Scientific anb (Useful. 
& 
< 3 - 
COLORED LIGHTS ON PLANTS. 
SoME yaus ago it was noticed in our mag- 
.■ ue i i,at one of our most successful graper- 
n ’ eiU Philadelphia, General Pi.easan- 
had colored glass in sonic parts of it.; 
Jn,l much of the success of this house was 
ftttriliittableto this glass. 
If.ceil11 v the matter has come pronunent- 
k fiue the public, in consequence of an 
l l ^s delivered before the Philadelphia 
s ,ii.ty for Promoting Agriculture; m which 
jspeaker detailed at much length his ex- 
, j m ents with variously colored glass, The 
|,;V w as, that be considers blue glass as 
ixiui: much more conducive to health than 
mv other, A calf, ho weak that its life was 
despaired of, was made healthy and sound 
hv being kept under glass of l his Color; and 
lie is sure the great success of his grapery is 
due to the same thing. One accustomed to 
reasoning cannot but he struck with the fact 
t urd wonderful recoveries from sickness often 
t'lilmv 110 treatment. Ill nil; and as for tine 
,pes, General Pleasanton’s neighbors, 
Jbssrs. Yarnki.l and David S. Brown, 
; ave long been famous for the superiorit y of 
tiieir grapes without claiming any tiling more 
inn ims been known to gardeners for gen¬ 
erations. This we say, not to suggest That 
General Pleasanton lias had no success 
,viih blue glass, but only that there have not 
Ik ii comparative trials enough to trace, the 
£ ,,,id results entirely to them. 
\Ve are acquainted wit h experiments of a 
imiliir cliaracter made some twenty years 
^, 1 . In tins case rapid-growing seeds were 
nvn iii pots, and colored glass put over 
wli. The blue seemed to make a more 
vigorous growth than any of the others; 
hut after awhile the plants sickened, and 
were the first to die away. General Pleas¬ 
anton’s blue glass, however, was not wholly 
mployed over the plants, and this is a great 
Met once. 
We write to suggest that farther ex'peri- 
nents on a more comparative scale be insti¬ 
lled. Though these experiments are not, 
5 we have said, entirely satisfactory, there 
s enough in them to make it. probable some 
loud to practical horticulture may come 
| line lime out of them. 
In another column a correspondent notices 
mi the purple beech usually grows better 
inn the common form lVoin which it sprung. 
|We are inclined to think ho is right; ami 
ds also favors General Pleasanton's idea 
lml these purple, violet or blue lints may ho 
nore Ii vocable to growth than any other 
ines. As to our correspondent's inquiry, 
vhy, if ibis is the best condition of plant 
rowlli, all plants are not made with purple 
h' blue leaves, instead of green ? we shall 
•ave that to lie answered by those to whom 
la question is addressed. If General Pleas¬ 
anton or others can prove thut it is a fact , 
ie why or file wherefore is another matter. 
Wi; copy tiie foregoing from the Garden- 
r‘s Monthly for July, la the report of the 
Ppai lmeat of Agriculture for 1869, Prof. 
Andre Poey, in his report upon Agricuil.ii- 
Meteorology, devotes fifteen pages or 
Lore to this subject, detailing the results of 
xperimeiUs made from 1686 to the present, 
veil the conclusions of the experimenters. 
Yen hi* investigations, Prof, Poey says: 
"Flam these considerations we establish 
apathetically— 
1 Thai it is the purely chemical rays or 
■ 'Li violet, with the aid of a certain qua»- 
"v wf obscure heat found with the mixed 
ay-, which penetrate the vegetable stratum 
! ihe soil mid determine ibe germination 
if seeds. 
- It is the purely luminous rays of the 
,trum, the yellow, which determine, prin- 
-ii otI lv by Hie leaves, the decomposition of 
"'""'ie acid from 1 lie atmosphere and the 
,: n Hit* fixation of carbon and the produc- 
1 1,1 cldorophyl, and which explains the 
IioiiUmeoiis and natural tendency of the 
dant to the light. 
■' li ‘ s the purely calonfic or ultra red 
|,l -‘ s "i'ieli determine the two physiological 
flowering and fructification. 
