ntomologiral. 
GEAPE D ETERI ORATION. 
On tin* Cnuae ol' Dpi crlovntlnn in some nt 
oui‘ Native Grape Vines and tlie Proba¬ 
ble Iteason Why European Vines Have 
so Generally Fuil«-d in (lie Eastern llall' 
ol" the United States. 
BY C. V, RILEY. 
Ilnblts of the Root-in habiting Type. 
The young hatched from the eggs on the 
roots are absolutely uudistinguishable from 
those hatched in the galls; and the gravid 
apterous female differs in no respect what¬ 
ever from the mother gall-louse. There is, 
however, a different egg-depositing form, 
which, as it moults, becomes tuberclcd, and 
more elongated,or pear-shaped, as shown at 
figure 3, j. Some Of these tuberclcd indi¬ 
viduals remain without wings, while others 
seem to be destined, from the first, toaquire 
wings. The young, after attaching them¬ 
selves, become in a measure stationary, and 
remind one very much of young bark-lice. 
The fine, hair-like setae, which in their 
functions and elasticity, are analogous to our 
tongue, become loosened from the more 
fleshy rostrum or sheath, as shown at figure 
3, j, and arc often so firmly inserted into 
the root, Ural the louse, if disturbed from its 
place, generally hangs by them. Three of 
the threads of this tongue are sufficiently 
conspicuous, hut there should he, from nn- 
alogy, four. The females on the roots seem 
to be less prolific than those in the gulls, and 
their eggs, if anything, are rather larger. 
These eggs are always of a bright yellow 
color, and, on the dark root, are detected 
with lhe naked eye as readily as the lice, 
which become darker or of a dull orange as 
they grow older. 
The insect is found on the roots in all 
stages during the summer months. In the 
winter it is found dormant, principally in 
the larva state, and no eggs are to he seen. 
With the circulation of the sup in spring, 
the activity of these young recommences, 
and in a short time afterwards eggs are de¬ 
posited again. At tills season the punctures 
of their little beaks produce very decided 
swellings, and an excess of moisture at the 
wounded parts. The winged forms are by 
no means uncommon, and commence to 
issue from the ground perhaps as early ns 
July. When I last examined the roots be¬ 
fore my departure, or about the middle of 
May, no pupae were found ; but winged in¬ 
sects were obtained as early ns July in 
France, and since my return I have had no 
difficulty in obtaining all 1 want, and up to 
the present writing I breed a few each day 
in my experimenting jars. Tiie pupae are 
easily recognizable, with n good lens, by the 
little dark pad-like wing-sheaths at the side 
of the body (Fig. 3, e, /,) and the sexes may 
even be distinguished at. this stage liy the 
greater constriction of the hotly, near these 
pads, lit the male compared to Hie female. 
Before giving forth the winged insect, these 
pupat become quite restless and active, and 
in a slate of nature they no doubt issue from 
the ground. 
The winged female (Fig. 3,y, h,) seems to 
bo nutch more common than the male, and 
is distinguished by her more lengthened ab¬ 
domen—the wing, when closed, extending 
not much more tlmn its length beyond t tie 
hip, while in the male they extend more 
nearly three times its length. The dusky 
thoracic baud is not so distinct, and the ab¬ 
domen is more produced at I he apex, in the 
male; and there is also a slight difference in 
the venation of the wings of the two sexes, 
which venation is best seen in the fresh spe¬ 
cimen as il becomes in a measure obsolete 
in drying. In the abdomen of the female 
two or three large eggs are plainly visible, 
especially after being soaked in acetic acid. 
The two-jointed tarsus or foot is also plainly 
visible in such specimens, and 1 have found 
the joint movable, while M. V. SiGNORETOf 
Paris has obtained the skin of the tibia or 
sbanlc with the basal joint of the tarsus 
hanging to il. These facts, trivial as they 
may appear, are very important in a scien¬ 
tific view, as they forever settle the differ¬ 
ences that have existed as to the proper sys¬ 
tematic position which Lite louse occupies. 
Susceptibility of DitlVi-eiit Vines lo tlie At¬ 
tacks of the Louse. 
