irrbstmtn. 
POINTS OF EXCELLENCE—AYESHIKES, 
Can you give me tlic approved points of 
an Ayrshire hull, so that 1 may judge of one 
when I see a good one? I desire U> improve 
my dairy herd, and propose purchasing an 
Ayrshire hull to cross on my unlive stock, 
and would like to be posted before l attempt 
to purchase.— J, Jamison. 
Tub New York Slate Agricultural Soci- 
NOTES FOR HERDSMEN. 
Haven or Illont. 
I have known cattle that were suffering 
terribly from hoven or bloat, entirely relieved 
in fifteen minutes by giving thorn half a tea- 
cupful of melted laid with a tablespoonful of 
gunpowder. Give warm, and repeat the 
dose in half an hour if not relieved.—J. N- 
Allen. 
Sulphur for Slock. 
A correspondent of theWillnmetle Farm¬ 
er feeds his stock a tahlespoonful of sulphur 
fopics. 
NUTRITION IN CHARCOAL. 
Charcoal has been well tried ns a fertili¬ 
zer, and found to he ol great value to the 
soil. Does it not contain nutritive and fat¬ 
tening properties, when fed to fowls, swine 
and stock generally ? 1 recollect reading an 
account, many years ago, about the yellow 
fever breaking out in the city of Now York ; 
in the latter case lie is permitted to trample, 
excretes, and iie upon it. One of the largest 
and most successful farmers I know, has no 
cumbersome, obstructive hedges to impov¬ 
erish him; he lias always folded bis sheep 
and cut the grass for them—one man, a lad, 
and a horse cliiiil’ culler being on the field, 
there feeding the sheep with green glass 
chaff, mixed with cake, Ac. lie lias always 
been among the very best, root and corn 
growers of all my acquaintance. Green 
lares, clover, Ac,,arc all passed through the 
chaff cutter for my horses and cuttle, the 
ely furnish their judges of Ayrshire cattle to each animal, with their salt, once in two many persons were leaving in great haste for u ground, and the roots pulped. One 
with the following points of excellence in 
the Ayrshire cows, with the appendix ac¬ 
companying iu the case of the bull. 
Points of Excellence iu nn Ayrshire Cow. 
Head —As in the other breeds, small-; the 
face long and narrow; the muzzle and nose 
variable in color.4 
Eye— Placid, and not strikingly large. .2 
Ear —Of full size, and of an orange color 
within.4 
Harm —Small, tapering, with an outward 
and upward turn, and set on wide apart; the 
face somewhat dishing.. .2 
Neck -^Of medium length, clean in tlic 
throat, very light throughout, and tapering 
to the head. 4 
Shoulders —Lying snugly to the body, thin 
at their tops, small at their points, not long 
in the blade, nor loaded with muscle.G 
Chest —Must retain sufficient width and 
weeks. When lie has done so, no vermin the country; among them was a family in 
has troubled them, and his cows have not w i,j c j l W!ls a p 0 y ten or twelve years of age, 
been affected with garget, nor have bis sheep wll() hiul nU mher of fowls which lie kept 
with grub in the head. lie has practiced the garret of the house; and when the 
this twenty years. familv were some miles from home, going 
Instructions to Milkers tiud Herdsmen. 
The Scottish Fanner furnishes the fol¬ 
lowing instructions to milkers nml herdsmen, 
prescribed by the superintendent of a large 
dairy in Scotland: 
1. Every cow must be in her stall at the 
appointed time for milking. 
2. Milkers are expected to he on hand at 
5:45 A. M. and 5:45 P. M., Sundays except¬ 
ed, when milking will commence at 6:15 A. 
M , ami 5:15 P. M. 
