ary febrile signs, pain and agony consequent 
upon the disease located in the mouth and 
feet, the lungs are apt to become congested, 
breath fetid, eyes bloodshot; sloughing of 
parts within the month and even on the lips 
and within the nasal passage occurs, and 
blood is mixed with the discharges; ab- 
cessea form in the udder, sloughing occurs 
also there, or portions of the secreting parts 
are destroyed by the deposition of lymph, 
becoming what is termed a “ blind quarter.” 
In other instances mortification takes place 
and ihe part conies away. The feet sutler 
no less—swelling, inflammation, sloughing, 
&c., proceed and expose the bones, &c., be¬ 
neath, while nil attempts at reparation arc 
slow and abortive. 
During the development of these states 
the animal loses condition rapidly; the 
assimilative organs are more or less involved, 
and nutritive material is no longer passed 
into the. blood ; it therefore becomes thin 
and watery, and, in consequence, the heart 
heats are heard as unusual sounds at some 
distance front the aide of the sutrerer. The 
pulse is rapid, small and feeble; it at length 
grows indistinct and imperceptible, and a 
condition of hectic Is established, the animal 
suffering from dim rhea, and often suddenly 
dies at periods varying from one to two 
weeks from the attack. 
Youiia: Animal* 
drawing their nourishment from the teat 
suffer acutely from the disease attacking the 
mouth, fauces, gullet and digestive canal 
throughout. They then can take no food, 
nud weakness becomes excessive. Colicky 
pains with diarrhea and violent straining 
are the prominent signs, in addition to tiie 
eruption in the mouth and upon the feet, 
from which the little creature succumbs in 
a few hours. Under these circumstances 
milk supplied to other animals should, if 
possible, he boiled, by which its pernicious 
properties will he destroyed. 
lose condition rapidly, in consequence of the 
power of mastication and locomotion being 
interfered with. Sloughing is common, par¬ 
ticularly about the feet, when not only the 
hoofs, hut even the*, whole feet, bones and 
ligamenLs are ca 9 t off, and the poor creature 
moves about on the knees or a stump. 
I’icrs 
suffer in like manner. They scream violent¬ 
ly when caused to move, a sore cough is gen¬ 
erally present, and erysipelalious swellings 
take place over various parts of the body, 
and death terminates in violent and painful 
diarrhea. 
In ilie dcni'nvii|i'(l Form 
in all animals, the tendency to a low type of 
inflammation, formation of large abscesses 
over the body, mortification, sloughing, Ac., 
are common slates. Condition, therefore, is 
greatly saeriliced ifdcalh is averted, and the 
prospects<*f the proprietor, particularly with 
milch cows and sheep, are almost, destroyed. 
Pregnant animals of all kinds abort, the con¬ 
dition and health of animals are sacrificed, 
the milk of the dairy cows lost, food con¬ 
sumed and labor expended are all gone by 
the ravages ol mis disease when it attacks 
aiid run* through a herd. 
We must defer 1013 ' mention of treatment 
and remedies for another issue. 
-*«*.-.—. 
NOTES POE HERDSMEN. 
Sliorr-IIortts a Distinct Ilreori. 
We advise “A Beginner,” Portland, Me., 
to buy “ Allen’s American Cattle" and read 
the history of the different breeds. It will 
be a good beginning. Our correspondent 
is informed that Short-IIorns do constitute 
a distinct breed. 
Hull* on Eye* 11 ml Ears ofCnlve*. 
Last January a correspondent of the Ro¬ 
hm. New-Yorker wrote that ids calves were 
all losing tlie hair over their eyes and on 
tin*ir ears. They were being fed on cut 
stalks and meal. A foal mare's month had 
swollen badly, finally became raw and can¬ 
kered. She was fed with the same food as 
the calves. Among a mass of correspond¬ 
ence this lias been overlooked, but we give 
it in order to ask if others have hadsimilar 
experience feeding cut stalks and meal. 
Remedy foe Cltolicd Cnttle. 
