* 
IpaiifB Yiusbandrn. 
DAIRY NOTES ON UTAH. 
In our nofce .3 on Colorado, wo referred inci¬ 
dentally to the remarkable growth and pro- 
j ducLivomss of Rod top grass the alkaline 
j so11 * of Sal t Lake valley. The yield in some 
field? wa 3 enormous, and we have seldom, if 
ever, seen larger ornpa r.f this grass than 
some wo saw at Salt Lake, The Mormons 
have, of lute, given considerable attention to 
tbo dairy, an J they believe that the business 
can be successfully prosecuted in certain sec¬ 
tions of the Territory. Already one or two 
cheese factoxios have been erected and are in 
successful operation, 
Utah lies directly wept of and adjoining j 
Colorado end Wyoming. Many of the fcat- 
! tiros of soil, climate, &c., which are peculiar 
to Colorado, prevail also In Utah. Utah lies 
w : t of the Rocky Mountains and on (he Pa¬ 
cific Slope, embracing tin area of about 70 000 
square miles. Hon. W. Woodruff, Presi¬ 
dent of the Deseret Agricultural and Manu¬ 
facturing Society, estimates the population 
of the present time at 113 000 souls. This is 
an Increase of over 0,000 since March, 1872, 
wh, n the official census gavo the population 
at 105,229. 
RECLAMATION Of ALKALI LANDS. 
Mr. Woodruff says the proportion of land j 
which has been considered susceptible of cul- 
tfvftt ion is very small indeed. At the present 
time there is not much above 220,000 acres 
under cultivation, the general character of 
the Territory being tliat of mountain and 
desert. 8 ome tracts of line rich soil fail to 
produce crops, owing to the presence of al¬ 
kali and other mineral substances which in¬ 
crust the surface of the ground ; but expert- I 1 
monts show that such lands arc capable of J ‘ 
being reclaimed whenever water can bo had s 
in sufficient quantity for irrigating purposes, t 
The main trouble with the alkali lauds is 1 
that they are loo rich in fertilizing elements, a 
They require to bo reduced down—freed from 1 
this surplus fat, so to speak—in order to be v 
adapted to the healthful growth of plunks, 0 
This Las been effected by flowing the ground k 
with water, dissolving and washing out the 0 
a.lcitli. J he land i> first leveled by terracing I ^ 
or otherwise, so t hat it may be covered with I ^ 
water, and by turning the water on or off G 
from time to time, the surplus alkali is 
washed or “leached" out sufficiently to fit H< 
the land for growing cultivated crops. Mud- A 
dy water, or that which will leave a. deposit f 
of mud or sand on the land, is considered 1)1 
best, as it not only reduces, the alkali, but w 
ameliorates the condition of the soil. Plow- w 
ing tho la-d reooatedly la also found benefi- 01 
Ci.il, as the particles of earth are more road;- J K f 
ly exposed to tho atmosphere, the effect being clr 
to weaken the alkaline constituents, The 
Mormons are inuking many experiments in tr- 
the reclamation of alkali lands, and from 111 
■.heir iudei itigable industry and persover- ta 
ence in this direction, large tracts of land 1^1 
now worthless for cultivated crops will be or 
turned into fertile fields. a 
Mr. Woodruff, who has had considerable dil 
experience in reclaiming alkali lands, and ,jil 
who Is now devoting much attention to this in; 
matter, says the farmers are learning how to ^ )P 
treat these lands stop by step. The whore 
process from the first has been oxpei imental. 
No information could be had from, any source 
outside tho Territory, and hence all that hits lttl 
Indians, located in a fort, inclosing, for that 
purpose, ten acres of ground, on the outside 
of which were erected dwelling houses, and 
a ditch was run out with a plow three-quart¬ 
ers of a mile to the fort. But the thirsty 
earth absorbed so much water Unit it took 
two aud a half days for the stream to reach 
the fori, aud a committee appointed to ex. 
amine the creeks reported that the volume 
of wii tor issuing from the mountains in the 
east of the valley was only sufficient to water 
800 acres of land.” 
PAST AND PRESENT. 