I have carefully exaimed a great many 
different kinds of vines within a circuit of 
. thirty miles of St. Louis, as well as in Cole, 
Jefferson ami Boone comities in tills State; 
and the following indicates, in a condensed 
form, the susceptibility of the different varie¬ 
ties to this disease. There may be some ob¬ 
jection to the placing of some of the varieties, 
but the opinions both of botanists and vine- 
growers are so at variance, that being no 
botanist myself, I have been obliged to fol¬ 
low the opinions of those in whom I have 
most faith. The observations were made in 
April, May and September, and not in any 
of the intervening months: 
Vitis viuifera (European.)—All European 
varieties with roots badly affected. In many 
instances decomposed and gone, with the 
vines about dead. No leaf-galls. 
V. cor difolia (winteror frost.) Clinton — fibrous roots blit even the larger ones to 
Leaf-galls extremely abundant. Root-lice waste away, that their evil effects are per- 
only moderately so. Taylor— Where leaf- ceplible. With most of our native vines 
galls arc few, root lice abundant; where when the conditions are normal, the disease 
galls are abundant, fewer root*]ice. Othello seems to remain in the former mild state, 
(hybrid with vinifem )—Both leaf-galls and and it is only with the foreign kinds, and 
root-lice, the latter tolerably numerous, with a few of the natives, under certain 
Louisiana (some say a seedling from vinifera, conditions, it takes on the more acute form. 
Others again believe it OJstlV'.ilis) Leaf galls means of Contauiou Irani one Vineyard to 
and root-lice, but neither had. Alvey — Another. 
Few leaf-galls ; plenty of root-lice. Cornu- The young lice, whether hatched upon 
copia (hybrid with vinifera )—No leaf-galls; the roots or in the galls, me quite nctive and 
roots badly affected with lice. Wild Vine crawl about for sometime; and that they 
j fi' Y » 
Explanation of Eiouiie 3.— a, shows a healthy root; b , one on which Hie lloe are working, 
representing the knots unit swellings enused hy their pane Hues; c, a root Unit lias been deserted 
by ibem, mid where the roots huve commenced to decay; d, d, d, shows how the lire are found on 
the larger roots; e, female pupae, dorsal view;/, same, central view; g, winged female, dorsal 
view; n. sumo, central view; 1, magnified antenna or winged insect; jf, side view ol wingless 
female, laying eggs on roots; k, shows how the puncluresof the lloe cause the larger roots to rot. 
—Numerous leaf-galls and a few root-lice; will spread from one vine to nnother, either 
much in the same condition ns Clinton. underground upon the roots or on the sur- 
V JEstimlis (Summer.) Cunningham— face of the ground during the night, is liiglt- 
No loaf-galls, but a few root-lice. Cynthi- ly probable. Such, however, cannot be the 
ana—O ccasionally a few galls; lice abun- oiode of spreading from one vineyard to 
(hint on roots. The vine has a vigorous another; for were it so, the malady could 
growth and the roots are large and strong, ho t possibly Into assumed snob proportions 
Heubkmont—A low leaf-galls, ami scarcely •'» so short as it has done abroad, 
any root-lice. Delaware—A few leaf-galls; One method of transport is upon the roots 
lice abundant on roots. Norton’s Virginia of seedlings and cuttings, but the insect can- 
—No leaf-galls, but some rout-lice. not in this manner find its way to an old 
Tabmsca (Northern Fox.) Isabella, or vineyard, and there must he still another 
Seedlings of Isabella—No leaf-galls; a few ,,,can9 - Here we come to that part of the 
root-lice. Roots strong and vines flourishing. nalural 1,wtor y of °" r lou8e wl,lcl ‘ °\ uel as - 
Martha— No leaf-galls; very few root-lice. sume d, f *‘ 11 m hypothesis until iuitliei 
Hartford —N<> leaf-gulls, and very few root- obsci rations> shall be made. In this counliy 
lice. Concord— No leaf-gal Is; scarcely any tbe malady is general, but in France, where 
root-lice. AImost entirely exempt- Ives- ll 18 81,11 jading from one place to another, 
No leaf-galls; lice tolerably abundant on ll ‘ e J' hilve \^ od opportunity to walcli its 
roots. North Caeoi/ina-No leaf-galls; progress; and Planchon finds that it always 
very few root-lice. MAXATAWNEY-Noleaf- commences at, cerium circumscribed points 
galls; root-lice quite abundant. Creveling and spreads front thee points in more or leas 
-A few leaf-galls; root-lice abundant. Ca- re S Mlar c,rclog ' There is no way ol aecount- 
Tawha-No leaf-galls; root-lice very numer- for t,,ese ^Un-these starting points m 
ons, abounding even on the larger roots as 1 ,e ce ' Uer of a " ° ,d ,!““*«? ** never 
oil lhe European vinos. Goetoe, (hybrid .... „ . , 
witlmfu/mf)—No leaf-galls, but lice on roots _ J1 , , , , , 
* t i Dg flown there and started llie colony, 
very numerous. In the vineyards of Messrs. ° .... 
