grand. It is to be hoped that as we grow 
older we will grow wiser. I would like to 
have some of your intelligent readers give 
their experience in wheat growing. 
products. The g reat difficulty farmers expe¬ 
rience in selling their crops to the best advan¬ 
tage and direct to the consumers will be 
remedied. The products of one farm are not 
sufficient to warrant much outlay in effecting 
sales-; those of an association would. A 
number of farmers together could own a 
store or sales depot at the nearest city or 
large village, dispose of their products direct 
to the consumer, and save thereby all mid¬ 
dlemen’s commissions and endless extras. 
The good* of such u fanner’s store, if scrupu¬ 
lously kept up to the highest standard, would 
soon be bought in preference to others and 
would command a better price • the pure 
rich milk and fresh gilt-edged butter of such 
a co-operative dairy' would not have to go 
begging for a market. In the purchasing of 
tools, seeds, groceries, and all necessary sup¬ 
plies, at wholesale, a similar saving would 
result. In co-operation every one will find 
Kis proper sphere and level, and the Individ¬ 
ual preference* of each member will be better 
satisfied than without ,it. Co-operation will 
undoubtedly remedy many of our grievances 
and cure long-standing sufferings, but it is 
also not without its difficulties. Distrust, 
egotism and selfishness are dangcraus ele¬ 
ments in all associations, and have destroyed 
the noblest creations of the human mind. 
But that- industrious, frugal and honest men 
will ere long co-operate successfully in farm¬ 
ing as well as they have done in industrial 
pursuits there is not a moment’s doubt. 
Foremost of all, however, let us not forgot 
that the most valuable crop of the farm Is 
the fanner himself and his family. No crop 
pays, however much money it may bring, a 
these are neglected and suffer. No amount 
00-OPERATION IN AGRICULTURE 
OR, HOW TO MAKE FARMING PAY. 
TAPPAHANNOCK WHEAT IN INDIANA 
Dr. F, M. Hexamkk, Newcastle, N. Y., is 
a practical farmer, and recently delivered an 
address at the Yorktown, Westchester Co. 
Fair, in which he said some sensible things, 
and from which we make the following ex¬ 
tracts : 
Now, if I am to judge of what farmers 
know the least, or of what they are the most 
anxious to learn, by the number of times the 
question has been asked, by the thousands 
of inquiries made in the papers, and the 
volumes of treatises written about it, I 
should unhesitatingly say it is, How to make 
farming pay ? 
It seems natural enough that every man 
should desire to make his business pay as 
much as possible, and anxious to learn how 
to do it. Nevertheless there is in this respect 
a peculiar feature about farming which wo 
do not find in other occupations, in so much 
as in no other business, trade, or profession 
are those questions thrown out for public 
consideration. Who.ha* over heard the 
storekeeper, the blacksmith, or the tailor ask 
his neighbors how to make his business pay ? 
Who has seen doctors, lawers, ministers, 
' mako inquiries through the papers for some¬ 
body to tell them how to make their pro¬ 
fessions pay ? 
Why of all classes the farmer alone should 
be at a loss to know how to make his work 
pay, is certainly singular. It cannot be for 
the reason that there are too many farmers, 
for wage? of farm laborers have steadily in¬ 
creased during a series of years. It cannot 
be because farming gives no scope to the in¬ 
telligent. the learned, and the enterprising- 
far from it—for some of the greatest and 
noblest men in all ages have been tillers of 
the soil, and wore proud to call themselves 
farmers. It cannot be that farming cannot 
be made to pay, for hundreds of thousands 
have made money by cultivating the soil, and 
many have become independently rich. 
The fact, however, that many, a great- 
many, farmers do not make their bumness 
pay remains the same, and, if we look lor the 
cause of this misfortune, sve find that the 
majority of farmers do not conduct them 
business according to the system and rules 
applied in other trades or avocations. When 
a boy chooses to become a mechanic or a 
tradesman he enters in apprenticeship with 
one he considers well skilled in these branches. 