In 1847, when tho Mormons passed through 
Emigration Canon into the valley of the 
Croat Salt Lake, the whole country before 
them appeared not. much better than a bar¬ 
ren waste. Over the more elevated lands 
sage brush was seen growing sparsely in 
little clumps out of the hard, dry earth, while 
far down toward tho level of tho Lake there 
was a wide stretch of swamp and alkali 
lands, dark and forbidding, with no ver¬ 
dure except along the borders of the Jordan 
River. The scene was one which might well 
till the stoutest heart with gloom at the pros¬ 
pect of such a location as an abiding-place 
for a people who were to got their sustenance 
IRRIGATING WATERS—MOW REGULATED, 
Where so much depends upon water and 
its equitable distribution, rules and regula¬ 
tions concerning tho quantity and time it 
shall be used by each individual are necessary, 
and they have been the subject of legislation. 
The laws of the Territory give each county 
the right to control the irrigating waters 
within its limits. Tho land is first divided 
into water districts, and watermasfeers and 
sub watormasters are appointed to lake 
charge of the water In each district. These 
act under the instructions of the county 
commissioners. All persons desiring land for 
cultivation must file an application with tho 
county surveyor to have the land surveyed, 
and the survey is then submitted to the com¬ 
missioners, who decide as to whether there 
MAKING COWS MILK EASY. 
In tho name of common sense, what has 
tho moon to do with cow’s teats } When I 
was a boy the moon and the “signs” had 
hold of many people's minds, but I have op¬ 
erated (emasculated them) on lambs, and 
done everything ,n defuiuce of all these old 
superstitions, proving their utter absurdity. 
Tho cause of cows being hard or easy milk¬ 
ers is owing lo tho construction of the ves¬ 
sels giving vent to the milk ; but it is better 
to give the moon credit for a emo than to 
11 ; ‘ " r '. who decide as to whether there have foolish operations performed : for they 
sx r.r ’7 rs-™; - “*•*• 
no water rights ; lmt if they approve the sur- wU, '^“ 3 ' foretelling of event-, and dreaming 
no water rights ; but if they approve the trar- 
vey, the applicant becomes entitled to his 
share of water. 
\Y ben there i? an abundance of water every 
one run take it ns jt -corns lobe needed : but 
it war is sc•< reo the walermastors upp.tr- 
i ion the quantity in exact ratio to each man’s 
quantity of land. Thus, for instance, when 
u number of pieces of land a re watered from 
a particular ditch, each one (sallowed nil the 
water for a certain number of hours, and so 
end is surrounded with fruit trees in grout 
variety, yielding bountifully aud in pert'ec- 
1 tion of product, ; while to the south there is 
■ u wide stretch of cultivated eountiy of great 
fertility, and upon which almost every va- 
J riety of fruit, of grain and of vegetable can 
, be grown in perfection. 
SAIT LAKE CITY AND ITS SURRQONDINQS. 
The city lies immediately at the footof the 
Wuhsatch Range of mountains, which ruu 
from north to south. The altitude of Salt 
Lake City is -1,300 feet ah wo the level of the 
sea, while that of some of tho highest moun¬ 
tain peaks, which aro seen from the city, are 
upward of 10,300 foot. The higher peaks 
are always covered with snow, and it Is 
from this source that a constant, supply of 
water is furnished for irrigating tho gardens 
of the city and the surrounding lands. Stand¬ 
ing on tbo top of tho Tabernacle and looking 
out upon the vast plains at the south and 
Southwest, they seem In the distance to be 
bordered with mountains, while the city Is 
embowered in a grove of fruit tress whose 
branches bow beneath tlicir burdens. The 
scene presented is grand and picturesque. 
And whatever may be said of the Mormons, 
they must bo credited with transforming a 
barren wilderness into a lovely city with a 
ide stretch of fields and orchards beyond, 
whose rich fertility rivals that of any section 
on the face of the earth. The system of irri¬ 
gation is similar to that practiced in Colora¬ 
do ; the Mormons, however, have luid more 
experience, and aro more proficient in tho 
treatment of lands aud crops under this 
method. The lands nt tho foot of tho mouh- 
fains are much higher than the level of the 
lake. They drop down in a series of benches ' 
or natural terraces ; each bench embracing i 
a large area of land, aud thus by cutting 
ditches to receive tho waters flowing from 
the mountains, the waste water from irrigat- 
ing the higher lands can be used on the lower 
benches in succession Mr. Woodruff very ( 
truly remarks that the Agriculture of the ' 
Territory has been eu'ried on at n, heavy ex- 6 
pense, incurred by irrigation, much of the ! 