Aon, ii K . l/hiQ ;md violet rays on one 
m . the (jmn on another, and tiie red rays 
a purely secondary action in the pro- 
" 1 dun ot these three great physiological 
' 1 die plant, as the chemical, luminous , 
1 '■ t,, »ific actions predominate in the sec- 
P'aee. But U must be remembered, be- 
all, that what we call the vital force 
.'d’P'-i to the plant, precedes and modifies 
' H tiie three actions of the solar rays, 
1,1 "neid, luminous, or calorific, in all the 
. "i ogical acts of the vegetable kingdom. 
1 bus he true, we see nt once the appli- 
( l " >>e made to agriculture and horti- 
' U the Urrat, ^ emen,J of 
11 ' 11 eaves uiuch to be desired at 
they should have compartments 
/V til ^ Ure °' !ISS > "’huse maximum 
• _ M cu] i l llmill0l , s arul calorific in . operli(iS 
umin.' r " 1 ? 16 Mllvant! ‘- eons to each devel- 
S „° f ,! Bl>,ant For example, in gor- 
■>fOneriV J p “ 1,SS ’'ave chemical 
^'‘-"erec. Pure,I- 
!:,rn Ie, , eS R,1( l * lvin g growlh to the 
• UJ ] lt ! T. IS ',, S ,JUVe lIie maximum of 
ai: ,xi' inil < 1 > f l°' ve,in 2 aiKl fructification, the 
^ctrum" n T L As for tljc colors of the 
ll L. Vj* hlu ^M the yellow and the 
'I'vsioloiip.'i 1,0 nu,st !l,lvu “toge ill these 
• r. ^al acts of the plants,’’ 
ittenC‘of T P, ‘f P0EY ’ S par ’ er 10 tlie 
f those of our readers who em¬ 
ploy glass in plant production, and to the 
attentive perusal of our friend of the Gar¬ 
dener’s Monthly. 
-- 
THE JEOLIAN HARP. 
Tins is nothing lmt a tight hollow box, 
from two to six inches in depth, (by experi¬ 
menting you will ascertain the depth that 
causos the best sound) five or six inches in 
width, and of a length equal to the width of 
the window in which it is to be placed. To 
the ends are fastened a number of violin 
strings of various thickness to rest on bridges 
and be tigbteued by screws or fiddle pins. 
The instrument is usually placed with the 
upper surface slightly inclined toward the 
draft of air. 
We now describe the plan usually adopted 
in making this simple harp, on which .Tro¬ 
lls, the god of the winds, never played the 
same tune twice:—A box should be made of 
very thin cedar, pine or any other soft wood; 
it should beot'a length exactly answering to 
the window in which it is intended to be 
placed, four or five inches in depth and live 
or Six inches in width. Glue on it at the 
extremities of the top, two pieces of wains¬ 
cot, about half an inch high and a quarter of 
an inch thick to serve as bridges for the 
strings, and inside, at each end, glue two 
pieces of beach, about ail inch square and of 
a length equal L<» the width of the box, which 
is to bold the pegs; into one of these bridges 
fix as many pegs,(such as are used in a piano¬ 
forte, though not so large) as there are to be 
strings, and into the other fasten as many 
brass pins, to which attach one end of the 
strings. 
Then string the instrument with small 
cat gut or first fiddle strings, fixing one end 
of them, and twisting the others around the 
opposite pegs, These strings, which should 
not he drawn tight, must he tuned in unison. 
To procure a proper passage of wind, a thin 
board, supported by four pegs, is placed over 
the Strings, at about three inches distant from 
the sounding board. The instrument must 
be exposed to tiie wind at a window partly 
open ; and to increase the force of the cur¬ 
rent of air, either the door of t he room or of 
any opposite window should lie opened; 
hut, as t he force of the current increases, the 
sound changes into a pleasing admixture of 
all the notes of the diatonic scale, ascending 
and descending ; and these often unite in the 
most delightful harmonic com hi nations. 
Careful attention to these directions will en¬ 
able any person to make an /Eolian harp,— 
Ice, Upper Sandusky, 0. 
-♦♦♦- 
USEFUL AND SCIENTIFIC) ITEMS. 
How lo eret rid of Cut* without Killing 
them. 
