GROUSE AND PTARMIGAN 
395 
processes fringing the sides of the toes and producing a comb-like appearance; 
these being absent in the pheasants, while none of the grouse have spurs on the legs. 
True Grouse and Perhaps no members of this group of birds are more interesting 
Ptarmigan, than the ptarmigan and its allies, on account of the seasonal changes 
of plumage they undergo in order that they may assimilate themselves to the 
colour of their surroundings, and be thus protected from their numerous enemies. 
In the ptarmigan (Lagopus wiutus) three changes of plumage, summer, autumn, 
and winter, take place; during winter both sexes of the common species 
becoming pure white, with the exception of the outer tail-feathers, which are 
black; the male being distinguished by the presence of a small black patch in 
PTARMIGAN IN SUMMER DRESS. 
front of the eye. It must, however, be remarked that absolutely pure white 
plumage on the back is not often met with in Scotch examples, except in unusually 
severe winters; there being generally a few of the greyish autumn feathers left in 
the plumage of the upper-parts which are neither replaced by white ones nor turn 
white. On the other hand, in such examples as inhabit colder climates, like 
the north of Scandinavia, the male at least rarely dons the full summer and autumn 
plumages, a number of white winter feathers being retained throughout the 
summer, and in some instances only the head, mantle, and chest change colour, the 
rest of the plumage remaining white. It would thus seem that in those countries 
where the summer is of short duration, sufficient time is not allowed for the full 
summer and autumn changes to be effected before winter sets in once more; and 
no doubt this parti-coloured plumage affords even better protection in such 
