OOBE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER 
SSI 
snuw. 
ABORTION IN COWS. 
We copy the following article by Cl. Arma- 
tage, from a recent number of the Highland 
Agricultural Society’s transactions : 
T!ie causes are, the author thinks, rich food 
and the want of proper exercise, acute indi¬ 
gestion and its train of evils, with frights, 
etc., etc. The great cause is improper feed¬ 
ing. Avoid this, and two-thirds of the diffi¬ 
culties are swept away. All the rest are 
avoidable by proper housing, exercise and 
quiet. Too many pregnant animals should, 
not be placed together, nor should (me of 
them be placed among a number of males. 
Quiet companions and secluded pastures in 
summer, and roomy boxes, sheds, etc., when 
cut food is supplied to them, and more care 
should l*e observed as the season of pregnan¬ 
cy advances. 
Exorcise Mr. Armatage thinks as indispen¬ 
sable as food. A proper amount promotes 
digestion and renders the loss nutritious ar¬ 
ticles of diet more available during gestation 
than would otherwise he the. case. Bleeding, 
when exercise is regular and judicious, is en¬ 
tirely unnecessary. When very nutritious 
food is used, it should he combined with that 
which is less nutritious and more bulky. 
Bran, witli hay and straw chaff, answers ad¬ 
mirably to reduce the heating qualities of 
corn, while grass, clover and roots, answer 
the same purpose in their season. By care hi 
this matter, both constipation and diarrhea, 
which are very dangerous in pregnant ani¬ 
mals, are avoided, and vigor maintained 
without any resort to medicines. 
Acute indigestion gives rise to constipation, 
diarrhea, dysentery, hoven, etc., and these in 
turn to meehauieal causes of abortion, which 
cun only be avoided through an observance 
of the rules of hygiene. 
Laxative medicines may be useful some¬ 
times, but they should always lie of a geutle 
nature. With proper food and exercise med¬ 
icines will be rarely necessary. Cleanliness 
is very important, not because bad smells 
have a direct eff ect upon the uterus, but be¬ 
cause by long continuance, added to nervous 
excitement, the general health of the animal 
is impaired, and in such cases there is always 
danger of miscarriages. Strict attention to 
the quality of the water is also important. A 
pond into which the drainage of stithies or 
water closets is allowed to flow is totally 
unfit for cattle. It is no argument to say that 
stock sometimes show an apparent preference 
for such water as compared with that which 
is known to be pure. Mr. Armatagk ac¬ 
counts for this by saying that “ such water is 
considerably softened by alkaline salts which 
iind their way into it, and the supernatant 
portion, when removed, may appear tolerably 
clear ; yet it doos not alter the nature of the 
fact that it contains certain elements which j 
are productive of evil consequences, and it j 
would lie wrong to omit it from the list of j 
causes,” 
To avoid the danger of ergotism, particu- 1 
l.irly in wet seasons, late mown pastures are : 
preferable, because then seeding glasses will 
he impossible. Humid localities are most lia¬ 
ble to ergot ill rye grass, as an immature and: 
imperfect growth takes place under such cir¬ 
cumstances. The tine precaution is to mow 
so late that seeding is impossible at the tiiiaa 
the breeder desires it for pasture. 
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SPAYING ANIMALS. 
I HAVE often seen the subject of s paying 
brought up in Rural New-Yorker, i have 
my plan for confining and operating upon 
every kind of animal from the old e st cow to 
the calf of two days, sows, &c. Have been 
familiar with the business for over forty 
urs, and seen the different v/ays of confin¬ 
ing and operating on them. The cow should 
he shut or tied up without anything to eat or 
chink for 34 hours at least ; largo short-hortis 
louger ; have two posts 10 or 13 f ee t apart ; 
lead out your cow near the post * ; step up to 
the left, take her by the horn with the 
right hand, and under jaw in the left, crowd 
i< t io, n fiotn you and "pressit to the ground, 
1 awing i,,i ikvio U> you at the same time, 
, 11 ” 11 u s ^ side up ; stretch her out by 
'(■' unug ch e forward feet to one post and 
1 fl1 o.igs t, 0 the other; thenby pressing with 
„ e th' mjboua line from the hip to the 
jfl.uk, yovi ascertain the thinnest place from 
ie skm to the perftoneum; there make the 
incision large enough to introduce the hand ; 
then 'proceed as directed in the Rural of 
.ilaiT.ii 1st. I do not like Guenon’s plan of 
as cuing, or mode of separating the ovary 
JT 1 1 thumb nail ; no particular objec- 
ions to opening near the bag. I do condemn 
the Western and Southern practice of hang¬ 
ing them up by the hiud legs while operating 
on them. Cows intended for milk should lie 
fully developed in their milking qualities ; six 
years old at least; for beef, two days to old 
age. Wm. Carter. 
