lain) tittsbanbrth 
THE USE OF WHEY 
Iiohscs on Dairy l*ovk. 
A correspondent asks concerning the 
most profitable way of disposing of whey at 
farm dairies—whether as a feed for cows oi 
for hogs. He says:— “The low price of 
pork shows no profit from feeding whey or 
grain to swine; indeed my shoals in ihe 
spring would sell for nitre money than I get 
now lbr their meat, and I think the trouble 
of feeding, butchering and marketing the 
pork will no more than pay for the man me 
made by the hogs. My experience this year 
shows pork making to be about the pooiest 
branch of fanning in which one can engage. 
It don't pay shucks ," «&c. 
We do not approve of feeding whey to 
cows in milk. It may increase the yield of 
milk, but its quality is impaired, especially 
in hot weather, the milk often taking a laint 
being of extra quality, sold for 7c., while 
much of the thin, whey-fed pork, would 
bring no more than 5 to 5%c, per pound. 
We admit that it lias been a hard year for 
dairymen to make any money out of pork, 
but we think in a good many instances losses 
have been sustained from the injudicious 
QO /~) 
llttral ArcIiitcrttUT. 
PLAN POE A BARN. 
Looking over some old files to-day, I 
manner in which the swine have been fed. came across the plan fora barn herewith in- 
Muny reasoned that on account of the low closed, which I made for a well-to-do farmer 
price of pork it would not pay to give extra 
feed. The pigs, therefore, have been kept 
along on whev alone, and when butchered 
the light, thin carcass would not command 
the best price, while the small increase in 
weight during summer was not sufficient to 
make much if any profit over the cost ot the 
hogs in the spring. We should be glad to 
hear from correspondents touching this 
matter if they can give facts ancl figures 
showiug a profit or loss in the busiuess. 
- - - 
SHALL WE MAKE OUR OWN CHEESE? 
some years since. I also send specification. 
junction of the first with the second stories ) 
(as shown from outside) there shall be a 
strip inserted of 2x2. The frieze hoard to be 
8 inches wide and 2 inches thick. The 
boards all to be straight edge and the whole 
to he battened with Strips oue inch thick 
and three inches wide, having the edges 
bevelled half an inch, exhibiting a face of 
two inches. The whole to be of good, mer¬ 
chantable, dry, pine lumber. 
• rrjrf 
pecially Your correspondent,“ Cleavlaml,” waxes 
'alainl eloquent over the oppressive rates imposed 
hv rUif-csp. factories noon their natrons. It 
from the whey,’ and soon turning sour, both by cheese factories upon their patrons It 
of which »r« mailers of considerable in,- * lather * on W *" *“j' Ia 
PLAN OK BARN —ELEVATION. 
portancc in cheese making and have a hear¬ 
ing on the production of clean, sweet-flavor¬ 
ed* 3 goods. We have had considerable expe¬ 
rience in feeding wliey to cows, and at one 
time we thought the whey could be used in 
this way to most profit* Subsequent, expe¬ 
rience and investigation, however, convinced 
us that the bad character of the milk which 
resulted from feeding whey, renders it an 
objectionable food for milch cows. And the 
losses from badly flavored or imperfect 
cheese, on account of Lhe whey, look away 
much of the profits from any gain that 
might come of the increased quantity of 
milk ns the result of “ whey-feeding” the 
cows. 
We hear of much trouble at cheese fac¬ 
tories from the milk of whey fed cows, and 
from numerous well authenticated facts con¬ 
cerning its harmful influences, we cannot 
recommend its use for this purpose. Whey 
makes ft good feed for hogs, in connection 
with bran, ship stud's or coarse meals. It 
ought not to he made the sole feed for swine, 
because it does not contain the elements of 
nutrition in the right proportion tomalutaiu 
health and thrift of the animal. 
Pork, during the past fall, has been low in 
price, and as a general tiling lias not paid 
dairymen much, if anything, above the cost 
of production. And this is especially the 
case when the coat or price of shouts in the 
spring is brought into account. But we be¬ 
lieve more might have been made, in many 
instances, by a course of judicious feeding. 
