally; “ is that all carbonic acid 
in the jar, besides the water that we see 
gathered on the inside ?” 
“ No, because the air that was in the jar 
at the start was four-fifths nitrogen; and 
this nitrogen remains mixed witli the car¬ 
bonic acid.” 
“ I see,” remarked the old gentleman; “ if 
you want your candle to burn any longer, 
you must take away the nitrogen and car¬ 
bonic acid, and the vapor of water too; 
you must also admit fresh air to the flame 
as fast as you take the other away.” 
brought the mouth into the hole 011 the 
shelf, so that the jar stood upright full of 
hater, with its mouth under the surface. 
When this was done, he turned the jar with 
the gas in it upside clown, very quickly, and 
brought its mouth into the water. Then lie 
carefully moved its mouth under the mouth 
of the jar on the shelf, in the manner repre¬ 
sented in Fig. 4. You will notice that the 
jar of gas is inclined so that the gas hubbies 
from it up through the water into the other 
jar on the shelf, displacing the water in this 
last one. As fast as this is done the water 
falls in the jar on the shelf, and pretty soon 
it is full of the gas that has risen into it. 
This is always the way in using the pnen 
Although incidentally honey-eaters, they 
prefer insects, which they devour with great 
avidity. 
SUMMER AN INVOCATION, 
Ptumtlramtl 
UV BEIT DOUGLAS. 
O, Summer, Summer, from the South, 
Return, return to mo I 
Semi prectom Odors o'er the Holds, 
And balm across the sea— 
Send swallows hack with love for me, 
Wright hints to build la bush and tree 
JOSHUA HINKLEY’S PARROT. 
HOW JOHNNY STUDIED SCIENCE. 
The trouble with Joshua I Tine ley’s 
parrot is that it lias been fed too much ani¬ 
mal food. We had a large green Guinea 
parrot that wo were in the habit of giving 
bones, from the table, on which were scraps 
of meat, of which I 10 was very fond ; if we 
did not give him Avlint lie. needed of this 
kind of food, he would pull out his feathers 
and eat the flesh that adhered to them. He 
got e, \-ul that he ate the cud of his left 
BY UNCLE OATSTKAW. 
[Continued from page 161, March 11.] 
Fou a whole week after Johnny made 
the experiment with hydrogen, lie rose very 
early in the morning, and iu the afternoon 
came straight home from school. lie did 
this so as to have time to fix things for mak¬ 
ing more experiments, and so as to he ready 
to show that there is a groat deal of chemis¬ 
try in the way the fire burns, llis folks let 
him keep busy at the work-bench in the 
wood-shed, and asked him no questions. One 
morning he told Sally to come and see his 
new pneumatic trough. 
“ What is that ?” said she. 
“An apparatus for collecting gases; see, 
I have made it out of the old sap-bucket 
mother gave me, the fruit jar I had of you, 
and a piece of lath; it didn’t cost me a cent, 
and 1 couldn’t have hired one made for two 
dollars.” 
The pneumatic trough is a very import¬ 
ant, as well as a very convenient, thing for 
an}' one who studies chemistry. Here is a 
picture (Fig. 1) of the one Johnny made. 
He nailed two cleats inside of the sap 
bucket, opposite each oilier, and about two 
inches and a-lialf from the top. These cleats 
were to hold the ends of a shelf, which is 
marked a in Fig. 1, and which he made 
from a piece of lath, about half an inch 
Illicit and four inches wide. Iu the middle 
of this shelf was a round hole just large 
enough to receive the neck of the fruit jar 
l. irued upside down. The ends of the shelf 
Mere fastened with shingle nails, because 
w hen the trough is used the shelf is covered 
from an inch to ail inch and a-lmlf deep 
with water, and it is necessary to nail it to 
keep it lroni floating out of its place. 
Here is another little device that Johnny 
made, shown in Fig. 2. He found it just the 
thing for obtain' ig carbonic acid from a 
burning substance. It was formed of a pair 
of soft pine boards an inch and a half thick. 
Iu the middle he bored a three-quarter inch 
hole to make a socket for a candle. Then 
he placed the mouth of auothcr fruit jar, 
which Sally lent him, upon the top of the 
hom'd and marked around it with a peucil. 
The next thing was to cut a groove about 
three-quarters of an inch deep, with his jack¬ 
knife, just inside of the mark and when this 
was done he fitted the mouth of the jar into 
the groove and packed it tight, with clay. 