land having to be watered once or twice to i 
charge 
npj.lv 
/e or i 
of water arc under the immediate 
the‘wate minsters, whose business 
I wiiicues, foretelling of event-, and dreaming 
to mean aunht for good or evil, is all of a 
piece with consulting moon or stars, and 
those extreme follies ought to be buried in 
oblivion’s deepest pit, with tail-evil, hollow- 
lu.ru and sweenoy. [By-the-by, I saw a nico 
four-j-oar-old tuaro which, from a rapid drive 
on the streets of tho city, had a s, lint come, 
and lamed her iu starting; an American 
horse doctor ascribed tbo lameness to some¬ 
thing tho matter in the fool, and a m m from 
England, I am ashamed to say. blistered her 
on tho shoulder. She was turned to grass 
it is to open and close them at, the proper a 1 nofc v ' ,ork<, ‘‘ 1 . and is now well, tho blister 
time, and any unauthorized perron tamper- £ alu ing the credit when it might as woli have 
"film hrthert order crim,n ? 1 boen P ut ou ll ‘‘ r tail. So it is, in nine cases 
are ffS OHt of . ten ’ ainOU - moonsti •uck men 
or ino highest order. The irrigat ing canals 
are built in various •■•avs ; sometime-, nt tho 
expense the i'arrm m whose hujda are to be 
“rigated. sometime? uy appropriations from 
riio lorn tonal Legislature-, and sometimes 
• hoy are made a countv charo-e s; .n i ,, 
a Qanai iroin I k» u Lake to Urefit; H.alf, 
Lake, a. distance of some 30miles. Tho water 
lrom this canal, w hlt-h passes through seve¬ 
ral townships, will Irrigate and bring into 
cultivation an immense tract of land and a 
perpetual water right will ooet fantuors at 
riie rate of about 83.50 per acre. 
The whole plan of irrigation and the ma¬ 
chinery by which the water supply is min¬ 
iated anil managed, has perhaps booh brought 
to greater perfection. m Utah Mian in any 
o, hvi pl;i<xun the world. And ro successful 
have the Mormons been in reclaiming saline 
ttJirl nlkftli laiuLs,, tliat last year a request wan 
made by I ho British Government tor infoi - 
or women, whatever happens to bo dono 
tho moon gains the credit. Warts, for in¬ 
stance, will leave of their own accord if left 
alone ; but I have known men rub the warts 
with a snail and hang tho slug ou a thorn, 
and by thb time the snail hud wa-stod away 
I tho wart was to dio away too.] 
Milking easy or hard is transmitted by 
Rows to their offspring; and even through 
the bull to heifers of In's stock ; for they will 
be easy or hard milkers 06 his dam was, un¬ 
less counteracted by h'ae cow ho mates with; 
in short, t his is hereditary, just the Eame us 
good milking qualities, or in respect to quan¬ 
tity and quality of milk. I don’t claim to be 
above mediocrity, but thiuk at ten years o’d 
I knew tho moon had naught to do with lho 
frames or blood of animals. Fifty years re¬ 
membrance of dairy cows in the best dairy 
districts in England, and among tho herds 
of several States here, show tho singular 
tendency to believe ridiculous talej of tho 
euros of imagimyy evils, &c. 
A Working Faradsf. 
DEVON AND SHOST-EOfiN COWS. 
An English breeder says;—“I have kept 
' mo instance to be I rnation as to the method adopted_the object ™ auie8 or blood of animals. Fifty years re¬ 
ams, while the city is 1 ,J ‘ 1 ‘ in P- u> test, uador the auspices of the Hr it- membrane© of dairy cows in the best d.'iirt 
> of fruit tress whose : . 1 Lfovammi-ut the toSt-IjOds practiced l.y district , in England and amoinr ti n l, 
I. fUclr burdo,^ Th» f f™ r “' Sto “» ^ * 0 .v the k.g«ta 
;as 4 «ssss!: B „„, w o£ tuc 
r “ oth ? <k,fal,,k. t 7ri,u„7m,X A WOMOTO PAMOT. 
a lovely City with a made, with every prospect of suw e.-.s j c .3 ->+«- 
“ah £S^ssm »J^-sszissa 1 ”sssrfe: mvon «»c™. 