3 . Each milker will have charge of a defi¬ 
nite number of stalls, and will be held re- 
roundness to insure constitution. The light- nit© number of stalls, and will beheld re- 
noss of the fore-quarter, and the “wedge sponsible for the thorough milking of every 
shape ” of the animal, from the hind-quarter cow occn . )V j|,,r them 
forward, arising more from a small, fiat, ami , ... ,, ” . ' , ... , ... 
thin shoulder than from any undue narrow- 4 Ge ' ,l,L ‘ tuul kin(1 troatmont nie 
ness of the chest.12 enjoined. Sulking cows with stools, clubs, 
Crops —Easily blend in with so thin a heavy slicks, Ac., Will under no circum- 
shoulder, and prevent all hollowness be- stances he allowed. 
bind.... ....4 5 Xu ifflviirg the cows to and from pas- 
jj I ( 4 Hire, t?™ 111 pmns must be taken not to hurry 
family were some miles from home, going 
into the country, the hoy thought Of his 
fowls, and remarked to his father that they 
were fastened up in the garret, where there 
was neither feed nor water, and be feared 
they would starve. The father told his son 
that they could not then go back, but on 
their return he would purchase other fowls 
for him. So, lifter slaying six weeks In the 
country, the fever having abated, they re¬ 
lumed to the city. The boy, feeling anxious 
about his fowls, hurried to Hie garret to learn 
their condition, and to his great joy, found 
them all alive, lie ran down, told bis fath¬ 
er, who also went up stairs, and to bis sur¬ 
prise, found them not only alive and well, 
trial will prove the fact, and put money into 
the pockets of my agricultural friends. My 
sheep and lambs ate close folded, and have 
no more food than they clear off. Fold 
moved twice a day—one fifteen feet iron 
hurdle to every fiveslicep. Lambs have the 
first Idle, and are followed by the ewes to 
clear it all up—tares, clover, and Italian rye 
grass. 
“ We must enlarge our stock yards, so as to 
separate our stacks to Iiave room to work 
is, strong swarms; this, at any rate, or no 
swarms. Hence little feeding, little trouble 
to keep, safety—you are sure of voitr invest¬ 
ment; otherwise, you may be sure the other 
way. 
“ But some bees—even strong swarms— 
will not do well." 
True ; we have known such, and the strong 
ones held out best. We know one cause of 
such decline to be bad location, not. with re¬ 
spect to territory, hut the effect, of the cli¬ 
mate, the direct rays of the sun striking the 
lave, for the whole, day and the entire sea¬ 
son ; also pelted mercilessly by all the storms. 
But the sun is the worst. Bees seek a relief 
from this by going to the woods. Here is, 
not dense shade, or all sunshine, but n tem¬ 
pering of both. The colony does not seek 
the lower part of the tree, dark with shade 
and moisture, but ascends to the top, where 
light and shade alternate, and the winds fan 
the place of abode. This partial shade should 
be the aim of the bee keeper in selecting or 
making a location. 
The best success here (Starkville, N. Y.,) 
the corn and hay elevators, worked by a is in a small grove, occupying the yard of 
poncy which carries the sheaves or hay and the house on the north side, buildings ad- 
drops them in the center, or other parts of joining on the east and west, thus lessening 
the stack, saving the labor of these men in 
the needy time of harvest. Machinery 
grows upon ns, therefore land owners must 
increase the machinery sheds. Is not mil¬ 
dew often caused by too thick sowing and 
consequent laid crops. My wheat crops from 
the intense heat of the sun, and yet afford¬ 
ing sufficient warmth. No bees seem so in¬ 
dustrious, and do so 'uniformly well, in this 
locality, as these. Shade and strong swat ms 
and intelligent care, are the thing here. 
There are others similar. We think there 
Back —Should he straight, and the loin 
wide, the hips rather high and well spread 8 
Pelvis —Roomy, causing a good breadth at, 
what is termed t he “ thud "or “ round bone," 
and between the points of the dinips.4 
Quarters— Long, tolerably muscular, and 
full in their upper portion, hut moulding 
into tlic thighs below', which should have a 
degree of flatness, affording thus more space 
for a full udder. The flank well letdown, 
but not heavy...6 
Bibs —Behind springing out very round 
and full, affording space for a large udder 
which by Ayrshire breeders is considered 
very essential to secure the milking proper¬ 
ly ; the whole carcass thus acquiring increas- ___ 
ed volume toward its posterior portion... .8 NOTES FOR HORSEMEN. 