When a merchant wants to make a good 
business man of his son he will find employ 
ment for him in successful mercantile estab¬ 
lishments, that he may get familiar with all 
that relates to his business. But with the 
young farmer how seldom do we find more 
knowledge of Ins business than what he has 
learned on the old farm, managed in the old 
traditional routine, iu this wav a man may 
grow r up to be a good farm worker for all the 
days of his life, But a capable manager and 
judicious director of large estates, one that 
will perceive all favorable chances and take 
ad vantage of his opportunities, one that can 
lay hia plans and make calculations for years 
to come, with a considerable amount of cor¬ 
rectness, he will never make. The farmer 
of this age, the era of the mowers and reap¬ 
ers, the power-threshers and the steam plow, 
must know more than how to cut a clean 
swath and to turn an even furrow. If he 
would be prepared to light a fair battle with 
trades and professions, which have built rail¬ 
roads and steamboats, which have encircled 
the globe with an electric wire to annihilate 
time and make the whole earth subservient 
to tlieir purpose, he must bo equipped with 
as efficient weapons as his antagonist?, and 
even better. For no business, no profession 
requires 30 varied and manifold knowledge, 
nor as many capabilities, as farming. Does 
not history show that In all times the best 
farmers in the land were also the best states¬ 
men, and the men to whom the country 
looked for advice and support in times of 
danger ? 
The farmer represents at once the indus¬ 
trial as well its the commercial class. He is 
manufacturer or producer and jobber or 
trader in one person, and therefore requires 
the knowledge, the skill, the abilities of each. 
This is demoucUng a great <leul of the farmer, 
and but few men unite aJi these qualifica¬ 
tions, but Lheir combination is nevertheless 
necessary to make farming pay, and it is 
mainly due to this circumstance, the fact that 
too many and varied demands are made upon 
the farmer's mind and time, that so many 
fail to make farming pay. 
Compare the manufacturing industries 
with farming, and where do we find that one 
man has the charge of the factory, the whole¬ 
sale and the retail departments, the financial 
affairs and the supplies ? All these are divid¬ 
ed into distinct departments under different 
managers, each one of whom devoting all his 
energies to one specialty becomes much more 
skilled and expert in the same than if his 
work was more diversified. 
The first part of making farming pay—that 
of raising good and bountiful crops—farmers, 
its a class, understand well enough, and if 
they did not there are thousands of poli¬ 
ticians and lawj'ers, officers and office-seekers 
who are constantly telling us how to do it. 
In the second part of their pursuits, how¬ 
ever, in the commercial and strictly business 
matter, farmers are generally lacking iu the 
I see an inquiry in Rural New Yorker of 
Sept. 20th, concerning the variety of wheat 
known as Tappahannock. The Tappahannock 
was sown here a few years ago, but it “run 
out,” and there was hardly any of it sown 
for some time. Last year there was more 
than common sown, and, as we bad a dry 
fall and very hard winter, wheat in a great 
measure, froze out, including all kinds ; the 
Tappahannock and Swamp wheats, standing 
the best. We had scarcely one-fourth of a 
crop, and in some places farmers failed to get 
their seed. 
The Tappahannock is the favorite wheat, 
although easy to sprout and liable to become 
strawfullen. If sown earl}', on good ground, 
it will ripen eight or ten days earlier than 
other varieties. The largest yields are all of 
this variety. The largest I heard of in the 
county was 31 bushels to the acre, there 
being 14 acres. It was sown on good land 
which had been a clover pasture for three 
years. On account of its ripening earlier, it, 
with us, escapes what we call midge. 
Parke Co., lnd. l. e. o. 
these are neglected and suffer, 
of money, bank stocks, and acres of land can 
form an equivalent lor ruined health, for 
discontent, or for an unhappy home. Health 
and content, the esteem and respect of our 
fellow-citizens, and the love and tender care 
of those who form our household cannot be 
bought with all the riches in the world. To 
gain these treasures many a rich man would 
readily give all his hoarded gold. If the man 
who makes-farming pay will not use the pro¬ 
ceeds .there-of to make his farm pay still 
better, his work has been to little purpose. 
But he who has provided a happy home for 
his family, who lias reared children who will 
never forgot the home of their childhood, 
who will lead a useful and honorable life, 
who will be most honored arid respected by 
those who know them best, and will lie an 
ornament to the community they live in ; he 
who by deeds and example lias induced his 
fellow-men to lead better and more useful 
lives than they would have done without his 
efforts ; he who remains fresh in the memory' 
and beloved in the hearts of those that knew 
him, eveu after the llowers which were 
strewn upon his grave lutve withered : such 
a man leaves this world richer and better 
than he fouud it. Of him it can be said in 
reality and truth that he made fanning pay. 
CRIBBING CORN 
The Editor of the Journal of the Farm 
makes a good suggestion as follows :—“ Many 
a sore-fingered busker has wished that his 
load of corn could be shoveled direct from 
the wagon into the crib, without having to 
throw out a portion by band until the shovel 
could reach the bottom of the wagon. In 
such cases every linger is like a false horse 
flinching from the collar, and the work is 
only done from a conviction that there is no 
help for it. In loading corn take out a piece 
of pine board six feet long and a little wider 
than your shovel; place an end on the tail 
board close to one corner of the w agon, and 
the other on the bottom end, fill up as usual. 