In very many cases the pigs have been kept 
along on whev, with perhaps a little meal— 
just about sufficient to support life, but with¬ 
out gaining much in weight, beyond the 
liatura! growth of the animal, if the bogs 
had attained their growth at the commence¬ 
ment of spring, the manner of feeding kept 
them along without any great increase in 
weight, and as pork in the fall was worth 
less, or at least no more, than the live weight 
of the animals in spring, of course no profit 
could result from the keeping. This is not 
the way to get a profit from the meat of 
animals. 
The heaviest cost of food must always be 
for supporting life and keeping the animal 
in fair growing condition. It is from the 
increase of food above this that the profit 
ju meat results. Five dollars' worth of food 
may be sufficient to keep an animal during 
a given length of time, but it there is no 
gain in flesh or fat the animal is worth no 
more when it has consumed the food than at 
the commencement of feeding, unless, per¬ 
haps prices have advanced on this class of 
animal. But if additional food be given 
above that required for Ihe support of life, 
then (lie increased weight from the storing 
up of fat begins to pay back not only for the 
extra food but for the food needed to sustain 
life. It is upon the extra food above a given 
amount that the profit ordinarily is to be 
made. 
This is especially so in the feeding of 
swine; they must he kept growing and fat¬ 
tening during the summer and early fall. 
If they are not made ready for the butcher 
before cold weather sets in, the lime in which 
a profit could be made, if made at all, is lost, 
and the cost of grain fed late in the full and 
during early winter will be likely to turn 
pork-making into a losing business. But if 
kmd of liberty, to be compelled to submit to 
terms dictated by corporations. “ Cleav- 
land” has liis remedy, however, and he has 
only to apply it to obtain the relief he prays 
for. He has but to do just as though there 
were no factories — just as he did before fac¬ 
tories became a power in the land; ignore 
them altogether, work up his milk at home 
at an expense of about two and a-lialf cents 
per pound for his cheese, which, when fac¬ 
tories obtain twelve cents, ho may sell for 
ten ; and, as to traitor, it may not cost him 
more than six cents to make it and he will 
be able to get, for a good article, within fen 
cents of the price of creamery butter. 
If he, and such as lie, will but avail them¬ 
selves of this, their acknowledged right and 
privilege, it will be none the worse for the 
factories. 
In any well conducted establishment, that 
member of the firm who always looks at his 
individual interest ami regards not the com¬ 
bined interest, is soon got rid of. The inter¬ 
est of factory and patron Is essentially one; 
neither parly can secure his own best Inter¬ 
est but by regarding that of tlm other. The 
utter disregard of this principle of reciprocity 
by both proprietors and patrons lias resulted 
in the loss of thousands of dollars Invested 
by the one, and toiw of thousands which 
might have been received for their products 
by the other class. The sooner the selfish 
idea of' “ Cleavlaml” gives way, and is sup¬ 
planted by the correct idea, the better for all 
concerned. This selfishness is one of the 
greatest obstacles in the way of progress. 
Woodeockboro’, Pu. H. C. Greene, 
—-♦-*-*- 
BUTTEK IN SACKS. 
Tins dairymen of Washington Territory, 
for want of tubs and jars, have adopted a 
method of putting up and keeping butter 
which, though novel, presents some features 
that are worthy the attention of those hav¬ 
ing butler packed for family use or for the 
retail trade. The packing is thus described : 
All butler is packed in muslin sacks, made 
in such form that the package, when com¬ 
plete, is a cylinder three or four inches in 
diameter and from half a foot to a foot in 
length. The butter goes from the churn, as 
soon as worked over, into the cylindrical 
bags, made of fine bleached muslin. The 
packages are then put. into large casks con¬ 
taining strong brine with a slight admix¬ 
ture of saltpeter, and by means of weights 
kept always below the surface. The cloth 
integument always protects the butler from 
any impurities Unit chance to come in con¬ 
tact with the package, and being always 
buried in brine that protects it from the 
action of the air, and it lias been ascertained 
by trial that butter put up in Ibis way will 
keep sweet longer than in any other way. 
Besides, it is found easier and cheaper for 
the manufacturer than to pack either in Jars 
or firkins. And for the retailer, there is no tell¬ 
ing the advantage on the score of safety and 
convenience. These rolls of butter can lie up¬ 
on hia counter as safe from injury, from dust 
or other contact, as bars of lead; can be rolled 
up for bis customer in a sheet of paper with 
as much propriety as a bundle of matches. 