Isidor Bush <fc Sons of Bush burg, Mo., this ^ 0 llftve already seen that certain iiulivid- 
vine was very vigorousond thrifty in 1869 and ll,ds ol the root inhabiting type become 
1870, but lias done poorly, the present year. Vl j n S ed * ^ hy these individuals become 
Dracut Amber—N o leaf-galls; few root- winged while others never do, is, perhaps, 
lice. Wilder—( hybrid with mnifera )—No 1,01 1<ir 118 t0 understand. Signoret ven- 
lcaf-galls; not many fool-lice. Challenge tm ‘ ea ll,e Lamarckian suggestion that the 
—(hybrid with mntfera)-No leaf-galls; roots need of fitting roots that are already de- 
affected but moderately. Diana-No leaf- st, °y ed be 01ie reasol h aml l J‘ e 1> U P« 
gall?, but plenty of root-lice. :u c certainly found mote pniticuluily on 
Vulpina (Southern Fox or Muscadine)— badly in tested roots. All plant-lice multiply 
As it is not grown in this locality, being agamically during the summer months while 
considered absolutely worthless, i know they are abundantly nourished, but towards 
little about il winter when, by this mode of reproduction, 
From this experience it would appear >uuU>y the diminishing nutriment in the dy- 
that no vines, of those named, are entirely iu « ll,e lice 80 t0 s >^ lk - f’ 
free from the attacks of the root-louse ; but l,!U,slod > ,md lo1 and belj0,d 1 ff,n « ed niales 
that ll.e European varieties are most suscep- iUld ‘ Gma, «* “PP®” 1 Xmnexow other facts 
tible to it, the Northern Fox, next in order, 1,1 insect life ; 8,,ch the production ol drone 
the Winter or Frost next, and the Summer 1)ees so * e 'y lmm unfertilized eggs, etc., inf i- 
Grapc the least affected. It would likewise cale the win S ed inale . nm - v > )0 ’. in 9om , e 
appear that galls are occasionally found on way or other, connected wii i defective vital- 
all of the species except the European, and : and ^ r - Titos. Meehan ot the Gat dea¬ 
ns they have, in a few instances, been found ers ’ Monll,1 .V 1,as 80 f*equonUy observed such 
on this species in Europe, it cannot be con- be ,1,e c,lse wiU » P lants ’ ll,al 1,0 , con8,dera 
sidered entirely exempt. Nevertheless, in 11 a lrtW w 1111 11 weakened vitality 
general terms, 1 he Winter or Frost grape comes an increased power to hem male flow- 
must he considered the species which the ers -’ * But this throws no light on the pro¬ 
gall-louse prefers. Experience on this point- duction ot winged females, and here, as in 
will no doubt vary in different parts of the thousands of other instances, Nat me tells us 
country,and more extended experience may plainly to be satisfied with the facts without 
modify some of these deductions. ll,e explanation. 
We tints see that no vine, whether native Our winged female is a reality! What, 
or foreign, is exempt from the attacks then, are her functions? In the breeding 
of the root-louse. Yet, on the princi- jars she invariably fiies towards the greatest 
pie that a small dose of poison may prove light, and her large compound eyes, and 
harmless or even beneficial where an over- ample wings indicate that she was made tor 
dose will kill, we find that a small number the light and the air. We have also seen 
of root-lice produce no serious effects upon that she is burdened with two or three eggs 
the vine; and that it is only where they are only,and my opinion is Hint, after meeting 
very numerous, and cause not only the »proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sci., isco, p. 256. 
iter mate, her sole life duly is to fly r off and 
consign her few eggs to some grape vine or 
grape bud, and that the lice hatching from 
these eggs constitute the first gall-producing 
mothers. 