Ln cities and villages nearly everybody 
lots trouble with cats. They catch more 
chickens than rats, rob birds’ nests and kill 
the young birds, scratch up the flower beds 
and run through the vines, besides crying 
murder all night, to the great annoyance of 
people. Many families have pet cats and it 
is not clever to kill them although they are 
a great nuisance. My friend C. lias invented 
a way to get rid of them without killing, and 
I thought it might he of some benefit to 
your readers to know how it was done. 
Take a large box, open on the bottom, and 
put slats on lop so that you can sec the fun 
after the performance commences. Set a 
figure four baited with meat under one end 
of the box at the place the eats frequent. 
When you catch one light a pack of fire 
crackers and put them through the slats into 
the box with the eat; and if you want to 
see some grand and lofty tumbling look In. 
Raise the box and let the cat go before all 
the crackers have exploded. And if you 
want to keep the time Unit eat makes, have 
your watch in your hand and look quick ; 
about all you can see will be the very large 
tail lhey will have as they leave dying. One 
application for each cut, or for each batch if 
you care to keep them until you have 
several, will he sufficient for the season, ami 
the neighbors will not lie trubied with their 
eats running away from home for quite a 
while.—J as. K. Bradshaw, Geneva , N. Y. 
Who Invented the Stereoscope. 
In your issue of June 10th, in reply to a 
correspondent’s inquiry as to who invented 
the stereoscope, you ascribe the invention to 
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. From this 
I respectfully dissent. I have it on wluit I 
deem to be good authority, Unit the stereo¬ 
scope made its appearance in the scientific 
world, before the Rival Society of London, 
on tiie 21st; of J> ue, 183S. It. was invented 
by Mr. Wheatstone, an eminent English 
philosopher of incomparable merit, And 
although he was one of the creators of the 
magnetic telegraph, he yet regarded the 
stereoscope as his best title to fame. And 
in all mull it does, in itself, suffice to im¬ 
mortalize his name. 
Several years subsequently Sir David 
Brewster constructed his stereoscope, 
J which was an important improvement on 
that of Mr. Wheatstone, and at once 
brought the thing permanently before the 
j world at large. Like most inventions, tl<e 
original stcoroscope has been followed by 
various modifications and improvements, 
among which, l believe, is the simple and 
ingenious contrivance of Dr. Holmes, which 
has done so much towards popularizing this 
wonderful and fascinating invention.—A m¬ 
brose Andrews, East Palmyra , N. Y. 
Skcp jfjnsbani&rj). 
THE RISE IN THE PRICE OF WOOL. 
Great Excitement in the Trade Wool ami 
Woollen Goods op from 10 to per 
Cent, in n lew Week* Caitseaof the Rise. 
[Prom the New York Sim, July 8.] 
An uncommon excitement pervades at 
present the usually quiet circles of dealers 
in wool aud goods made of wool in this 
country. The cause is the sudden rise iu 
the price of the staple, which commenced 
some six or eight weeks ago, aud appears 
not as yet to have readied its full limit. 
Common Mexican wool, which used to sell 
at from 18 to 20 cents a pound, is selling at 
from 30 to 32 cents. Carpet wools, usually 
quoted at 80 cents gold, are held at 37_V^ 
cents. Cape wools have gone up from 35 
cents to 40 cents ; Australian wool from 42 
cents to 52 cents; and what are called extra 
fleeces, which are a standard iu the wool 
market, like middlings in the.cotlon market, 
are quoted at from 61 to 64 cents, as against 
47 to 50 cents six weeks since. Even shear¬ 
lings, which are the short wool which grows 
on sheep between the time of their shearing 
iu the spring and their slaughtering in the 
fall, and are used for milking hats, sell at 40 
cents a pound, instead of 25 cents, the old 
price. 
The Various Woolen 9lnim factn res 
have responded, of course, to this rise in the 
raw material. Carpet yarns have advanced 
from 37U cents per pound to 60 cents per 
pound. Two and three ply carpets arc 12 
per cent, dearer than they were, and Brus¬ 
sels, which recently fetched $1.95 per yard, 
are held at $2.15. All kinds of woollen 
cloth and clothing material have advanced, 
on tin average, 10 per cent., with an upward 
tendency. The utmost activity is manifested 
in the trade. The manufacturers have 
orders ahead foe everything they can make 
for several months to come, and, as is usual, 
the fear of the retail dealers of higher prices 
still to come leads them to rush in and sup¬ 
ply themselves at present rates. 