Tiie remedy, that I have hud occasion to 
use but once, came from an old drover, who 
was well satisfied with its efficiency. I had 
been away from home through the day, and 
returning just at evening, in passing the 
cow stable, 1 said to the man that was lead¬ 
ing mv horse, “ It seems as if one of the 
cows was choking.” In reply, he stated 
that he had been very particular to pick 
out nice small Swedes instead of large ones, 
and having them run through the root cut¬ 
ter. I entered Uni stable, and sure enough 
“a nice small Swede” was lodged in the 
throat, and the cow had already commenced 
to bloat. A common horse’s halter was put 
on her, the rope thrown over a beam, mul 
her nose somewhat elevated, an old tin din¬ 
ner horn was thrust into her mouLh, a com¬ 
mon teacup half full of powder was poured 
into the horn ; the powder ran readily as 
far as the Swede, and then there was a terri¬ 
ble sneezing and coughing; in five minutes 
the cow* was eating as natural as ever. 
W, H. M., Little Prairie. Wis. 
t Q>_ 
nbnstrhtl ^opics. 
THINKING vs. WORKING EARMERS. 
It is a mistaken idea many people have 
that farming is a branch of business that 
requires but little forethought; think if a 
man has a well developed body, so that lie 
can plow, sow*, reap, mow, and do many 
different kinds of work without much fa¬ 
tigue, such a person will answer for a farm¬ 
er. If he goes to market with a load of 
produce, he will take whatever price is of¬ 
fered him, whether it is the market price 
for the commodity or not, as lie is not posted 
on ihc rise of produce, for he thinks it use¬ 
less to take newspapers and spend a little 
time reading the market reports, as some of 
his neighbors do ; for, by going to the corn¬ 
ers lie can get all of the reports and news 
that he wants. If he sells his grain or wool 
to a country speculator, perhaps that dealer 
will lake the advantage of him (if lie knows 
that the seller is an illiterate person) to the 
amount of several dollars on one single 
transaction, enough to pay for several news¬ 
papers a year or more. He does not like 
the idea of taking papers, for his boys and 
girls do not work as well; they may want 
to read what is going on, and in short, the 
advantages he did not, lie does not want his 
children to enjoy. 
The above described person lias always 
raised wheat, instead of the other different 
kinds of grain, and does not. know which is 
the most profitable—corn, outs, flax, peas, 
rye or buck wheat. lie never look the trou¬ 
ble to keep an accurate account of the ex¬ 
penses of raising the different, kinds of pro¬ 
duce separately, as he does not believe in 
book farming, and has always raised as good 
crops as his neighbors A or B and does not 
see the use of taking agricultural papers, and 
reading hooks on agriculture, Ac. Farmers 
A and 15, say they must take agricultural 
papers so as to get (lie views of other good 
farmers, so as to keep posted. By a little 
forethought the thinking farmer ill January 
has his plans all matured for the year; has 
his rails split, or hoards drawn for a new 
fence, or where it wants repairing; sends his 
teams after plaster jf it must be hauled far, 
so as to be ready to sow it early ; hauls out I 
manure to a distant field on his farm, piling 
it in one or two large piles where be intends 
to put corn, or having it well rotted to be 
spread on his wheat ground ; firstly drawing 
one kind of manure and then another, male- ! 
ing a flatfish pile at first, for by so doing it 
will get thoroughly mixed. New gates are 
made to take the place of old ones or bars; 
seed grain is thoroughly cleaned for sowing. 
The thinking farmer has his lambs come 
early, so as to sell for high figures; feeds his 
hogs a little old corn with the milk from the 
dairy during the summer,having them ready 
to slaughter when most of other people just 
begin to think about fattening their pork. 
The former person realizes $12 per hundred, 
and tiie latter $7.50. 
If a man has several sons, all bright 
and active but one, that one must be 
made a farmer if the others are not, as the 
father thinks that by giving them all equal 
starts in life, the one selected as a farmer will 
manage to make a living, perhaps, ami a 
pretty poor one at that, if a mortgage is not 
foreclosed on his farm in a few years; then 
lie will condemn farmers and farming. 