If the consumer, when lie gels home, dis¬ 
covers specks of dust upon the outside of 
the sack, he can throw it into a pail of pure 
cold water and take It out clean and while. 
It may, perhaps,be available, and of interest, 
to others, and so thinking, I forward it for 
your acceptance and publication, or to go 
into the chip basket, as you please,—F rank 
Amon. 
Plan of Darn. 
A, Stable, 8x28, for 9 cows, earth floor; 
B, Man’s room; C, Carriages; D, Harness 
room; E, Meal or shorts; F. Shelled corn; 
G, Oats; If, Passage-way ; I, Passage-way 
4 feet wide, platform floor; J, Open plied, 
10x14, earth floor; K, Platform floor, with 
pump; L, Box for mixing feed; M, Stairs; 
N, O, Stall 5 feet wide; P, Q, It, Stables G 
feet wide; S, Horses, 14x30; T, Earth floor, 
8x21; U, Feed bin for cattle; V, Feed box 
for horses ; W, Open shed, earth floor, 18x 
21 ; X,,Wagon shed open at south and east, 
9x17; Y, Toolroom, 9x10 ; Z, Feed-bin; W, 
T, Water-trough. Scale—4 feet to 1 inch. 
DililcuHloue ot Itnru. 
Main barn, 30x42 feet; posts, 18 feet in 
the clear; shed-wing, 26x80 feet; posts, 12 
feet in clear ; lean-to shed, 14 feel wide, 42 
feet long—all to have roof at l-3d angle of 
rise. 
Foil u tin tlo a Will Is. 
There will bo 230 feet in length of wall 
under ground, lo he built of rough stone 1 
foot high and 18 inches thick. Upon this is 
to he laid in courses,Stone, in 
blocks not less than 8x12 inches, 1 foot 
high and 1 foot thick, and all pointed. 
There will be required 13 piers, each 18 
inches square and 2 feet high ; these to be 
built of stone, and four of them to have the 
upper stone 12x18 inches. All to be laid in 
good, strong lime mortar, and in a workman¬ 
like and substantial manner. 
Tim her. 
There will bo required for sills 884 feet in 
length, of 8x8 limber, and 42 feet in length, 
Gx8. This last for the sill in front of cows in 
lean-to shed. For posts, girts, or main beams, 
plates, &c., &c., there will be required 913 
feel in length, of GxO. For purlin beams, 
gil ts, &c.., there will he required 454 feet of 
length, 4x0; and for intermediate girts, 
braces, &c., 394 feet, of length, of 3x4 stuff. 
The sides should all be of oak or white pine. 
The main beams, purlins, posts, girts, &c\, 
may be of oak, ash, red birch, white pine or 
whitewood. The joists are to he of oak or 
white pine, and there will be required as 
follows :—103 pieces, each 14 feet long, 2x8; 
20 pieces, each 9 feet long, 2x8; 20 pieces, 
eacli 10J4 feel long, 2x8; ami 11 pieces, each 8 
feet long, 2x8. The rafters will he as follows: 
42, each 19 feet long, 2x4 at one end and 4x 
6 at the other, for the main beam ; 21, each 
17 feet long, 3x4, for the lean-to shed ; and 
30, each 16 feet long, 2x4 at one end ancl 3x5 
Roof. 
The roof boards may be of any light and 
durable limber, and shall be laid so that no 
space of over two inches may be found. 
That portion of the roof which projects be¬ 
yond the upright portion of the building, 
shall be of double thickness. The shingles 
are to be of the best quality, and laid only 4 
inches to the weather. 
Windows. 
The windows are lo bo made ns per plan 
—all frames Lo be of seasoned pine free from 
knots. The sasli windows of 13 lights each 
9x13 inches, except two, viz., one in south 
end of main barn and one in east side of 
same—these to lie as shown in plan. Tho 
blind windows lo be hung with butt binges, 
and fastened with harp hooks, both outside 
and iaside. They arc to swing outward. 
Doovm. 
The doors arc all to he formed to present 
an appearance outside same as balance of 
bnru. They are to be jack-pinned sufficient¬ 
ly to render them free of splinters in hand¬ 
ling, they are to bo placed and formed of 
bight, width, &c., as shown in plan. They 
are all to be hung with wrought iron strap 
hinges, and secured by latches and harp 
hook staples. 