Out. Co., N. Y. 
-- 
COW GIVING BLOODY MILK. 
Seeing in the letter of your correspondent 
from Atchison Co., Kan., a case of a cow 
giving bloody milk so near like one I had, (as 
far as he describes it,) I thought I would tell 
you of my Cow. 1 have a fine grade Durham 
which, after her Becond calf in the latter part 
of the season, commenced giving bloody 
milk ; in fact, when milked nearly dry, she 
gave nearly pure blood. I dried her off in 
the full, as soon as I could, hoping to give 
time for healing; but the next season, as 
soon as the flow of milk began to decrease, 
the blood commenced coming again. I no¬ 
ticed that there was a fleshy substance com¬ 
ing down into the upper part of the teat, but 
supposed it was part of the gland. About 
the first of October the blood stopped com¬ 
ing, and the third day after, while I was 
milking, a piece of fleshy substance came 
down in the teat, wlm;h was about the ski? 
of a common hickory nut; after much rub¬ 
bing and pinching, I succeeded in parting it, 
and got it to pass out, since which time there 
has been no bother from blood. The sub¬ 
stance seemed fleshy, with white streaks 
through it, which looked like cartilage. 
Richland Co., O. e. C. 
Jmlirfitrral Stctjrii^. 
J3iui[!r Huskmlrjr. 
CIRCUMSTANCES AFFECTING THE 
DAIRY INTEREST. 
Many persons interested in the cheese 
trade are surprised at the increased home 
consumption of cheese from year to year and 
cannot well account for it. Thus, for instance, 
early last year it was predicted that we were 
likely to have a large surplus and conse¬ 
quently the price of cheesRo would go down 
as low as in 1871, and perhaps lower. (!on- 
trary to expectation of dealers and shippers 
there was no over-production in 1873, while 
prices were better than in 1871. We now find 
that there has been a marked increase in 
home consumption, and thus, with an easy 
movement of the product, priceshavo been 
sustained. Of course any one familiar with 
the expansion of cheese-making in America, 
knows well that there was a large increase of 
product in 1873 over 1871. How, then, are 
wo to account for this marked increase of 
home consumption ? Are Americans be¬ 
coming rapidly a cheese-eating people ? 
Doubtless our native population does con¬ 
sume more cheese from year to year as the 
quality k improved and rendered more pala¬ 
table. But a large increase of home con¬ 
sumption may he traced to the increase of 
population by immigration. During the past 
year there were added to the population of 
this country from a foreign source 231,317 
persons. Of these Germany furnished 
115,1*15; Ireland 03,095 and from other nation¬ 
alities there were 111,807. If we put the 
consumption of cheese by these people at 
fifty pounds a year or a pound per week, the 
product in the aggregate will be more than 
fourteen and Otic-half millions of pounds for 
the year. The Germans especially are a 
cheese-eating people, and from their well- 
known habits in this regard, it is safe to as¬ 
sume, we think, that a larger consumption 
of cheese has been made by these immigrants 
than that named. At the prices which cheese 
lias sold duilng the past year it has been a 
remarkably cheap substitute for animal food 
and it. must be observed that foreigners gen¬ 
erally have a better appreciation of the nu¬ 
tritive value of cheese than our native 
Americans. 
Wo refer to these facts in regard to the 
consumption of cheese because they have 
been generally overlooked by those who are 
making estimates concerning the disposal 
of the cheese product from year to year. It 
is important to the dealer as well as the pro¬ 
ducer to have every fact relating to the prob¬ 
able consumption of cheese well in mind, 
in order to make up an estimate of present 
and future prospects. If we are to have a 
large immigration from Germany during 
1873 the home consumption of cheese will in¬ 
crease at a more rapid rate than it would 
without such immigration, so it will he seen 
there are other circumstances than our ex- 
ports and a foreign market to he considered 
by those who are watching the development 
and progress of the dairy interest in this 
country. 
A NATIONAL SYSTEM OF RAILWAYS 
DEMANDED. 
