suspended from the horns, at the bottom of 
which chafl, hay-seeds, sawdust, &e., has 
been put. An attendant should watch the 
animal, and from time to time pour boiling 
water through a hole by means of a kettle. 
(Fig. 2.) A small quantity of turpentine or 
vinegar may also be added, which assists in 
promoting the discharge. Second, an India- 
rubber tube is attached to a proper steaming 
apparatus ; or, in its absence, a tea kettle, as 
seen in the engraving (Fig. S). Sufficient heat 
being applied, steam is generated, slid con¬ 
veyed by the tube t.<> the nostrils. Third, 
boiling water is poured upon chaff, &e.,'in 
tho manger or feeding troughs, and the ani- 
mal’g hood is held over it. The first and sec¬ 
ond plans are preferred, and should he con¬ 
tinued several hours. When the steam jet 
is used, care must t>e exercised in order to 
avoid huving too great force, by which the 
parts will sulTcr from being scalded. 
In some cases great depression succeeds 
the first part of the attack, particularly if 
diarrhea is present. Stimulants are then 
called for, and the heart’s action, which is 
weak and rapid, should be controlled by cal¬ 
matives, as belladonna. Take of aromatic 
spirits of ammonia, 2 ozs.; extract of bella¬ 
donna, dram. Hub the belladonna down 
with water in a mortar until it forms a thick 
emulsion, then add to the ammonia. Mix 
with a pint of cold ale or porter, and admin¬ 
ister two or three times a day. 
Among sheep the following forms a good 
fever drink :—Take solution of acetate of 
ainmoniu, 1 o/..; extract of belladonnu, 1 
scruple ; water, 6 o/,s. Make an emulsion 
with the water and extract of belladonna ; 
add tho acetate of ammonia. This draught 
should only lie mixed when required. 
Pigs may receive in their food ;—Black 
antimony, I part ; niter, (saltpeter,) 1 part; 
sulphur, 1 part. The whole should be sep¬ 
arately powdered and mixed, and kept in a 
well-corked bottle, a teaspoonful being a 
suitable dose for pigs of eight or ten stones 
weight, (rate of 14 lbs.), given once or twice 
a day. If the appetite is absent, give the 
fever-draught as prescribed for sheep. Stim¬ 
ulants, as the aromatic spirits of ammonia, 
cents, when we get 30 bushels per acre ; 
potatoes will cost, at 100 bushels per acre, 20 
cents per bushel. Now for my table of cal¬ 
culations as a basis to the above. Taking 
bmd at *00 per acre as a basis for raising 
corn, good land rents readily ut *0 per acre} 
but say rent and tax, $0; hauling manure, 
50 cents; plowing and borrowing, *2.50; run¬ 
ning off and planting, *1.50; replanting, thin¬ 
ning, taking out weeds and grass, 50 cents; 
plowing four times, $3; cutting up and 
CATARRH IN CATTLE 
MORE ABOUT ORCHARD GRASS. 
To the Editors ok Moore’s Rural New- 
Yorker: —I continue to receive (by mail) in¬ 
quiries concerning orchard grass. Hoping 
to answer all of these, and to convince all 
that there is no grass that can compare with 
orchard gross, I write you the following 
short article. As Flint’s description of it is 
better than any I can give, I will copy it 
from his book: 
“Orchard grass flowers in dense dusters. 
Its stem is erect, about three feet high. 1 
have found specimens, in good soil, over five 
feet high. Leaves linear, flat, dark-green, 
rough on both surfaces.” 
The color is much lighter tho first year or 
two of its growth than when older. It is 
never as dark green as blue gross. I have 
had farmers remark to me that they could 
not do without clover. I say that no farmer 
can afford to be without orchard grass. For 
pasture, orchard grass is worth about twice 
as much as clover. One acre of orchard 
gross will afford as much pasture as two of 
clover, and cattle will fatten faster on it. A 
very grave objection to clover, and one 
which I have never known to happen with 
orchard grass, is that cattle frequently eat 
too much of it, and sometimes die from the 
effect* thereof. For hay, there is nothing 
that 1 know of that can equal orchard grass. 
Clover does not yield as much by about one- 
third, and I have always found more or less 
difficulty in selling clover hay; whereas I 
have never had enough orchard grass hay to 
supply the demand, the orchard grass hay 
always selling for from 10 to 20 cents per 
100 pounds more than the clover hay. 
By cutting orchard grass twice, it wiil 
always yield enough more than timothy to 
pay you handsomely for your trouble, and 
then leave tho land in better condition than 
the timothy. In sowiug for hay, I prefer to 
mix a little clover with the orchard grass. 
Not because 1 tliink the orchard grass does 
better when mixed with clover, as some 
people imagine, but because 1 think a mix¬ 
ture of grasses will always make more hay; 
and 1 tliink the hay Is relished more by 
stock when mixed. 