-- - 
ELASTICITY OF WOOD. 
The following are some of the results of 
the recent experiments Of Messrs. C me van 
duck and Werthicim on tho resistance of 
wood, These experimenters have drawn 
the following principal conclusions: 
The density of wood appears to vary very 
little with age. 
The coefficient of elasticity diminishes, 
on the contrary, beyond a certain age ; it 
depends, likewise, upon the dryness and the 
exposure of the soil, in which the trees have 
grown, to the sun ; thus the trees grown in 
iI k* northern, north-eastern and north-west¬ 
ern exposures, and in dry soils,have always 
so much the higher coefficient as these two 
conditions are united; whereas the trees 
grown in muddy soils present lower co¬ 
efficients. 
Age and exposure influence cohesion. 
The coefficient of elasticity is affected by 
the soil in which the tree grows. 
Trees cut in full sap, and those cut before 
the sap, have not presented any sensible dif¬ 
ferences in relation to elasticity. 
The thickness of the woody layers of the 
wood appears to have some influence on flic 
value of the coefficient of elasticity only for 
fir, which is greater as the layers are 
thinner. 
plenty of extra feed he given with the whey As he uses the butter from day to day, will 
* J . . . , i jp. i __i. n _— 4i *. .i _ 
during summer the wliey may bo made to 
take the place of more costly food and the 
fattening be carried on with the same rapid¬ 
ity as when grain alone is led. 
We recently bad conversation with a 
dairyman residing in Montgomery Co., N. 
Y., who fattened a number of hogs tins year 
upon whey and meal. He has kept a strict 
account of every item in coat of feed and 
other expenses, and finds that his hogs have 
yielded him a handsome profit. He used 
meal from a variety of grains, such as barley, 
corn, peas, with bran and ship stuffs, taking 
a sharp knife lie cuts it off' from the end of 
the roll in slices of thickness suited to his 
want, and peels off the cloth from the end of 
the slice, leaving it in tidy form to place 
upon the table. 
-- 
Cheese Poisoned by Lend Win peers. 
Three children in St. Louis, having dis¬ 
played symptoms of poisoning soon after 
eatingLimburgsr cheese, led to an exami¬ 
nation. It was discovered that the cheese 
did contain poison, but imparted by the 
K 
d r-rn^ 
GROUND PLAN OF BARN. 
yielded him a handsome profit. He used wrapper in which jt is always piepaied loi 
meal from a variety of grains, such as barley, £ jSfoU SES 
com, peas, w ith hi an and ship stuffs, taking which are harmless until they come in con- 
advantage of prices in purchasing one or the tact with n liquid which will act upon them 
other, as it happened to be lowest in the as a dissolvent, in which case the liquid be- 
market. He made heavy hogs, and the pork comes poisonous by taking up tbe lead. 
at the. oilier, for the wing shed—all to be of 
pine or whitewood. 
Outside or Coverimc. 
The covering is to he of uuplanetl pine 
boards, 1 inch thick, and not less than G 
inches or more than 10 inches wide, put on 
perpendicular. The first story exhibits a 
bight of 13 feet. The base board is to be 
13 inches wide, of 3 inch plank. At the 
In wood -there is not, properly speaking, fit. I have taker 
any limit of elasticity for the woods experi* thorough examin 
mented upon by Messrs. Chevandier and failed to find a s 
Wertheim ; but in order to make the results hive will cap very 
of their experiments agree with those of cells; and it you 
their predecessors, the authors have given, “nYwo^veeks so 
for the value of the limit of elasticity, the 'p| ic re ctifler was 
load under which it produces only a ve>y hive, 
small permanent elongation. Pari9, N. Y., Nov 
he Apiarian. 
WHAT DRONES DO. 
In the Rural New-Yorker of Nov. 18 th, 
I notice the inquiry by P. V. C. of Lebanon, 
Pa., as to “ how long after honey is deposit¬ 
ed in the comb by the bees is it best to ex¬ 
tract it with tbe mel-extrrtctor ?” He says: 
“ I ask this question because new honey that 
I extracted a few days alter it was deposited, 
and canned, became sour. When first ex¬ 
tracted it was thin and almost flavorless,” 
&c. Now tho answer to tho direct question 
asked by P. V. C. is—Leave it until the bees 
have capped over the honey cells. But back 
of this is the often asked question, Ilow is 
tbe thin, watery honey, as gathered by the 
bee, reduced to good, solid honey? which, 
so far us my reading extends, still remains 
unanswered. I propose, therefore, very brief¬ 
ly to say just how this is done. 