The farming community have too many 
sucl 1 farmers Mint engage in the business, 
and do not know what they arc making, as 
they “go it on the blind,” allowing me to use 
the expression. What would a farmer think 
of a. banker, merchant, or dealer of any kind, 
who could not tell him what his expenses 
were, and how much lie had made the past 
year? He would say at once that he was not 
lit for his business. So I will say in regard 
to many farmers; they do not read and think 
enough ; do not understand their business as 
they ought. Show me a farmer, merchant, 
doctor, lawyer or divine that is a thinking 
man, and I will show yon a person that will 
succeed iu business if he has his health. 
E. L. B. 
-- 
POLITICAL DUTIES OF FARMERS. 
Among the many duties incumbent upon 
farmers are certain political duties which, 
unfortunately for the purity of our political 
system, many of them tail to recognize. Wc 
knmv that the manner in which the political 
machinery of the great parties is managed, 
is sucli as to disgust all honest men ; we 
know that bribes of every form are iinblnsh- 
ingly used by candidates for public offices 
with the effect of placing men of the most 
despicable character in positions of honor 
and respomfibility; nevertheless, we con¬ 
sider it. the duty of our best citizens to take 
an active part in political matters, endeav¬ 
oring to remedy existing evils, rather than 
to take that other course which would leave 
the highest and most important interests ol 
the couutry in unworthy hands. 
The farmer’s profession has, perhaps, as 
lajge a proportion of honest men as any 
other; and it certainly has a larger number 
of men connected with it; therefore, in a 
representative Government like this, its rep¬ 
resentatives in the National and State Legis¬ 
latures (the latter especially) should exceed 
those of any other profession. The farming 
interests are as important and require as 
much protection by legislation as those of 
any other class; but they do not get this 
protection. Why? Simply because they 
lack votes. Why do they lack votes ? It is 
not in consequence of an inferiority in point 
of numbers. Neither is it because of any 
lack of capability; for there are farmers in 
every Assembly District in the United .States 
possessing both the ability and the educa¬ 
tion necessary to lit them for legislative 
offices. The fault is with Ihe farmers them¬ 
selves. They leave the political machinery 
of the great parties to the control and man¬ 
agement of men of other professions, con¬ 
sequently, they do not have that representa¬ 
tion they should have and might have if 
they would make proper efforts to secure it. 
Farmers seem to think' that they would be 
contaminated if they should lake an active 
part in political affairs, and for that reason 
refrain from so doing; but it seems to ns that 
it would he following a wiser plan for them 
to enter the political arena, and by honest 
and independent action clear political con¬ 
tests of the contaminating influences which 
surround them. 
The course of some of our agricultural 
journals iu advising farmers to keep aloof 
from politics cannot he loo severely de¬ 
nounced. In giving such advice they injure 
the very interests they most desire to pro¬ 
mote. The most necessary requisites of a 
good legislator are honesty and good com¬ 
mon sense; these the farmers of this coun¬ 
try possess, and when they perform ihe du¬ 
ties that devolve upon them as citizens in 
tins great Commonwealth, they will not 
only elevate their profession, but will con- 
liibure largely to the general good. 
Agricola. 
lank department 
SUNDRY LETTERS. 
About Enat Tennessee. 
Like yourselves, wc only desire to have 
the truth known regarding the South. We 
would uot wisli to be the means of influenc¬ 
ing any one to come here on false represen¬ 
tations. Wc would prefer that all who con¬ 
template such a movement should first come 
and seo for themselves, believing that Ihc 
inducements offered will be sufficient to 
insure their settlement. 
After a residence of more than seven 
years in Knoxville, which is the commercial 
center of this section of the Slate, we Unhesi¬ 
tatingly declare, and arc prepared to prove, 
that Northern men who are good citizens 
at home, are wanted in East Tennessee. 
We can assure them that they will find n 
hearty welcome, and a full enjoyment of all 
their political and social privileges. 
