i88 
DIURNAL BIRDS OF PREY. 
pine-tree at a height of about six feet from the ground. It was rather loosely 
constructed of a few dry sticks and a small quantity of coarse hay; it then 
contained two eggs; both parents were seen, bred at, and missed. On the 
31st he revisited the nest, which still held but two eggs, and again missed the 
birds. Several days later he made another visit thereto, and, to his surprise, 
the eggs and parents had disappeared. His first impression was that some other 
person had taken them ; after looking carefully around he perceived both birds at 
a short distance, and this led him to institute a search which soon resulted in 
finding that the eggs must have been removed by the parent birds to the face of a 
muddy bank at least forty yards distant from the original nest. A few decayed 
leaves had been placed under them, but nothing else in the way of lining. A third 
egg had been added in the interim.’’ 
The small falcons, of which the common kestrel or windhover is 
Kestrels 
the most familiar representative, constitute an extensive and easily 
recognised group of the genus, distributed all over the globe with the exception 
of Oceania. They are all short-toed birds, agreeing with the gerfalcons in the 
proportionate lengths of the second and fourth digits; but resembling the 
peregrines in the length of their wings, as shown by the interval between the 
tips of the primary and secondary quills exceeding half the length of the tail. 
They have a peculiar and characteristic type of coloration, easy of recognition 
but difficult of description; and in the majority of the species (as shown in the 
figure of the lesser kestrel on p. 190) the plumage is very differently coloured 
in the two sexes, the hen-birds being barred, while the cocks are more uniform. 
Although the common kestrel feeds chiefly on mice, many of the other species 
subsist to a great extent on insects. 
The common or true kestrel ( F. tinnunculus ) derives its name of windhover 
from its habit of hanging suspended in mid-air, with its wings in rapid motion, 
its fan-like tail spread out, and its head directed to windward. When in this 
position it spies a mouse or small bird below, it drops upon it suddenly and 
noiselessly with unerring aim. The male kestrel, which attains a length of 121 
inches, has a yellow cere and limbs, bluish beak, and black claws. The crown of 
the head, nape, and cheeks are ashy grey with dark streaks; the upper-parts 
reddish fawn, with a small black spot on each feather; the quills blackish grey 
with lighter margins; and the tail-feathers ashy grey, with a single broad black 
band near the end, and the extreme tips white. Beneath, the general colour is pale 
rufous fawn, with dark spots or streaks, both of which disappear on the thighs and 
under tail-coverts; while the tail is greyish white with indistinct bars. The 
female, which scarcely exceeds her consort in size, differs by the top of the head 
being reddish fawn with dark streaks, the upper-parts being banded with bluish 
black, and the tail rufous with several incomplete black bars. The young males 
are nearly like the females, the tail changing blue first and the head last. Our 
illustration represents a female in which the bars are not so well defined as in 
some specimens. A further specialisation in the kestrel would involve a similar 
change of colour in the female; and to this there is an approximation in a dark 
southern race, where the rump and part of the tail of the hen-bird tend to blue. 
The kestrel ranges over the whole of Europe and Northern Asia, migrating in 