Rumps —Nearly level with the back, pro¬ 
jecting but little.4 A 1,,a,, " y 
Tail —Thin in its cord, of full length, light S. C. Drake asks if some horseman “ will 
in its hair, and set somewhat further into its give a recipe Unit will aid in producing a 
back llnui would be admissible in some otli- healthy growth of mane on a valuable horse." 
er breeds.....1 ___ 
keys Delicate tuul line iu the hone, in- SimiuInIi l-'evet- to Movne** 
the'"ills be l " ,,1 Wdl knil l °- Ulh0r "'{ A correspondent of the RuftAb New- 
Uddcr—\w this breed is of more especial ^okker at Dallas City, Oregon, writes: 
importance, as the Ayrshims have been bred “ Can any of the readers of your paper tell 
almost exclusively with reference to their me what will cure the Spanish fever in 
milking properties. The great feature of the | l0 rses?” We should like our corrcspond- 
udder should he capaetty without being ent to tell us what Spanish fever is-wl.at 
fleshy. It should Lie carried squarely and . ' „ ... 
broadly forward, and show itself largely he- are lls symptoms tuul effect upon the animal. 
hind. As it. rises upward, it should not min- To Reduce a Cat In¬ 
gle too immediately with the muscle of the ■ „ 
thighs, hut continue to preserve its own y om ' Rural Nkw-\orkkr of Nov. 
peculiar texture of skin,—thin, delicate, and 4th there is a query ns to how a callus on a 
ample In its folds. The teats should stand horse’s knee can he reduced. If there he 
widejipnrl, and he lengthy, but not large (l aun . rem cdy or agent, I should he very 
.nn fo,ii-e..................... ....... « |, l( | t know it, as I have a nice horse in 
Hair —Soft and thick, in the phraseology , . „ 
of tii.• country wooly.'.4 th :lt -fi x - Thoroseemalobenoinflonwiation, 
Color— Varies; a dark red, a rich brown, a and the action of the knee is just as free as a 
liver color, or mahogany, running into nl- perfectly sound one.—A. II. II., Strong, Me. 
most a black; those very much broken and -- 
spotty at the edges on a while ground are the Swelled Lea: on a Horae, 
favorite colors at the present time. The W. W. G., Ctmlunsc, Ill., wants to know 
light yellow is however, a color sometimes wlmt wi „ cure his horse 8welIeil lefi8 . [ 
loitnd on good cows; hut those pale colors , , , „ ‘ 
arc objected to from nil impression that such here send my remedy: Poultice with tur- 
helong to animals of less constitution.1 nips. Peel and boil them to a paste; slip 
Carriage —Should lie light, active, and an old breeches leg over the leg of the horse, 
even gay; this latter appearance is much tic, it around the pastern, then put in the tur- 
■T»S !X *'*[» wni'm; put il Ijftmhigo around I I ni in- 
to tie of medium thickness only, moving side, to hold it in contact with the leg as 
freely under the hand, and evincing a reiuli- high ns it is swelled ; renew the poultice 
ness in the animal to take on flesh when a night and morning; fasten a band to the 
drain on the constitution is no longer made llppci . tttl \ of the hack, passing it over the 
b) tie mi t p.u. ) w |||, er8 nnd around the body to bold it up. 
100 if W. W. G., will poultice as above, for one 
„ . _ „ week, 1 am confident it will cure his horse. 
Points of Excellence in the Ayrshire Hull. ; . 