It is, strange as it may seem, done by Hint 
ladies’ man, that reputed gentleman loafer, 
the drone bee. 1 had kept bees a long lime 
before I found this out, and bad been quite 
at a loss to sec in this industrious family how 
such laziness was tolerated in a portion of 
Us members. But I now see that this por¬ 
tion of the colony is as important in live gen¬ 
eral economy of tho beo as any other portion 
of the household—and will venture to lay 
down ibis general proposition:—-That in the 
absence of the drone bee, a good, solid article 
of honey cannot bo made. Although it may 
seem to detract something from this gentle¬ 
man bee’s credit, when I tell you he docs it 
simply lo gratify his appetite ; still lbr truth’s 
sake, it must be said that lie cannot live and 
prosper on a good, finished article of honey, 
but that his nature is such as to require that 
thin portion of the honey always at the sur¬ 
face when the cells are filling. He seems 
never to touch the patton or hoc-bread. 
Having thus stated my position you will, 
of course* ask my evidence. I shall, in the 
first place, introduce the economy of the 
honey bee. In this locality, from the first 
to the middle of June, may bo reckoned the 
commencement of the season for laying in 
honey, by the colony, for any thing more than 
immediate use; and right inhere tho drone 
brood is matured and brought out. From 
about the middle of August to the middle 
of September, the honey-gathering season 
being over, tho drones are brought out and 
executed by the worker bees, the business 
of the drone for tho season being accom¬ 
plished. It is also frequently the case when 
you have a cold, wet June, and no honey is 
being collected, that the drones that are 
hatched at that time arc all killed, there 
being no use for them, 
As a second witness, I will introduce the 
drone himself in bis official capacity—not 
that Single rowdy off high in ail- with his 
queen in a capacity not to be mentioned, but 
the honest stay-at-home drone, as u refiner 
and purifier of honey for the use of man. 
Go with me lo a Live—say in Julv—that 
has swarmed out rather too clear formsovrn 
good, |nit is full of honey, ami the bees nvo 
filling the glass boxes. Lift off the cover 
sufficient to see the full side of a box not 
yet capped. Wait until the first disturb¬ 
ance of the light is over, aud you will find 
a large part of the bees there are drones, and 
will readily see one lapping his long tongue 
over the lop of one cell after another of the 
uncapped cells until he will dip into a dozen 
in as many minutes. Every line day in the 
flash of Lhe honey season, front 11 o’clock. 
A. M., until 3 o’clock, P. M., you will find 
the air alive with drones. Watch one ns he 
leaves the hive. By the time lie is a few 
rods from the hive in the air, you will see 
him discharge the accumulated waste of the 
rectifier. Go where it fell on a clean board, 
or on cloths liung out to dry, and you will 
find ouly an almost colorless watery sub¬ 
stance. Go, now, aud stand by the hive as 
oue comes out, and crush him; nothing 
but the same watery substance appears. 
Crush one as lie returns lo llie hive, and he 
seems nothing but an empty sack. When 
outside of the hive (except at swarming) he 
never alights ; his business is all in llie hive 
and carrying out and scattering the water 
that would, in his absence, spoil the honey. 
One more witness, and I shall submit this 
case. I will take a small second or third 
swarm that will make only twelve or four¬ 
teen pounds of honey. Such a swarm, 
when it comes on, will often be in the air, 
before alighting, twice or three times as long 
as a good first swarm (all swarming, except 
first swarms, being rather forced transac¬ 
tions ;) and if there were any drones left in the 
old hive with the swarm, they will have re¬ 
turned to the old hive before tbe swarm baa 
lit. I have taken up such a hive, and on a 
thorough examination of llie dead, have 
failed to find a single drone beo. Such a 
hive will cup very little if anv of their honey 
- cells • and if you set such honey in the open 
air in a moderately warm room, it will sour 
' in two weeks so as to be nearly valueless. 
The rectifier was not in operation in such a 
hive. H- Head. 
Paris, N. Y., Nev. 36,1871. 