1 am led to this opinion by the fact that 
about the middle of May, in looking for the 
galls, 1 always find hut two or three to a 
vine, and generally but one to a leaf. These 
vernal galls—as one would expect from the 
greater vitality of the young from fertilized 
egg s, and the greater succulency of the 
leaves at that, season are much larger than 
the ordinary summer form, and generally 
have a decidedly rosy tint on one side. 
Similar galls have also been found in France. 
Just as many other insects prefer certain 
species of plants, or even certain varieties of 
a species, so our winged Phylloxera, shows 
her preference for the Clinton and its close 
allies. She occasionally deposits Iter eggs 
on other varieties, as I have found the large 
vernal galls on Concord, Hartford Prolific, 
etc., and it follows that she must do so 
where no CordifoHa vines occur. But, ex¬ 
cept on the varieties of the latter species, 
the young lice hatching from her eggs do 
not seem to be capable of forming galls on 
the leaves, but make straightway for the 
roots. Only in this manner can we account 
for the galls abounding so much more on 
some varieties than on others.—[To be con¬ 
tinued. 
^rborkultof. 
PRUNING ARB0RVIT.ES. 
When is the proper time for pruning ar- 
borvitffi hedges? and will the cuttings, if 
properly treated, take root and produce good 
plants?— k. m. j. w. 
ArborvitjE hedges should he pruned at 
least twice a year—the first of June and last 
of September. Of course the time may he 
varied a week or two without making any 
material difference in t he result. Large, t wo- 
liand hedge shears should be used for this 
purpose, and the conical form adopted, in¬ 
stead of the far too common flat top or 
broad oval. 
Arborvitaes are grown from cuttings, but 
unless one has the conveniences at hand, 
such as hot-beds or propagating house, and 
in addition some practical knowledge of Hie 
manner in which such plants are propagated, 
it will not pay to attempt ^he saving of the 
cuttings, 
The most common method of propagating 
arborvitaes from cuttings is as follows: 
Take off cuttings in autumn, say in October 
or first of November, make them about three 
inches long, and set thickly together in shal¬ 
low boxes filled with fine, white sand. When 
a box is full, give water sufficient to settle 
the sand about the cuttings, and then place 
in cool, shady position, but not where the 
sand will freeze, and let them remain there 
several weeks, if necessary; but they must 
not he allowed to get dry; neither should 
water be given too freely. A few weeks in 
such a position will cause a callus to form at 
the point where severed, and when brought 
into a warmer place roots are soon produced. 
Cuttings of this kind may, with care, be kept 
in cold frames all winter, and produce roots 
very early in spring. The surest way is to 
make the cuttings early, put them in the 
boxes of sand, then bring into a moderately 
warm propagating house, in December or 
January. • 
- - 
BEST BOOK ON ORCHARDS. 
Please inform me wliat is the best work 
in your list of books on the planting and 
cultivation (also Hie time and mode of trim¬ 
ming) of appie and peach trees. I have ex¬ 
amined your list but not having experience 
I am unable to decide for myself, therefore 
I appeal to you, having full confidence iu 
your judgment in the matter. I wish to 
purchase a work of the kind soon— Sub¬ 
scriber, Central Ohio . 
You certainly expect too much of any 
one book. No one author can know every¬ 
thing about the trees you name; besides, 
men arrive at different conclusions through 
different channels, and the surroundings and 
experience of different authors must be ta¬ 
ken into consideration when reading their 
works. One pomologist may have larger 
and more extensive experience with apples 
than with peaches, consequently lie will 
be more explicit in his writings in re¬ 
gard to this fruit. The same is true with 
all other branches of pomology, and we can¬ 
not expect that ait}’ one man will be equally 
as well informed upon all; consequently tbe 
only way to obtain explicit information up¬ 
on such subjects is to purchase aud read sev¬ 
eral of the very best works, such ns Down¬ 
ing's Fruit and Fruit Trees of America, 
American Fruit Guitarist, and Barry’s Fruit 
Garden. These and several other good works 
on Hie same subject are named in our Book 
List. 
ARBORIOULTURAL NOTES. 
Sumac <u Maine. 
The Bangor, Me., Whig says large qu an . 
tilies of sumac leaves are being delivered in 
that market, and find a ready sale to Hie 
tanners. It falls to report the price paid 
which would be a most interesting fact t 0 ' 
know. 