Our national wealth and prosperity does 
not depend upon trade with foreign nations, 
but rather upon our productions. If wo 
coaso to employ ships to bring us the pro¬ 
ducts of foreign markets, it is because we 
have no need of such productions. In 1850, 
our tonnage was 5,539,013 tons : now it is 
only 4,383,(107 tons, a decrease of 1,257,305 
tons. But to compensate for this, our inter¬ 
nal commerce has increased more than four¬ 
fold, which is more valuable, and consumes 
loss of the general wealth to sustain it. The 
internal commerce of this country is greater 
than that of England, Russia, Prussia, Aus¬ 
tria and France all combined. This internal 
commerce is the measure of our wealth and 
prosperity. The value of the agricultural 
products alone, in 18(19, equaled $2,455,000,000, 
an amount exceeding our national debt, in 
1871, the value of the productions of the great 
staples—corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, buck¬ 
wheat and potatoes—was $083,583,112. It 
would seem from these statistics that the ag¬ 
riculturists of this country were accumulat¬ 
ing wealth; but such is not the fact, ’Hie 
fruit of this vast industry of production is 
absorbed by railroad monopolies, who op¬ 
press both the producer and the consumer. 
Tins system of extortion has deranged our 
whole monetary interest, and money has 
been tight; and while the farmers have full 
barns, they have no money. 
That railways have developed the re¬ 
sources of the country no one will deny. 
But to compensate for this advancement of 
the nation’s wealth and prosperity, the Gov¬ 
ernment has bestowed upon these railroads 
millions of money and principalit ies of land, 
and given to them the right of eminent do¬ 
main, and now permits them to extort from 
the producers exorbitant tariffs, which the 
Government could not impose. There are, in 
this country, 70,178 miles of railroad, mid 
48,000 in process of construction—u greater 
number of miles than all the nutlons of Eu¬ 
rope have. The estimated cost of our rail 
roads Is $3,-130,038,000, or a cost of about $50,- 
000 per mile. Whet her these roads dill cost 
$50,000 per mile is a question. But if they 
did, it must have been according to the prtn 
ciples lately developed in the Credit Mobiller 
swindle. The railroad men of Illinois report 
ed to the General Assembly that the roads of 
this State cost $-18,000 per mile in building. 
But when these railroad men gave in their 
valuation as taxable property, they put It. at 
only $34,000 per mile, Truly, there is a ilis- 
erepuney somewhere, and an “ irregularity ” 
in the statement of these railroad officials, 
(.Jan the agriculturists of this country eman¬ 
cipate themselves from the serfdom of these 
monopolies ? This question is not easily set¬ 
tled. Illinois supposed that her Legislature 
hod adjusted the differences between rail¬ 
roads and her people, by the enactment of 
laws, but the courts have invalidated these 
laws, and pronounced them unconstitutional. 
Many of these railroads are owned by for¬ 
eign capitalists, in part or in whole, who care 
nothing for the welfare of the laborer in 
America, ami who will continue to oppress 
him till the American Government inter¬ 
feres. This whole subject must be regulated 
by the Government. Insteud of building 
new lines, let the National Government buy, 
at a reasonable price, the 70,000 miles of rail¬ 
road, compelling the railroad companies to 
sell, if necessary. But some advocate that 
the Government cannot regulate this creature 
of its own. Such a principle is nob accepted 
by the people. Nowhere, in the management 
of our Government, is the principle recog¬ 
nized that the creature is above its creator, 
the instrument above its maker. Objectors 
to this scheme would cry out against central¬ 
ization—that such a railroad system would 
make our Government monarchical hi its 
tendencies ; but it would seem that the peo¬ 
ple would prefer to live under the control of 
the American Republic in this relation, than 
to live imdcr the American x’aiiroad monopo¬ 
ly, as now. As matters now stand, we have 
a monarchy within a Republic. A half dozen 
men absolutely control the destinies of Amer¬ 
ican farmers. The people of New Jersey and 
Illinois have endeavored to throw off this 
railroad oppression which binds them, but 
they have failed. Other States are passing 
railroad laws, but they will find that railroad 
monopolies control, to a great extent, State 
legislation. The National Government will, 
sooner or later, lie obliged to take hold of 
this subject, and emancipate the producers 
of this country from their serfdom. 