To keep the jar in position he put three or 
four nails in the edge of the piece of board 
and then passed strings from the nails over 
the jar. You cansee how these strings were 
arranged by looking at Fig. 2, in which they 
are shown. You will notice that by packing 
the groove with clay the joint between the 
jar and the board was made air tight, so that 
supposing a caudle to be lighted and thrust 
up into the jar, tightly, through the hole iu 
the board, the candle would have no air to 
bum in except that contained in the jar. 
This was precisely what Johnny designed. 
When the evening came for him to tell 
how the fire burns, Johnny was all ready. 
Sally made a lire of chips and charcoal in 
the stove, because it would seem more natu¬ 
ral to talk about it, she said, even if it was 
warm weather. The old people sat down 
by the door; Sally sat at the end of the ta¬ 
ble, darning a stocking, and Johnny took 
his old place at the other end, with the appa¬ 
ratus, shown in Fig. 2, before him. Alice 
was there, too, but she kept behind Bally. 
She was a little afraitl the jar might blow up 
just as the bottle of hydrogen had done. 
“Now to commence,” said the philoso¬ 
pher, “ we will light this candle and put it 
into the jar. You see no air can get in. 
Now watch. You notice that the candle 
hums pretty well at this moment. In a 
minute it will begin to grow fainter. There, 
it is dimmer and dimmer; now it is out. It 
has gone out because the carbon and hydro¬ 
gen Lave combined with all the oxygen in 
the jar; and if we want to burn the candle 
any longer, we must remove the carbonic 
acid that has been formed, and supply more 
air. It would be just the same if we burned 
wood or coal instead of the tallow in the 
caudle.” 
“ I see,” said Sally, “ that the inside of 
the jar has moisture on it, just as the plate 
had when you held it over the hydrogen 
flame the other evening. Does that come 
from burning hydrogen, too ?” 
“ Exactly; the hydrogen iu the candle 
burns first, and produces water. While it is 
burning u heats the particles of carbon from 
the melted tallow, red hot, which causes 
them to give out light, and as fast as they 
are consumed they pass into carbonic acid. 
It you do not supply air enough to burn 
both the carbon and hydrogen, the hydrogen 
burns and leaves the carbon in tlie form of 
fine particles, as you sec when a lamp 
smokes. If you supply the air in such a 
way Unit the carbon particles burn very fast, 
they do not stay red hot long enough to give 
Semi forth the winds from summer lands, 
Where cooling fountains Rlnlc— 
Whore groves of cllrou stretch away 
To blue Teseuco's side: 
Send boos to swarm the clover beds, 
And blossoms whore tho lawn outspreads, 
Blow from the City of the South, 
Whore hundred crosses gleam, 
Where spire and piilacc proudly high 
Reflect tho morning’s beam,— 
Blow softly that tho grass may hear 
And lift its blades in praise and cheer. 
O, send the swallows North again— 
Bring life to buds and mo ; 
Along tho hedge-row put the thrush, 
That he may sing’to thee— 
That in the hazel and this briers 
Muy riBO tho song of tnitnlo choirs. 
Send me full beakers of the Smith,— 
Full beakers, winking, cool,— 
Filled from the precious Ilippocrone 
And send, O, mind them full, 
That life may not a rapture miss 
But ho a lingering swell of bliss. 
O. Summer, come and smile again, 
Como give us bloom and sun ; 
Send swallows, and I’ll know you’ll come 
My heart, my heart you've won ! 
Lot leaf and wind In laughter play 
And roses charm nay soul away. 
I would make mirth In clover-blooms, 
Tho hours In Joy prolong ; 
My heart-birds should tho muses call, 
The answer would he song 
O, sparkle dew drop, dark, of shine, 
The cheerless heart shall not ho mine 
O lovely world of cloml and situ ! 
O, world so sweet and fair 1 
But to some flower I’ll toll my love 
That will tho messugu boar 
To Him—who lent the rose, perfume— 
With sinless lips or precluus bloom. 
Then baste. O, Summer, from tlie South 
Come, swallow to tho eaves ; 
Come,robin, slug in orchard houghs. 
Come, sunshine and come leavos— 
Sing, O, my soul! sing, birds, O, sing. 
And lot our praises reach tho King. 
Wooster, Ohio, 1871, 
THE HECTOR’S VENTURE 
IN AN ENGLISH HORSE-MARKE 
“ But you won’t sell him, Turn ?” said Mrs. 
Tozer. 
By the way, my name is Tozer— Reverent! 
Thomas Tozer, M. A., formerly of Cains Col¬ 
lege, Cambridge, and now of Stogglesby 
Rectory, Lincolnshire—Mrs. Tozer being my 
wife. 