Wild Clierry Stocks. 
Please inform me, through the Rural 
New-Yorker, if wild cherry stocks will do 
to graft pears on ?—E. W., Lynn, Mass. 
No; pears will not grow on cherry stocks ■ 
neither will cherries grow on pears. i,| 
grafting or budding, we must use plants near¬ 
ly related. 
Where Docs Hickory Timber Grow. 
Will yon please inform a subscriber of 
the Rural New-Yorker in what States 
and Counlies there is a large quantity of 
hickory timber growing, in size from a 
foot upwards in diameter? Also as to 
whether it is sweet or bitter walnut timber. 
Is there a good deal in Ohio or Michigan,— 
Asa H. Willis. 
Let correspondents where this timber 
grows reply. 
A Simrular Query. 
Please inform us wluit the matter is with 
our plum and apricot trees that they do not 
bear; aud the Ihrifly hop vines that have 
heretofore borne well. —A. A. Lapsing. 
If a member of your family was sick, 
would you think of writing to a physician 
asking what was the matter, without giving 
him some clue, as to how the patient was 
affected V If you did, Hie message would be 
returned without an answer 
PlatnniiN Occidcntnlis Tor dries. 
No tree resists so well the smoke and im¬ 
pure air of European cities as the plane, 
(Platanu* oc-cidcnlalis,) although it is not a 
native of that Continent. It is the tree most 
generally seen in the cl lurch-yards, squares, 
and other open spaces in London, thriving 
well, and living to a considerable age. This 
is probably in part due to the fact of the 
outer layer of bark being shed yearly, and 
thus not becoming choked with smoke so 
that its functions arc destroyed. 
In Mjarittncr. 
GARDEN NOTES. 
Trophy Toronto. 
One of my neighbors gave me four plants. 
I set them out some eight or len days later 
than my Mammoth, aud they got ripe a few 
days later. I had on one stem live in num¬ 
ber; they weighed five pounds, and all got 
ripe. They are very firm, heavy and of good 
flavor. I took the first prize at the County 
Fair this fall.—II. S., East Otto, Cattaraugus 
Co., N. T. 
Stoi'insr Cnbba«c» lor Winter. 
The Editor of the Germantown Telegraph 
lms kept cabbages a dozen winters in a per¬ 
fect state, in the following manner:—“ Plant 
or set them up in rows as they grow—that is, 
with the roots down—fill in with soil pretty 
freely, then make a covering by planting 
two posts where there is a fence to rest on, 
or four where there is not, allowing lor a 
pitcli to carry off the water; lay bean poles 
opposite the way of the pitcli and cover with 
corn fodder or straw or hoards. In using 
through the winter, avoid ns much as possi¬ 
ble the sun side and close up again.” 
lHn*lii‘ooin Culture, 
Having made a mushroom bed according 
to directions in a scientific work, I was suc¬ 
cessful in raising quantities of fungus of tbe 
right kind, but the mushrooms are nearly or 
quite all infested with the larvre of some in¬ 
sect resembling those of the common bouse 
fly, but smaller. The bed is in an outer room 
of a cellar. Can you tell what it is and wluit 
the remedy for it?— E. D. Hubert, Free¬ 
port, 1U. 
Give the mushroom bed a little more air, 
and keep the surface of the bed covered with 
clean straw. Try some experiments, sucli 
as keeping the cellar dark; if this does not 
answer, give light, until you hit upon tbe 
right condition for success. Send us speci¬ 
mens of Hie insects. 
Hard While Duich Cabbage Lettuce. 
A. D., in London Gardeners’ Chronicle, 
says;—“This capital little compact lettuce 
is one of the most useful varieties in cultiva¬ 
tion. For winter work it is very hardy,can 
be planted thickly, and has no superfluous 
leaves. It is a first-rate variety to put out 
under frames or handlights, to keep up 8 
supply of salad through severe weather, 
wish especially to commend it for Its exua 
ordinary capacity to withstand drouth, as iu 
the driest soil it will heart in nicely, and u- 
main longer before running to seed than tm.V 
other variety. Its texture is fine and erttp 
to cat, and Hie flavor is sweet and good. = 
only drawback is that it is small; but that 
is easily got over by planting an extul 
quantity.” 