Some people go so far as to say that orchard 
grass is of very little iiccount. unless it is 
mixed with clover. I made an experiment 
on a piece of ground in which there was no 
clover, and by careful working killed all 
grass. 1 then, in March, 1872, sowed two 
bushels of orchard grass seed to the acre, by 
itself; obtained a fine set, and in 1878 I first 
cut a fine crop of seed from it, and then cut 
two good crops of hay, after which consid¬ 
erable of an aftermath came up, thus prov¬ 
ing (to my satisfaction at least) the incorrect¬ 
ness of the theory that orchard grass will 
not do well alone. W hat led to this theory 
was this:—That orchard grass always does 
best on rich land; and on rich land clover 
very often comes without seeding, while on 
poor laud it never does; thus seeing the two 
growing together on the rich spots, and the 
orchard gross looking better there than any¬ 
where else, they gave the clover the credit 
instead of tho rich soil. 
If you wish to raise seed, you must sow it 
by itself. Orchard grass and timothy should 
never be sown together, as there is nearly a 
month’s difference in their time of maturity. 
To sum up the whole in a few' words, my 
experience and observation on orchard grass 
has been as follows;—For pasture, it lifts no 
equal; for hay, in quantity and quality, it 
cannot be excelled; and for seed, no other 
grass is half as profitable as orchard grass. 
Do not be disappointed with it the first 
year. Like mauy of our best grasses, it takes 
two or three j'oars to eoUie to perfection. 
Montgomery Co., Va. W. F. Tallant. 
Is there such a disease as Catarrh in cattle ? 
If so, what are the symptoms and the reme¬ 
dies, if any !— Joel Brown ? 
There is such a disease, resulting from ex¬ 
posure to sudden changes of temperature, 
bad ventilation of buildings, deficient drain 
Fig. 2.—Application ok Steam to the Nostrils. 
age of stables or of localities where cows aro 
kept. We give Clatek’s description of 
symptoms and treatment, herewith : 
Symptoms, — The mucous membranes of 
the eyes and nose are at first dry and red¬ 
dened, but in a few hours they become moist 
and discharge a thin, watery secretion, which 
is eventually deuse, opaque and copious. 
The eyelids aro tumefied and increased heat 
is manifest in the bones of the forehead. 
The animal sneezes, and not unfrequently 
there is cough. Febrile symptoms some¬ 
times run high, and a repetition of such at¬ 
tacks terminates in pleuro-pneumonia of t e 
sporadic form. A simple state of diarrhea 
sometimes occurs. The progress of the dis¬ 
ease is accurately betokened by the nature 
and rapidity with which the discharge is pro¬ 
moted. If it is scanty and tardy, the fever 
is generally severe, consisting of difficult 
breathing, loss of appetite, suspension of 
rumination, rapid and hard pulse, oonstipa- 
tion, deficient urine, &c., ail of which are 
doubtless preceded by shivering fits and and 
a staring coat. If, in a day or two, the dis¬ 
charge Increases, becomes purulent and co¬ 
pious, fever is diminished, aud recovery 
speedily follows ; but if the system is still 
exposed to the causes that induced the dis¬ 
ease, the terminations may be chronic nasal 
gleet, malignant catarrh, or sporadic pleuro¬ 
pneumonia. 
Treatinunt .—If diarrhea is present, admin¬ 
ister at once the following:—Take of infu¬ 
sion of quassia, 1 pint ; tincture of opium, 1 
ounce; aromatic spirits of ammonia, 1 ounce; 
mix. When tha bowels are constipated, a 
gentle laxative will be required. This may 
be composed of the subjoined ingredieuts : 
Take of Epsom salts, 12 to 1C ounces ; ginger 
and gentian, powdered, of each, I ounce; 
mix, and administer in one quart of warm 
ale. The animal should be removed to com¬ 
fortable quarters, or at least from all expos¬ 
ure to the influences that have caused the 
affection. The skin should be stimulated by 
smart friction and even clothing when neces¬ 
sary'. The food should consist of bran 
COST OF A WINTER WHEAT CROP 
Seeing articles in the Rural New-Yorker 
on the cost of different crops, I give you the 
cost of five acres of winter wheat, sowed 
Sept, lid or 3d, 1878, and harvested the last 
of July, 1873, which would have been better, 
no doubt, if it had not been so dry through 
May and June. The previous crops were 
one-half in oats and oue-half in winter 
wheat. I plowed the ground but once, har¬ 
rowed and cultivated thoroughly. In the 
spring, before the snow went away, I put a 
light coat of manure as a top-dressing, more 
to keep the snow on to protect the roots 
from the frost than anything else. 
cost. 