• , i • i i • .1 r i I ry it, and report progress in the Rural 
1 he points desirable in the female are . T J ' 1 * ” _ 
generally so in the male, hut must of course ' ^ KNV 'Worker, Wm. I. Strong, Keiths- 
he attended with that masculine character burg. 111. _ 
which is Inseparable from a strong and vig- ,, 
orous cunsti.1 ulion. Even n certain degree * -nr . 
ol coarseness is admissible; lint then it must . ^ 'Y asks the Rural New-Yorker 
be so exclusively of a masculine description to inform Dim the best way to fatten a horse, 
us never to be discovered iu a female of his lie lias a young horse that devours a great 
£ <; b , „ , , , , quantity of food, but continues poor. Wants 
In contradistinction to the cows, the head i , , 
. tin i , .i.i, to know anoui. imooiyi hit J» u am] keonui^ 
of the hull may be shorter, the frontal bone ° ‘ * 1 3 
broader, and the occipital flat and stronger, '"scout in a healthy condition. Evidently 
that it may receive and sustain the horn; flic animal is unhealthy; his digestive or- 
tliis latter may be excused if a little heavy gans are out of order, and the food taken is 
at the base, if its upward form, its quality n „t, properly assimilated. Hence is poor 
ami color, be right. Neither is the looseness ;i „ tl t1lt . coat looks rough. It is an imlica- 
of the skin attached to and depending from ... b . , , ‘ 
tlic lower jaw to be denied other than a * ,on <4 palsy of the stomach, and the bowels 
feature of UlC flex, provided it is not extend- should he properly opened the first thing. 
or run them. 
0. When persons have any trouble w'illi 
their cows they are expected to report the 
same to the herdsman. 
7 . It will he the duty of the herdsman to 
occasionally inspect the milking of all the 
cows, and report the result of his inspection 
to the superintendent. 
into Rtnull pieces by the fowls; the water 
under the grindstone all used up, and the 
print of their bills left in the moist sand in 
the bottom of the trough. As this was all 
the nutriment they had, did not. the fowls 
he rarely gets less than 40 bushels to the 
acre. Although he uses a large quantity of 
Peruvian guano, salt and superphosphate, he 
makes a very large quantity of stall manure, 
all of which is kept under cover. He raised 
utmost importance, imtispensame, in a not 
season, is equally clear. This wo have seen 
beautifully illustrated. In a wet, cloudy 
season, there is little difference. It needs 
hut. a few trees. A rather close orchard will 
possess the power of changing charcoal into 400 pigs iu one season, and by shower baths do; though maples and some other orna- 
9 Charcoal is nearly tunc carbon so is nud'good ventilation lie lost none by sick- mental, with a few fruit trees, somewhat 
Ik 
orsenuw. 
fat? Charcoal is nearly pure carbon, so is 
the fat of nn animal. 
I also recollect buying a dozen or more 
dressed turkeys each fall and winter, several 
years ago. Some I purchased of a Quaker, 
which were always white, clean and fat, hut 
had very little in their crops, which, upon 
examination, was found to he small pieces 
of charcoal. I also thought the poultry I 
bought of him kept its color and sweetness 
longer than that purchased of others. There¬ 
fore I inquired of him his method of fatten¬ 
ing poultry, and was informed Hull he fed 
scalded Indian meal, having a little lino 
charcoal mixed with it. Increasing the coal 
gradually, so tluu Iftl'Mlle last few days it 
would ho nearly half charcoal, which made 
the poultry while, hard and nice, and caused 
it to keep longer without becoming tainted. 
In view of the above, and Other informa¬ 
tion upon the subject, I am of tlic* opinion 
Unit many animals, fowls, Ac., possess the 
power of changing charcoal into fat. It 
would only lie changing one state of carbon 
to that of another. Take, for instance, swine. 
By mixing line charcoal with the mush, 
swill or feed, so that it would he eaten, 
ness. His farming now pays him 12 )£ per 
cent, on cost and outlay, lie says pigs are 
llie best of animals to make manure. His 
farm contains but 147 acres of land. 