' As to the profitableness of buying the rail 
roads, there is not a doubt that it would be a 
remunerative investment to the Govern¬ 
ment. The Government of Russia owns all 
the railroads within her domains, and re¬ 
cently entered the money markets of the 
world to borrow many millions, to extend 
the national lines into the Caucasus and far 
Eastern Russia. Turkey asks a loan for a 
similar object, in order to make Constanti¬ 
nople the railway center of Southern Europe 
and Western Asia. The Khedive of Egypt, 
seeing the profitableness of railroads in other 
countries, wants to share in I he great income, 
and desires to borrow money to build gov¬ 
ernment, railroads in the great valley of the 
Nile. In Belgium, the .State is a great rail¬ 
way proprietor, and the State, railway is the 
greatest source of national revenue. The 
most important railways i 11 Prussia are owned 
by the government, and form a great «ev- 
enuo to the nation. All the lines in Hanover 
are State property, and are a source of imblic 
revenuo. The public debt of Wurlomburg 
has more than doubled within the last twen¬ 
ty years, owing to tlio establishment of rail¬ 
way lines, the whole of which are State 
property. The capital borrowed was at 3X 
to4}f per cent., and the net income of the 
roads amounted to between fi and 7 per cent.; 
the investment so made contributed consid¬ 
erably toward lightening the burdens of the 
tax-payers. All the railway lines of Baden 
are projjerty of the State, returning a divi¬ 
dend on the capital invested of above six per 
cent. The railroads of Spain and Austria are 
State property, and are a source of public 
revenue. Several of the South American 
Republics are borrowing money to build rail¬ 
roads owned by the government. Peru is 
mortgaging her guano islands, said to be 
worth millions of money, to raise the means 
to build the roads already under contract. 
Japan, emerging from a past civilization, and 
waking from a dream of centuries, proposes 
to place in the money markets of t he world a 
great loan, for the express purpose of quickly 
raising the means to con struct a great system 
of national railways, for the promotion and 
accommodation of her vast inland commerce. 
These examples show the advantages of a 
comprehensive and well-guarded system of 
national railways. At first, the credit of the 
Government, must be made available for the 
exigencies of purchasing these railways ; but 
it will, with the great resulting benefits to 
the people, soon become capitalized, to the 
relief of the public treasury. This nation 
should utilize these European precedents 
In the interest of a national system of rail¬ 
ways. The genius and spirit of our institu¬ 
tions do not coincide with the absolute and 
dictatorial rule of those nations with mon¬ 
archical governments ; but it is nut yet cer¬ 
tain that our boasted freedom does not offer, 
in some cases, temptations to personal frauds, 
more detrimental to t he Interests of society 
than a judicious and intelligent surveillance 
of the authority of the people. “Erie,” 
“ Turn many,” and the “Credit Mobilier,” 
are disgraces to the nation. The concentra¬ 
tion of vast Capital, influence and power, in a 
a few hands, so alarmingly on the increase in 
these latter times, and so often wrongfully 
obtained by railroad consol illation, is a strong 
argument m favor of the Government taking 
control of the powerful agencies in t he devel¬ 
opment of States and the welfare of the peo¬ 
ple. The interests of the whole country de¬ 
mand a uational system of railways. 
Chillicothe, Ill. Dauiub II. Pin GREY. 
MANGE IN SWINE. 
P. G. S. asks for a remedy, and some in¬ 
formation concerning the cause of the dis¬ 
ease. It, like the scab in sheep, is a cutaneous 
eruption, arising from the presence of minute 
insects called A caH, and occasioned, in the 
majority of cases, by inattention to cleanli¬ 
ness, it appearsiu the form of blotchy sores, 
ou different, parts of the body, and is accom¬ 
panied by a dreadful state of it chin ess. The 
nest local application is the sulphur ointment, 
consisting of sublimed sulphur, three ounces, 
and prepared lard, eight ounces. If this 
should tint be sufficiently powerful, a dram 
of the common mercurial ointment may be 
added to every ounce of the former, inter¬ 
nally, from two to four drams of the altera¬ 
tive powder should be given daily. 
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PIG-PEN PAPERS. 
Remedy for Mange in Swine. —First, wash 
the hog well with soapsuds : then to one pint 
of lard, while hot, add one ounce of carbolic 
acid, stirring it until it is cool. Rub the hog 
two or three times with this, and give your¬ 
self no uneasiness ubout the mange. 
Remedy for Thump* in 8 wine. —Mr. J. A. 
Bill has in many cases ei i red pigs utt'ected 
by this disease by the application of Hunt’s 
Rangum Root Liniment to the throat and 
breast. 