^ n, Th u’ y fr n ;.’ r , i, ' ri ' E7«." U Sr t a^ra „ AH B “ 6 “* lava top, 
t piactlced in Colora- gother, the whole to be manager] a ? a w,om ! >ure * crossed tho Short-Horn cow with 
rever, have luid more Thug, for instance, a dozen farmors the Devon bull, and crossed the Devon cow 
loro proficient in tho u,ov ” nion ^ I oua has 50 anes with the Short-Horn bull. In either wav 
''ll a”J* f u “ der Uli8 cows, another iSl°aores and % '!,w“ and iS ,iaVe mado a 1,1 r «'-‘ r and paid for 
the foot of thomouh- on, each f.oi-mer furnishing a certain mimlx r ^hcii 1 meat much better than thn pure Devon • 
than the level of the of catUe in proportion to thoaizuaiid qualitv hut by far the greatest success has bueu to 
1 in a series of benches " -‘Giarui. a cheese or butter factory is commence with the Devon or native mm n u 
och bench emb,.icing l»ire Short-Horn bull, uud forever after using 
aud thus by cutting whole together, and the expense is boro.; bv thtJ Short-Horn bull. I have al.-o used tho 
waters flowing from J he members of the association pro rota, or Devon bull on the cros 3 from tho Devon co\r 
to water from irrigat- to ,lju a,,d c ' AVf5 finimh.-d and Short-Horn bull: but thn oro-vnv nr. 
1 ..- ■ - 
1 J 1 . W OOdruff very concern. Then tho whole tract is put under remaInctL In these days tf great coneump- 
n Agriculture of the t,ho superintendence of an experienced and tion and high prices, it docs not pay to -iii k 
mid ou at a heavy ex- ^ manager, and the la to- to stock the breed of which rrouiros four r.v 
but by far the greatest miccesa has been to 
commence with the Devon or native cow and 
pure Short-Horn bull, aud forever after using 
the Short-Horn bull. I havo oho used tho 
Devon bull on tho cr«S3 from tho Devon cow 
and Short-Horn bull; but the progeny rap¬ 
idly declined, and no trac i of the S^ora-Hum 
remained. In these days c£ great coneump- 
tion and high prices, it does not, pay to stick 
to stock the breed of which requires four or 
been learned iu the treatment of these lauds produwi tho smu U grains, ami of tenor to pre- 
rlm Til line. E..a» . *_ t o duee Indian corn nml r-nrln 'ri,„ _ . . r 
the Mormons, lias been obtained from 
-tohing the results of their numerous ex- 
psrimente. Thus it has been found of service 
to plow the Ixud immediately before sowing 
tbs seed for crops, since as the mineral matter 
rises to the sunaco by plowing and turning 
it under again, a chance is given for the 
plants to grow and attain some size before 
the mineral forms a crust. Partially rotted 
straw, used on the ground as a mulch, keeps 
the earth moi.-.t and prevents the formation 
of alkaline crusting. Tho plants found to 
gi Ow beat on lands highly charged with al¬ 
kaline elements are castor boons, squash, 
melons, onions, and among forage plants lu¬ 
cerne an! rod-top, Hence, thise crops are 
recommended by some to be grown on new¬ 
ly-leached lands. 
President George A. Smith, in referring 
to the first plant! ug done by the Mormons at 
, J L ^ :G > **ys the ground was so dry and 
u-ml that three plows were broken during 
tae flrst Imif hour in attempting to turn up 
the soil. Ti.eu a dam was erected near where 
tho inagle gate stands, and a ditch was cut 
to run water over tho land. This made tho 
i+j-otor so miry that men and cattle could not 
move across it. “ The pioneers,” ho says, 
in order to protect themselves from the 
duce Indiau corn and roots. Tho increase of 
rams of late years, however, has tended to 
reduce tho heavy expanses attendant upon 
irrigation. 
THE CROPS AND THEIR AVERAGE YIELD. 
At present wheat, perhaps, may be said to 
bo the great Staple product of the Territory. 
The varieties raised are the White and Ro<l 
laos, White Club, Chili and Seven Headed, 
I he Taos and W hite Club are indigenous to 
the Mexican soil and are very flue varieties, 
weighing from f»0 to G3 pounds to the bushel.’ 
The varieties of barley grown are the Board¬ 
ed and Bald, not unfrequently producing SO 
MCSft is operated throughout as a cornu; v fl u „ tour or 
matter in the same way Bhot other ,-omnan- fiV 4 ° ,-’ t 3 to . !tutbl11 ” ! 1 am firmly of 
ies for manufacturing and Onerutiny opinion that if pure Short-Horn buii 3 wc-ro 
enterprises are mamigod, l'he Mormons u »«tlthe native cows and their crosses in 
. . re » *um| juyjia 
claim tnat co-operative associations can ho 
maun to work in dahy farming quite as suc¬ 
cessfully as in other branches i f busfuesa. 
and that tho profit.-* are very much larerer 
on tlm average for each stdokholdcr than 
V hen each one operates sepai utely. Under 
this system l my say ihc work g»k on with 
regularity and in a more perfect manner 
uii-ier tho high skill of t.ho best mamvnr- 
wiulo there is ioiuieuin ecouon y in tools ill 
machinery, in l.ibor, and m all the appurte- 
nancea required to cany on farming. 