To 014 days’ plowing.$21 00 
314 days’ cultivat ing and harrowing.. 10 50 
12 bushels seed wheat, (& $1.65. 10 80 
Sowing the same . J 82 
Cuttlu»i and binding. 7 00 
Drawing same In the barn. 5 50 
Raking scattered heads with wheel 
rake. 2 00 
Paid cash for threshing 137 bushels 12 83 
Extra heli> threshing. 0 00 
Interest on land.. . 28 00 
Total.$113 45 
Or 82 cents per bushel. 
product. 
By 137 bushels wheat, @ $1.00.$217 20 
Amount of straw sold. 37 45 
Total . $250 05 
Leaving a net profit of $143.20. 
Norman W. Countryman. 
Spraker’s Basin, N. Y. 
Fig. 2.—Method of Steaming the Nos¬ 
trils to Promote Discharge. 
one or two drams, sweet spirits of niter, sul¬ 
phuric ether, and in similar doses, may be 
given in ale or porter, &e., when the vital 
powers are prostrate. 
ARBORICULTURAL NOTES 
Killing an Osage Hedge. —J. J. L,, Rock¬ 
ford, 111, asks how he can kill an Osage 
Orange hedge most thoroughly and cleanly 
—whether cutting it off will kill it; if so, 
at what time of year it sholild be cut. This 
is a matter in which we have no experience. 
We have no doubt that It may be killed by 
cutting it, provided it is cut frequently 
enough. Defoliation will destroy any plant 
if it is persisted in. Our first cutting, if we 
wanted to destroy it, would be in August or 
September, soon after it had developed its 
terminal bud; then cut it down promptly 
afterward if it appeared above ground. 
Whether this is the cheapest way of destroy¬ 
ing it, we cannot say. Let those having ex¬ 
perience reply. 
Ozone from Plants. — Professor Mante- 
gazzi has demonstrated tliat a great many 
species of plants grown in gardens produce 
much ozone, not only under the influence of 
the sun’s rays, hut even alter dusk. He has 
named among plants of utility in tills way, 
Lavender, Cherry-Laurel, Thynie, Narcissus 
and Mignonette. 
Apple Pomace, H. L. J. is informed, will 
do no harm to orchard trees if spread as a 
thick mulch above their roots. It certainly 
has a mammal value, but we have no data 
by which we can fix the value of a ton of it 
in dollai-s and cents. 
OATS AS A FERTILIZER 
A Wahanh Co., Ill,, correspondent of the 
Rural World makes the following statement: 
Permit me to give you the result of an ex¬ 
periment in raising wheat. lu the spring of 
1872 1 sowed sixteen acres to oats; in June, 
when the oats were in full bloom, I plowed 
under eight acres ; the other eight acres 
ripened, and made fifty bushels per acre. 
In the following account I wilt designate the 
oats plowed under as No. 1; the oats which 
ripened as No. 2. The work, in the way of 
plowing and seeding, was the same on both, 
pieces, so 1 will *ivo my account with them 
under the head of debit and credit. 
No, l.—To oats plowed under, $30. By 8u 
bushels of wheat per acre, 160 Imshels, at 
$1.8o per bushel, $300. Balance, $170. 
No. 2.—To 104 loads of manure, worth in 
the heap 25 eentn per load, $26; hauling the 
same, $26-$58, By crop of oats, 400 bushels, 
at 20 cents per bushel, $30: by crop of wheat, 
SO bushels, at $1.25 per bushel $100 --$180. 
Balance, $128. 
This case show’s a balance of $42 in favor 
of oats as a fertilizer. 
COST OF CORN AND WHEAT IN OHIO 
In compliance with your request as to the 
cost of raising the different kinds of grain, 1 
thought I would try my hand and see how 
neur I could come at it. In the first place, 
your question is difficult to answer correctly, 
for the reason that land varies in price and 
also in productiveness ; the price of labor 
also varies as to the demand and nearness to 
market for the grain. Here, in Central 
Ohio, land sells from $50 to $150 per acre; 
but taking $60 per acre a? the average value 
in our county, 1 arrive at the following eon- 
elusion:—Corn that will yield 80 bushels per 
acre eosts us 80 cents per bushel to grow' it; 
60 bushels pei’ acre will cost 25 cents; 40 
bushels per acre will cost 31 to 33 cunts; and 
30 bushels will cost 37 to 40 cents. Wheat, I 
find, costs $1 per bushel ; oats at least 30 
Fig. L— Simple Catarrh. 
mashes, roots aud green food when they can 
be obtained ; and w'ith such a diet daily doses 
of some neutral salt are of great service in 
reducing the fever. Take of sulphate of pot¬ 
ash, 2 ounces ; water, }4 pint to 1 taint; mix, 
and administer morning and evening during 
the existence of fever. When the signs indi¬ 
cate a reduction of that state, the dose may 
be gradually lessened, anil finally discon¬ 
tinued on their disappearance. 
In order to promote a free discharge of pus 
from the nostrils, several plans are adopted. 
First, a bag is placed over the nose, being 