Dnlryiiiir. 
We often wonder that there is so small a 
scattered, form the protection of the place 
mentioned.—F. o. 
——-- 
Hce Houses. 
T have noticed a great deal in the Rural 
New-Yorker about hoes, hut never have 
proportion of first rate butter made t.y our seen anything about, bee houses. 1 am Want- 
farmers, and Unit it is reserved for Orange ing to build olio and would like iiiibmmtmn. 
county and a few other locations to reap all 
the profits, only because they make a more 
perfect article out of the same material. In 
the best, butter making districts in England 
the cream is raised and kept, at a tempera¬ 
ture of GO'' to 62' ; the milk will yield ft 
much larger amount of cream if the tem¬ 
perature is raised nearly to the heat of boil¬ 
ing water, but the butler so made will not 
keep any length of lime. The cream that 
rises find is Hie best for buHcr. Good, at 
least tlic best butler, cannot be made from 
cream which Inis remained on the milk till 
it is old. Cream rises best from shallow 
vessels. The temperature at which cream 
should be churned should be the same, as 
that at which the cream was raised, never 
Please inform me how to build one, what 
size to make ii for three or four swanus.— 
S. T. I., Auburn , Ind. 
,k Dtncmirtr. 
VINEYARD NOTES. 
To Prevent (jSrnpea Droppimr. 
A correspondent of the Country Gen¬ 
tleman says that in order to prevent the 
dropping off - of grapes, it is only necessary 
to make a circular incision on llie wood, 
cutting away a ring of baric about tlic breadth 
of a twelfth of an inch. The wood acquires 
greater size about the incision, and the 
swill or feed, so that it would he eaten, to exceed 64°. It is a mistake to bring the ^ vealer size about the incision, and the 
would it not cause them to grow and lay on butter too quickly, as tlm globules of the incision and the operation accelerates the 
fat rapidly—make the pork hard, white butler are covered with a thin pellicle of mniurily of the wood and Unit of the fruit 
and sweet—impart, to it a preservative qual- caseine, and it requires time and churning likewise. The incision should not he made 
ity, so that it would keep longer without to do Ibis; and the butter will not keep too deep, nor further titan the bark, lest it 
salting, Ac. 
well without it. Tlic addition of some cold 
I would like to hear from others on the water during the churning facilitates the 
subject, and should it be ascertained that process, especially when the cream is thick 
Points of Excellence in the Ayrshire Hull. 
The points desirable in tlic female are 
generally so in llie male, but must of course 
be attended with that masculine character 
which is Inseparable from a strong and vig¬ 
orous constitution. Even a certain degree 
of coarseness is admissible; but then it must 
be so exclusively of a masculine description 
charcoal docs possess nutritive and fatten¬ 
ing qualities, to an extent llmt would make 
its use for feed profitable, a knowledge of it 
would be very desirable. 
I do not believe our immense forests could 
be suddenly changed into pork; for that 
would he impracticable. But can it not he 
done to a small extent? 1 hope some per¬ 
sons, who can as well as not, will try Hie 
experiment, and report Hie result for llie 
benefit of the public. Isaac Esmay. 
South Head, la. 
- +++ - 
IMPROVED FARMING IN ENGLAND- 
Wnn.E on this side of the Atlantic wc are 
blessed with a man to tell ns, with a flavor 
of egotism, “ what lie knows about, farming,” 
they have in England a number of brave 
men wlfo. feel they know so little that, they 
spend both lime and money in continuous 
practical farm experiments, giving to the 
world, gratis, the results of nn experience 
founded on natural laws and scientific prin¬ 
ciples applied to every department of the 
and tlm weather hot, Butler made from 
sweet cream not only keeps better, but it 
has the finest flavor. Scalded cream yields 
the most butter, but it will not keep long. 