. Georoi. Q. Cannon, tho present delegate 
to C 1 mgress from L tali, ga ve 11 s several ln- 
the different districts of the United King¬ 
dom for a tow years, our heel .supplies would 
bo doubled. Many farmer.: have a great 
horror of crossing their stock, whilst others 
admit that the first cross is all tliat they 
could wish, but after that, it is ell ‘gone 
gooso’ with the next generation. Of such I 
would ask. Have yon ever tried ? and, if so 
How ] and, With what object In view 1 My 
theory has always Leon—and practice and 
observation have fully borne me out—thut 
my jiumuuiui bou auu aro very flue variotii-i vingress iiom u ton, gave ih several in 7 uni—u;ac 
weighing from f>0 to G3 pounds to the bushel’ Hlau ^ ib wi,oro this W been adopt-.I wc cun milke !lil,1, >st 11113 thing we like of our 
The varieties of barley grown are the Beard- Sv S ? •? pi,,ion th ^ th « ? 0Cke and berd ' s io a few S 1 / fully nd- 
1 ■ not unfrequently , ing 50 lai goly c n 
bushels to tho acre. Oats grow finely the los8 « to many Eastern fanner's the plan pre- '. vu ’ tIiem to resomh ^ e * 11 boef is onr ob- 
vnriety known as the Surprise nrovintr sunc- ,: 1 ‘ Uwl ic ‘- m v ‘ ,i y impraclicable ; but ' um pure ' t'-'Lh-cias?, Short-Horu bulla 
rior and getting into general cultivation so was tlie pssociated dairy system of New r Kvay .-: ; unver by any 1 h i nee or pretense 
Mr w " I f; cult nation. York con-u ensi u fewyeamago. No longer use a cross-bred bull, even if he be the h^fc 
Mr. VV. says the following estimate was ago than ISiHJ, the majority of dairyman in . . . 0 L ‘ esc 
made for 1C72, showing the imm»>er of acres f*Yi , Y *°/ k TiY opposed to cheese ot liy once a d,Sen C f^ S 
under culUvation ffi the various crops:- ^'V'^br.-d^V a! , 1 one "---to.ilJ 
Wheat, (5,iXI0 acre*; barley, 0,000 } oats, disfavor and be abandoned As its udvon- i ’/ 1v '"‘ lJ 'i > r 1 ‘0 1; ^-brust- 
15,000 ; Indian corn, 13,000; hay, 00,000 ; po- ta ^ 3 llhV0 Been better understood, it har Sro5 Sn^he 1 Y' 13 - qgcat 
tatoes, 8,000; fruit aud vegetables and f mull to gain strength, and isuowfirmlv bultobv wid-h^f do r ' ' r‘r'"' 1I: ' !Q 
cror^ 10,000 acres—making a total of 2l!iJoW) 
acres under cultivation. Tho average yield, logos and adopting it. Perhaps &o Mormons a.-.i •au.,.ii,d ;.r.i „. icu.s, bub 
per acre, is estimated as follows Who it. may be able to solvo a great problem in .VV ' 1 " ; u i ’ 1 « P -!• 
tatoes, 8,000 ; fruit and vegetables and t mull to strength, and is now firmly 
crops, 10,000 acres—making a to‘nl of 2Vi 000 u ^ ublla ^ d throughout i-nr land, while Eun;. 
acres mulnr f-nli ivnflrtn rn., ro aJO£ * 1 ? 000 ptan nataous are acknowledging its advan- 
es under culuvation, 1 r.o average yield, tagos and adopting it. Perhaps the Mormons 
acres undor cultivation. Tho average yield, 
per acre, is estimated as follows Who if] 
33 bushels ; barley, 35 ; oats, 31 ; Indian 
corn, 20 ; hay, 134 tons wild—cultivated, 2 
tons per acre. 
peon caucus are acknowledging its advan¬ 
tages and adopting it. Perhaps, the Mormons 
may be able to solve a great problem in ag¬ 
riculture, and show us that co-operative 
farming may be adopted with equal success 
and with equal advantage!! with that ot onr 
cheese factory system. 
reeu. Jt is not difficult to pmehaso hun- 
ods of such at reanonablo prices.” 