The salubrity of our climate is unsur¬ 
passed in America. An examination of the 
Meteorological Reports, as published in the 
leading daily newspapers of the country, 
will show that we have a very even temper¬ 
ature, and in summer it is rarely warmer 
than in many of the Northern Stales. The 
sun is very hot in the middle of the day, 
bill the air is not oppressive, and one finds 
it very comfortable in tbe shade. Even in 
the warmest season the nights are cool and 
pleasant, and the mountain breezes refresh¬ 
ing. Except in 1 lie lower portion, mosqui¬ 
toes are scarcely known in East Tennessee. 
Our lands are productive, and susceptible 
of the highest cultivation. River bottoms 
will produce an average of sixty to seventy- 
five bushels of corn to the acre, and fre¬ 
quently much more. 
Our uplands, even with indifferent culti¬ 
vation, produce ten to fifteen bushels of 
wheat, twenty to thirty bushels of oats, and 
twenty-five to thirty bushels of corn. Un¬ 
der proper treatment, the crops are much 
larger, and willi the perfected system of 
farming adopted in the Northern Stales, it 
can be made as acceptable as in any other 
section. All the grasses do well, ami stock 
raising, when properly conducted, is found 
to pay largely. The Southern Stales offer 
a fine market, for horses, mules and cattle, 
as well as for all the productions of the soil. 
East Tennessee abounds in iron, coal, cop¬ 
per and many other minerals. Mineral lauds 
which are at present inaccessible, can now 
he purchased very cheap, and iu the course 
of t hree or four years will become very valu¬ 
able, when the railroads now commenced are 
Completed. Five years ago coal lands un¬ 
developed, lying 011 the Knoxville ami Ken¬ 
tucky Railroad, were purchased at $10 per 
acre; now similar tracts, not yet opened, on 
the same line of railroad, are worth $50 to 
$60 an acre. 
Timber is abundant, and of almost every 
variety. In short, we are endowed with all 
the gifts of nature in the greatest profusion, 
and need only capital and skilled labor to 1 
make this one of the most prosperous sections 
in the country. Manufacturing is yet iu its 
infancy, hut. there is a fine chance for mak¬ 
ing money in almost any branch of the busi¬ 
ness. East Tennessee, and especially Knox¬ 
ville, has a large Northern population, and 
with lew exceptions all are prospering. 
Those who are not would find it difficult to 
do so under any circumstances. 
Again we extend a cordial invitation to 
all who contemplate seeking new homes to 
come to East Tennessee and examine into 
our advantages before deciding where to 
locale.—M. B,, Knoxville , lenn. 
From Mecklenburg County, Vn. 
Your correspondent at Bay City, Mich., 
nsk9 for information respecting Virginia. 
Being a resident of Mecklenburg Co., Va., I 
can give him some information respecting 
that section of the Slate. I removed there 
from Ohio about a year since, and have had 
a good opportunity of judging the general 
characteristics of the country. The county 
of Mecklenburg embraces part of the cele¬ 
brated Roanoke Valley. The soil on the 
river bottoms and its tributaries is much of 
It alluvial, and is highly productive. The 
upland is generally good, producing, under 
proper cultivation, fine crops of wheat, corn, 
oats and tobacco. Clover docs well, and I 
observed in some places last spring as fine a 
stand of clover as I have ever seen North. 
The country is finely watered with pure, 
soft water. There is also an abundance of 
fine timber, almost one-half of the county 
being yet in primitive forest. The climate 
is mild and pleasant, not excessively hot in 
the summer, and the winters arc not cold 
enough to interfere with out-door labor. For 
heal lb ful ness it is unequuled; there are no 
prevailing diseases and no chills and fever. 
There is nn upward tendency in the price 
of lands; but good farms with comfortable 
improvements can yet he bought at from $8 
to $15 per acre. A good many farms arc 
changing hands, ami Northern men are 
rapidly settling there. You will now meet 
with them on all sides, while a year ago 
but two or three families bad yet removed 
there. 
Churches and schools are being reorgan¬ 
ized, and at Christiansville a Presbyterian 
Church Juts recently been organized, the 
membership being principally from the 
Northern Stales. Society is unexception¬ 
able, and the kindness and hospitality of 
the people cannot, he exceeded. We can 
insure a cordial and hearty welcome to all 
Northern settlers.— Roanoke, 
8011 lit went Missouri— (Webster Co.) 