“ My dear,” I said, “ humanity is humani¬ 
ty, but incomes are incomes; and though 
the former says yes, the latter says no. I 
cannot afford to turn tho paddock into a hos¬ 
pital for decayed horses. This lameness de¬ 
cides it; and old Prince must go.” 
“ But where shall you sell him?” 
“Well, I shall not sell him at all; Mr. 
Tomson will do that for me at Horncastlc 
Fair to-morrow. I am going to drive him 
over. I dare say Prince can hobble that 
distance.” 
“ And what do you suppose you will get 
for him?” said Mrs. Tozer. 
“ Oli, not more than ten pounds,” I replied. 
“Dear, dear! What ft shame it seems to 
part, with poor old Prince for ten pounds.” 
“My love,” 1 said, decisively, in that lone 
which always closes a discussion, “ it is not 
the ten pounds, but the cost of keeping tlie 
old horse. If you like to do without our hav¬ 
ing another, well ami good. Stout walking- 
boots will do for me in the winter.” 
But Mrs. Tozer seemed to think it would 
be a pity to lei our four-wheeled chaise grow 
moldy in the coach-house; and the conse¬ 
quence was that the next, morning, at eleven 
o’clock, I was driving my church •warden, 
Farmer Tomson, over the half-dozen miles 
that intervened between Stogglesby and ihe 
world-famed horse-fair; but very slowly, for 
Prince’s limp in what horsy people called 
“ the off-fore-leg” was rather marked. 
“ Perhaps you would like me to do tlie 
oilier hit of business for you, Master Tozer?” 
said my companion. 
“ Well, no; thank you,” I said. “ If you’ll 
do the selling part I shall be obliged. I think 
I’d rather buy for myself. I don’t boast, 
mind ; but if there is anything secular I do 
know a little about, I think it is a horse.” 
Farmer Tomson chuckled. 
“ Well, well,” ho said ; “ don’t get took 
in, for they’re a rough lot down here at fair- 
lime.” 
“ That’s precisely why I want you to sell 
Prince for me. I know they would get him 
from me, and then there would be some 
difficulty about payment; and, as a clergy¬ 
man, 1 don’t want to be mixed up with an 
unpleasantry. And besides, you see, tho 
class of men who go about buying lame 
horses are not those with whom I cat e to 
have dealing.” 
“All right, parson, all right,” said Tom¬ 
son; “only don’t biame me if I don’t get 
enough for him. I promise you, though, 
that I’ll bring back tbc ready cash.” 
THE WHITE-TIPPED HUMMING-BIRD. 
This is the common name of a large 
family of slender billed birds found in tlie 
Western hemisphere. These delicate and 
beautiful creatures, peculiar to America, 
have always attracted attention, even from 
the aboriginal inhabitants of this continent. 
The ancient Mexicans worked their feathers 
into mantles, pictures and other ornamental 
articles. No epithet lias been spared to con¬ 
vey an idea ol the richness of coloring of 
these birds, and yet all fail in comparison 
with the reality. The lusters of the topaz, 
emeralds and rubies, and other hyperbolical 
expressions, have been lavishly applied to 
them. The most brilliant species live in the 
tropical forests, amid the rich drapery of the 
orchids, whose magnificent blossoms rival 
the plumage of the birds. 
When hovering over a flower their wings 
move so rapidly that they become invisible, 
causing a humming sound, whence their 
common name, their bodies seeming sus¬ 
pended motionless in tlie air like a sort of 
mist. They rarely alight on the ground, but 
perch readily on the branches. Their nest 
is delicate and compact, and lined with tlie 
finest ami softest vegetable downs. It is 
about an inch in diameter, and Ihe same in 
depth, and placed on trees, shrubs and flow¬ 
ers. The eggs, one or two in number, are, 
of course, very small, generally of a white 
color, and hatched in ten or twelve davs. 
is, with tiie mouth upwards—and then took 
off tho board. He turned it up because car¬ 
bonic acid is a little more than one-half 
heavier than air; and if he had opened it 
with the mouth downward, the carbonic 
acid would have all fallen out. When lie 
had opened the jar, lie might have poured 
the gas into another jar, by holding it in the 
position shown iu Fig. 3. But he was bent 
Fig. 3. Fio. 4. 
on showing off his pneumatic trough. He 
filled tlie bucket (Fig. 1,) with water until 
the shelf was covered about an inch. Then 
be took the empty jar and filled it with 
water from the bucket, and turned it 
upside down, taking care not to let the 
mouth come above the surface. He then 
Breeding Cnnarled.—Will some one tell mo how 
to breed canaries,—the proper food, &c., to give 
them ?—J, P. 8, 