Tlio same writer tells us in llie Mark Lane 
Express I lint, alter thirty years’ experience, 
lie has come to the conclusion that by churn¬ 
ing the whole milk the largest quantity and 
best quality of butter is gained. The milk 
should be kept until slightly sour, with a 
thick skin wrinkled on the surface.—s. w. 
(Tbc jppkman. 
BEE CULTURE. 
Strong Swarm*—Importance of Simile. 
TnE thing in bee-keeping is strong 
swarms. This is so much the case that a 
strong swarm, left to ilselT, will do well in 
the woods—if quite strong, remarkably well, 
as every one must know, immense amounts 
economy of farming, from llie growing of of honey being thus realized. 
grain, grass, and rooL crops, to llie rearing 
and fattening of cattle, sheep, pigs, Ac., and 
the making of butter and cheese. J. B. 
Lawks is one of those men who lias for 
more Ilian thirty years produced tlic largest 
spoil both wood and fruit. 
This is the old practice of girdling vines 
revived. Ever since the Agricultural Society 
of France, in 17-15, awarded Col. Beciiatt 
a premium for his supposed discovery of 
hastening llie ripening of grapes by girdling 
the vine, wiseacres in grape culture have 
frequently made wonderful discoveries in Hie 
same line. Sometimes they nve going to 
prevent mildew by girdling them, again it is 
to increase the size and quality, or, as noted 
above, prevent the, falling off of the fruit. 
Girdling a branch in the summer after the 
fruit is set simply prevents a return of sap 
from Hie leaves to the root, and, of course, 
causes the berries to enlarge, or, in other 
words, to become dropsical. The quality is 
not improved, as lias been shown by hun¬ 
dreds of experiments. The branch of course 
must be girdled below the fruit to produce 
tbc desired result. 
Close PriiniiiK (.rnpes. 
Mr. M. Dike of Alton, 111., a very suc¬ 
cessful grape grower, at one of the meetings 
of the Alton, 11!., Horticultural Society, gave 
his experience:—“I am satisfied that Hie 
majority of grape growers over crop their 
vineyards. I have been each year reducing 
the wood in my vineyard, until now my Ca¬ 
tawba canes arc not more limit three and it 
half feet long, and hut one cams, and I 
am getting just ns near lli« ground as pos- 
A strong •worm wt 1 defend itself, both lhe ' ^ in vineyiu , n until now my Cu- 
against other bees and against moths; it lliwlm caueg lircmon than three and a 
will throw out better swarms; is more re- )iulf 1<( nml , Jllt I 
liable lor swarms; sustains itself better; nm getting just asneartliegroumluspos- 
nnd, most of all, will give a large surplus of sible, for "the reason, among other, that 
long and broad, tlic genital organs large, and 
the whole muscular system wide, and thor¬ 
oughly developed over the entire frame. 
-- 
To Herdsmen.—S everal inquiries that 
seem important we are compelled to lay over. 
eight hours; a little water occasionally. 
Twelve hours after giving the cathartic, 
give one scruple of calomel on the tongue, 
and repeat it once in twelve hours for two 
or three days. Feed lightly, good nutritious 
food. Groom the animal thoroughly daily. 
'flic Mark Lane Express publishes the 
following remarks from Mr. Mechi :—“ The 
longer I farm, the more I am convinced of 
the superior economy of soiling farm stock. 
It is cheaper and better to bring food to the 
animal than the animal to the food; because 
They will pay better if the improvements arc 
added; but without them they will pay. 
We have Ibis beautifully demonstrated 
here, ill a rather noted section for bees, where 
the common, old fashioned hive lias made 
little fortunes for their owners. Their secret 
well (they were not merely colored) under 
Ibis system of the succession of leaves. I 
grow three leaves of different ages. The 
original leaf is tlm most valuable one. I 
then grow two additional ones. You may 
have the succession of leaves very early by 
pinching early. 1 do no summer pruning.” 