MARsiiFtisi.n, the county scat of Webster 
county, is on the line of the Atlantic and Pa¬ 
cific Railroad, 217 miles from St. Louis. Its 
elevation is more than 1,400 feet above the 
sea. The winters are short and mild; the 
summers long, cool and delicious. Splendid 
groves of n a live oaks skirt the town. The 
diversity of hill and valley, the winding riv¬ 
ulets afford varied attractions. The liealth- 
Ijilncss of this region is beyond question. 
Consumption, asthma and other pulmonary 
diseases never oriiriuule here, and many cases 
of actual cure of them have taken place 
among settlers from other Stales. Schools 
and churches are liberally supported. We 
have line openings for business, to energetic 
and enterprising men from all sections of Ihe 
country. Mechanics and artisans, mc.rchiiuts 
and manufacturers, will find ample oppor¬ 
tunity of pursuing their vocations. Men of 
capital are wanted. Laboring men are want¬ 
ed to till the tortile fields and add wealth to 
the public domain, and increase their private 
fortunes. 
The surrounding country offers unrivaled 
inducements In the farmer and stock raiser. 
Soil fertile, and the climate for mildness and 
salubrity unsurpassed In the world. Farm 
work is prosecuted the entire year, unim¬ 
peded by the severe frosts of the more North¬ 
ern winters, or the sultry heat of the tropical 
Southern sun. All kinds of grain, as winter 
wheat, corn, oals, rye, barley and other ce¬ 
reals, produce abundant crops. The differ¬ 
ent varieties of fruits, as apples, pears, 
peaches, quinces, grapes, Ac., yield annually 
large crops of superior quali ly. The exten¬ 
sive pasture ranges, numerous springs and 
small streams of clear, cool water render it 
unrivaled for stock raising and dairying. 
The domestic grasses, as red clover, timothy, 
red-top, blue grass, Ac., grow equally as 
well as in the East, or tlie more celebrated 
blue grass regions of Kentucky. 
Tiie Atlantic and Pacific Railroad Com¬ 
pany art; now offering one and a-half mil¬ 
lions of acres of llielr lands to actual settlers 
at about one-half their actual value, and on 
long time, thus enabling men of limited 
means every opportunity to procure homes 
for themselves and a competency for their 
families hereafter. Good farms, partly im¬ 
proved, can he bought lor from $5 to $10 
per acre, according to improvement and lo¬ 
cation. There arc also some very good 
pieces of Government land yet subject to 
homestead or pre-emption entry.— a. h. c. 
Enmis iu Itlniue, 
The Land Commissioners of Maine have 
in charge some 8,000,000 acres of wild land, 
mostly in the Aroslook country. They are 
making efforts 10 have it settled by Euro¬ 
pean immigration, especially those from the 
North, as Norwegians, Swedes, Fins, Ac. 
We have heard glowing accounts of the 
crops of the fertile valleys of that part of 
the Pine Tree State, ami doubt not, thou¬ 
sands might find there congenial and profit¬ 
able homes, with a remunerative market 
close at hand, and established lines of com¬ 
munication with Boston and New York. 
31-arnt (fconontti. 
ECONOMICAL NOTES. 
OaJt Saw Dust, for Sami. 
J. Spice will find that oak saw dust that 
has been used for bedding horses will not in¬ 
jure his yellow drift sand, though we do not 
regard it of very much value. Wc should 
not wait until spring to apply it; should ap¬ 
ply this fall, thoroughly mixing it with the 
soil. If applied iu spring wc should also ap¬ 
ply ashes liberally—leached or uuleacbed. 
Restoring Injured liny. 
A correspondent of the Irish Farmers’ 
Gazette had some injured hay and sprinkled 
it in storing it with one pound of Fenugreek 
(aplant of the genus Tnyonella, the seeds of 
which are used by farmers in cataplasms and 
fomentations,) powder mixed well with a 
stone and a half (21 lbs.) of salt to a ton. 
He found that his stock left good, well cured 
hay, to cat this doctored stuff. It is worth 
noting. 