The Cntiwi-H of the Itine 
are manifold, arid it is entirely explicable ac¬ 
cording to well known laws of trade. 
1. In the first place the price Of wool has 
been exceedingly low for several years past, 
so that it has not been profitable in this 
country to produce it. Hence our farmers 
have to a large extent, sold off their sheep 
and raised hogs instead. The result has 
been that, in 1869 the wool clip was twenty 
per cent, less than in 1808, and in 1870 
twenty per Cent, less again thanJn I860. 
This alone might not have materially affect¬ 
ed the price, but other things just now came 
in to assist it. 
2. Tiie recent war in Europe created an ex¬ 
traordinary demand for soldiers’ clothing, and 
a rapid consumption of it by wear ; while at 
the same time the withdrawal of so many 
men from labor diminished the production 
of wool, the sheep being slaughtered for food 
instead of being kept to shear. 
3. The yellow fever in Buenos Ayres has 
also stopped the shipment for the present 
from that port of the immense wool clip of 
Brazil. This cause will soon cease to oper¬ 
ate, but for tin* moment it is as if Brazil 
were shut out of the market altogether. 
4. Another clement at work is the abund¬ 
ant supply of water this season, enabling 
many mills to run constantly, which last 
year, owing to the drouth, were stopped for 
a long time. This practically doubles the 
demand for raw wool. 
5. The great ease of the money market 
co-operates with the previous causes, and 
assists the rise by furnishing not only the 
regular dealers, but outside speculators, with 
means to buy and bold a large slock of wool 
and keep it. out of the market. If money 
were tight and nobody bought but the manu¬ 
facturers, unci they only from hand to mouth 
to keep their mills going, tiie scarcity of the 
supply would probably only cause a slight 
advance in prices. As it is, there is a fever¬ 
ish desire to buy for a further rise, and this 
very desire, while it lusts, brings about its 
own apparent gratification. 
--— 
NOTES AND QUERIES, 
ItidilinuT Sheep of Ticks. 
My remedy is simple and effective. Mix 
sulphur and salt — seven parts of salt to one 
of sulphur — and feed or salt tHem with the 
mixture, and it will drive the licks from 
sheep and lambs. Give it to them several 
times.—A Subscriber. 
.SlicCp in Nebraska. 
Wk sheep men of Nebraska think Mr. 
Brooks of New York made a great mistake 
when he said sheep did not do veil here. 
True, men were going out of the business be¬ 
cause wool was low and cattle md hogs 
were high; hut low us it was, it paid hotter 
than raising grain for an Eastern market; 
and this year it bids fair to rival dairying. 
Here are figures from sheep account. Com¬ 
menced winter with 525 sheep, worth $2 a 
head—common Western sheep and grade 
Merino: 
SHEKP. I)K. 
To SO tons huy nt h.1210 00 
“ bushels corn at 30c. 129 00 
“ 3 bbls. suit.. 1000 
" 4 months’ winter cure, including board. 18 00 
'* 8 *• herdtnK. 80 00 
*• shearing 503 head at, 8c. 40 10 
" board ol shearers. 9 Of) 
“ niurketlnjj wool. 5 (Kl 
“ 14 sheep died and lost, mostly old crones..., 2i tO 
Total. $542 40 
Cr. 
By 3,232lbs. wooLnt2Sc., unwashed.$919 72 
*■ fi mutton sheep. 15 00 
" 170 lambs, worth $1.60. 255 00 
Total.S1J80 73 
Balance in favor of sheep.fuilfi 32 
Will probably sell from $100 to $200 worth 
of mutton during the summer, as we did last 
season.—E. M. Brown, Otoe Co., Nebraska. 
Wool In Wnsliliittou Territory, 
The Olympia Transcript says:—The pres¬ 
ence of Eastern agents in the Territory 
seems to have advanced the price of wool. 
Twenty-five and twenty-six cents is now 
paid in gold against fifteen or eighteen a few 
years past, when part of it was in trade. 
Several thousand pounds have been secured 
by these agents in this vicinty, and about 
30,000 pounds from the islands down tlie 
Sound, for the Eastern markets. Tivenly- 
six cents was paid for most of the wool from 
the lower Sound. 
Slirrp unit Dims in Illinois. 