In unloading, shovel down the board to the 
bottom of the wagon, and not an ear need be 
touched by the hands. 
FIELD NOTES, 
■A Kentucky 
Orchard and Blue Grass, 
correspondent of the Southern Agriculturist 
writes:—While I think there is no grass 
equal to blue grass, yet I like orchard grass 
in some respects better than blue grass. In 
the flint place you etui graze it two or three 
weeks earlier in the spring, which is a very 
deckled advantage over blue grass. If you 
graze properly, its fattening qualities are 
equal, if not superior, to that of blue grass. 
In the next place, if you have a good stand, 
it affords as much, if not more grazing to 
the acre, than blue grass. Again, I have seen 
blue ancl orchard grass in the same field or 
pasture, growing side by side ; a drouth of 
some four or five weeks would cause the 
blue grass to become dry enough to burn, 
while the orchard grass will bo green and 
luxuriant, comparatively speaking. This is 
another very great advantage over blue 
grass. 
Chufu Culture. —In the Rural New-York¬ 
er, May 31, on page 34ft, I read the Georgia 
correspondent’s (of the Southern Cultivator) 
account of Chufas. I wisli to know if any 
of the Rural New-Yorker x'oaders have 
ever planted them. If ao with what result. 
I wish also to know who lias some for sale 
and at wliat price. Are these injurious to a 
new orchard, or is there any fertilizing prop¬ 
erty belonging to them, if left in the ground 
the year round. If some one will please an¬ 
swer it will oblige a few of the Rural sub¬ 
scribers.— J. n., PUtcvllle, Tenn. 
Alnike Clover on Sandy Land.—W. B. M., 
Saratoga Springs, N. Y., writes the Journal 
of the Farm :—I am now satisfied that Alsike 
clover is not the clover for our sandy loam 
land, or among dry land, but should think by 
the nature of its growth that it would do 
well on moist, deep soil. All stock are very 
fond of it in its green Rtate, and 1 have no 
doubt it is very valuable as dry fodder. I am 
very sorry 1 can’t raise it on my farm, as I 
think it nearly equal to corn for swine and 
cows ; also, horses are fond of it. 
Alsike Clover. —Several members of the 
Elmira, N. Y., Farmers’ Club state that in 
tlieir experience Alsike clover makes one 
crop of nice, f^weet pasture in a season, but 
the second growth amounts to almost noth¬ 
ing. The President said that hay from it, 
when bright, was no better relished by cows 
than damaged red clover. 
DRILLING, VS. BROADCAST SOWING 
WHEAT. 
Frank Lee, of Truruble Co., Ky., writes 
to the Rural World, giving a statement which 
we should be glad if the readers of the Rural 
New-Yorker would duplicate in value and 
facts, if they can, on the same subject. Here 
it is :—In a late number of your paper I saw 
a report of experiments in wheat growing, 
reported by the Agricultural College of 
Pennsylvania. All such reports I regard us 
very valuable to the observing farmer. If 
of any value, I would wish to offer my ex¬ 
perience in wheat growing for ten years past 
—five years broadcast and five with the drill. 
The wheat sown was the swamp, or bearded 
Mediterranean. Location, high Ohio river 
bottom. Soil, sandy loam. Number of acres 
experimented on, 100. 
Yield from 1% bushels seed per acre, sown 
broadcast and harrowed twice : 
1864, 33 acres, 14 Ji bushels per acre. 
1805, 35 “ 15 “ 
1866, 60 “ 16)4 “ “ 
1807, 35 ’* Yt'A “ 
1868, 40 u 18 “ “ 
Yield from \% bushels seed per acre, sown 
with drill: 
1860, 32 acres, 21 >4 bushels per acre. 
1870, 30 “ 20 
1871, 33 “ 26*4 “ “ 
1872, 42 “ 241-4 
1873, 25 “ 22 “ “ 
Sown with drill eight inches apart and two 
inches deep. Land in 1871-72 broke twice— 
all harrowed before drilling, and all for ten 
years sown in September, and all but twice 
before Sept. 25. 
The above shows an average of something 
over six bushels per acre in favor of the drill, 
or about $8 per acre. I ant firmly persuaded 
that, were two bushels sown per acre, the 
average would still be better, and would pay. 
I am going to try two bushels this year on 
fifteen acres, along with one and a third 
bushels on thirty-two acres, and mark the 
result. If farmers could break their land 
twice, I am sure it would pay; indeed, I 
think the better order land can be placed in, 
the better it will pay. American farmers 
desire to farm more land than they can till 
well, because it is fashionable and looks 