Making CoinpoHt. 
A correspondent at Hudson, Michi¬ 
gan, has straw, muck, stable manure, and 
can get any quantity of leached ashes at 
twenty-five cents per load, if they are worth 
using. He asks how he shall make a com¬ 
post heap. We reply, buy the leached ashes 
and apply directly to the land, broadcast. 
Pile up the muck, stable manure and straw 
in alternate layers—muck at bottom, then 
stable manure, muck, straw, muck, stable 
manure, Ac., packing it as solid as may he. 
Pitch llic pile over and thoroughly mix it 
once a month, until the straw and coarse 
material is decomposed. 
Cotton Sued nn 11 fertilizer, 
A correspondent of the Home Journal 
(New Orleans) writes : — “ L regard it as a 
very injudicious policy For a cotton planter 
to sell his cotton seed and buy mnimlacUired 
fertilizers. My experiments with available 
home manure convince me that unless the 
land is worthless it is foolish extravagance 
to buy fertilizers. Anil I have demonstrated 
that cotton seed is our most valuable ma¬ 
nure. It is well known that too much cot¬ 
ton seed is injurious to corn and cotton. I 
have, therefore, adopted the plan of scatter¬ 
ing it from the wagon over the ground, just 
before plowing, in January and February, 
with very advantageous results to both corn 
and Cotton." 
Economy of Long Furrow* iu Flowing. 
A German agricultural journal observes 
that farmers usually pay very little attention 
to the length of the furrows to be plowed iu 
a field, and yet great waste of lime and labor 
is the necessary consequence of unsuitable 
arrangements in this respect. The turning 
of tho plow and the commencing of a new 
furrow require more exertion in the plow¬ 
man and the team than continued work on 
a straight line, and how great 11013 * really be 
the loss of time from frequent interruptions 
in short turns, may he shown 113 * the follow¬ 
ing calculation :—In n field 225 feet long, 
hours out of 10 are used in redirecting 
the plow; with a length of 575 feet, 4 hours 
are sufficient for the purpose, and when the 
plow can proceed without interruption for 
800 feet, only hours of the daily working 
time are consumed. Hence the rule to make 
the furrows as long as circumstances will 
admit. 
Post amt Rail Fence. 
Please say to R. R., Fort Smith, Ark., 
that walnut and oak will make the best posts; 
they should he cut six and a half feet long 
and seasoned for one year. Set them two 
feel in the ground. Broad rails can he made 
out of ash and cottonwood. Split Hie log 
and keep on dividing toward the center un¬ 
til the rails are. of the desired l liickness; have 
them nine feet lung; straighten off one side 
on each end of the rail so as to fit them to 
the post, which should have onestinjght side 
also. Get a keg of eight penny fencing nails 
and nail the rails to Ihc post. Four rails 
high makes a good fence. I have made 
twenty-five panels of this fence per day for 
many days in succession without any help, 
having posts and rails prepared before hand. 
It makes a good strong fence and saves the 
time of morticing the holes.—J. G. M , 
Krederickshurc /, I <t. 
P. F. B , Uhricksville, O., writes in an¬ 
swer to nn inquiry in a late number of the 
Rural New-Yorker ;—“ The best material 
lor posts is chestnut; if not available, oak; 
length of posts, seven feet; post holes, two 
feet, leaving the post five feet aboveground. 
If ground is soft and marshy cut posts seven 
and a half feet and put two and a half feet 
in the ground. Set posts eleven feet apart 
if you use mortises. Use five rails—I lie two 
bottom ones four incites npait alul the three 
upper rails five and seven inches apart; rails 
thirteen feet long; insert, then) in mortises iu 
the post Make mortises four inches, boring 
them with two mid a half inch auger. Or 
the rails can he nailed on ; if nailed set the 
posts six feet apart. In setting the posts, get 
a post rammer five Ol’ six feet long. Make 
the handle light with a heavy Initt and beat 
the ground about every post until it is as 
hard as a plank or rock. Some people use 
shorter posts and make lower fences; but 
good lences make good neighbors, especially a 
where there is breaeby stock.” T 