The Chicago Tribune says:—There is no 
farmer in the State but would keep ten to 
fifty sheep if be could be protected against 
the dogs. Small flocks of sheep are, like 
poultry, very profitable for they eat, much 
that would otherwise go to waste. In the 
potato patch or iu the corn field they eat the 
autumn weeds without harming the crops; 
thistles and briars are their pleasure Lo de¬ 
stroy. Under proper regulations they are 
useful in the orchard, and they supply us 
with a cheap and healthful meat. 
' 
iiarg of a Fuiralist. 
DAILY RURAL LIFE. 
Rrom the Diary of a Gentleman near New 
York Citv. 
AilnnlI iiim Silk Worm. 
July 3.—Not many years since the Ailan- 
tliiis tree was recommended as an ornamen¬ 
tal tree, because of its rapid growth and free¬ 
dom from disease and insects. That, there 
should beany plant entirely free from the 
ravages of insects would certainly be con¬ 
sidered a strange freak of nature, and en¬ 
tirely at variance with what we know of 
animal and vegetable kingdoms, and the 
exemption of the Ailanllitts, for twenty 
years or more, only showed that its particu¬ 
lar enemy had not appeared in this country. 
I am inclined to think that it would still 
remain exempt from the attacks of insects 
had a few enthusiastic moth hunters let it 
alone and not have imported what is likely 
to become a great pest, the so-called “ Ailan- 
tlius silk worm" (Hambyc cynthia). This 
worm has now become naturalized in New 
York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington 
aud adjacent cities and villages, wherever 
the Ailauthus tree is grown. Last season 
the worms were so abundant, in Brooklyn, 
N. Y., that they entirely stripped the leaves 
from hundreds of trees, and left only hare 
stems and branches as roosting places on 
which to fasten their cocoons. Thousands 
of the cocoons have failed to produce mollis 
this season, but there are enough left to 
furnish entomologists with specimens and 
leave a sufficient supply to lay millions of 
eggs. The bare petioles of the Ailuiithits 
leaves on many a tree in New York and its 
suburbs at this time is an unmistakable sign 
of the presence of this disgusting worm. It’s 
a pity that those cracked-brained serieuHtir- 
ists who talk so knowingly of the profits to 
be derived from rearing this Ailauthus silk 
worm luid not to get their own living from 
this business. I hope our Western arboricul¬ 
turists will warn those who have Ailauthus 
groves reared for timber against being fooled 
into trying to produce silk from the leaves 
instead. 
In tiie Woods. 
July 4.—ll is passing strange how one’s 
taste changes as we advance in years. 
There was a time when nothing‘but the 
smell of powder and the roar of cannon 
and lesser gnus would satisfy me on t he glo¬ 
rious 4th of July. But now a quiet day is 
far more satisfactory, and while others, per¬ 
haps more patriotic in demonstration, have 
listened to buncombe oratory and burned 
their fingers with firecrackers and rockets, 
I have passed the day in the woods watch¬ 
ing the development of fruits and flowers, 
and the habits of various insects I have 
found the great wood borer, which destroys 
so many valuable timber trees, pulling on 
Id . black coat of mail and becoming a 
broad-ncekcd beetle (Prionas lalicallU). 1 
also found several pairs of the stag-honied 
beetle, (LuciiuitH damn), and several oilier 
species which, in their larva slate, do great 
injury to our forests. I had an excellent 
opportunity of watching the habits of the 
Anomalas , noticed June, and discovered that 
the four species described by Fi n n, and re¬ 
ferred to by name in my “ Diary,’’are really 
but one, the Anomala lucicola , Bitrm. The 
black (a/rata) and the spotted necked (ma- 
cuUeoU.it) are only the mules, the females be¬ 
ing dull-brown or yellow, and considerably 
larger than the other sex. The two sexes 
are so very different in size and color, it 
is no wonder that they should be taken for 
distinct species, as has often been the case 
with other insects. Upon referring to Dr. 
Leconte’s catalogue of Coleoplera, this 
evening, I find that he has placed Dr. 
Fitch’s distinct, species as only synonyms 
of the .1. lucicola , and I might have saved 
myself several hours of valuable lime if I 
luid looked into this work before leaving 
home in the morning, all of which only 
shows how necessary it. is for us to learn 
what bus been done in any branch of science 
if wo wish to gain time and make rapid 
progress in acquiring knowledge. 
Stimviia I’eiiiniryufa. 
July 5.—A few flowers on that magnifi¬ 
cent shrub, Stuartia. pentayynia, opened tins 
morning. They arc over two inches iu 
diameter, and pure white, rivaling the May- 
nolkt (jlauca in appearance, but possess no 
perceptible odor. This species of Stuartia 
is found growing wild in the shady woods 
of Virginia and further South, but it,appears 
to be perfectly lmrdy in this locality, and 
will probably succeed iu almost all of our 
Northern Stales, It is a spleudid ornamen¬ 
tal shrub, and blooms lute in the season, 
when it lias comparatively few rivals. 
Hardy Cactll. 
July 6.—I planted quite a number of the 
hardy cactus last season, in the crevices be¬ 
tween some large rocks near my offleo. No 
care lias been given these plants since they 
were planted except to keep down the weeds, 
and to-day they have commenced showing 
their gorgeous colored flowers. Judging 
from the questions asked mo in regard to 
these plants, 1 conclude that there are very 
few persons who are aware of the existence 
of such a thing as a hardy cactus. Only a 
few moments’ ride by rail from the great 
city of New York there are thousands, yes 
acres of cactus (O/mnlui vu/yaris) in bloom 
at this very hour, and yet how very lew of 
the denizens of this great city know of their 
existence. Any one who has a Leap of rocks 
nt hand, or even a drv knoll, may cultivate 
these plants, and have them in perfection 
wiLh far less cave than is required to raise a 
cabbage. There are a number of hardy wild 
species, and all produce elegant flowers, aud 
well worthy of cultivation. 
The Op an tin vulgaris is abundant on rocks 
and in sandy hills, from New England south¬ 
ward. Its flowers are two U) three inches 
broad, and of a bright, lemon yellow color. 
O. RttfinesquE is common on rocks and hills 
in the Western States, and O. Missouriensis 
front Wisconsin westward to thegreat plains. 
Several hardy species of another genus are 
found iu Colorado aud on the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains, all of which are hardy, and will, as 
soon as well known, become general favor¬ 
ites with everyone who loves unique and 
beautiful plants. 
Poisoning Ants. 
July 7. —Hidden somewhere in the walls 
of my office there is a nest of our common 
large black ants. Several times within the 
past few weeks these pests have made a 
“ raid ” upon some specimen of moth or but¬ 
terfly which happened to he left exposed 
upon my work table,and destroyed it. They 
seem to know just where to begin in order 
to do the most damage, for in nearly every 
instance the untenn© was the point of at¬ 
tack. If not disturbed these ants will eat 
up every portion, not even excepting the 
wings of the largest moth or butterfly, and 
in one instance they devoured an immense 
specimen of spider which I had killed ami 
mounted for my cabinet. Having endured 
this nuisance for several days, I thought a 
little poison would rid me of their company. 
1 look a tablespoonlul of molasses and 
mixed into it arsenic sufficient to kill twoor 
three men, and then placed it in asaucer.ad- 
ding a convenient cork bridge for the unis 
to teach the sweet morsel. For the next 
few limns I was delighted to see the black 
rascals come and fill themselves and leave 
in a mood which seemed to say, “ I am sat¬ 
isfied ami gratified.” But this state of affairs 
did not. last long, and soon my black enemies 
avoided the saucer, and I truly believe that 
some old wiseacre in the group lias cried 
** poison ! ’’ for I cannot coax un ant to touch 
molasses since, although they arc as abund¬ 
ant and hold in other respects as ever. Ants 
are loo w ise in their generation to be caught 
with such chaff 
(Sorrel Tree—4lxy«leii<Iruiii Arboreum.) 
July 8.— This is another late blooming 
large shrub or small tree far too seldom seen 
in cultivation. Mv specimen is in full bloom 
to day. The flowers are small, bell-shaped, 
resembling tin: lily of the valley, and are 
b .rue on long one-sided racemes, clustered 
on loose panicies at tficeud of every branch. 
Tim leaves resemble those of the pencil, lmt 
are considerably larger, and when young are 
quiii.. acid, lienee hol.lt the generic and com¬ 
mon names of this tree. Iu autumn flie 
leaves change to a beautiful crimson, and the 
tree is really more ornamental than at any 
oilier time. 
