i8 
APES AND MONKEYS. 
three of these teeth. Very frequently again, and indeed invariably in the apes and 
monkeys, there are but two incisor teeth on each side of both the upper and the 
lower jaws. 
With the single exception of the curious aye-aye of Madagascar, there are at 
least two mammae situated on the breast of the females of all members of the 
order. 
These, then, are the chief common characters possessed by apes and monkeys 
on the one hand and lemurs on the other; but, such as they are, they are 
considered of sufficient importance by a considerable number of zoologists to justify 
the inclusion of both groups in a single order. The two groups constitute, however, 
separate suborders, of which the first is termed the Anthropoidea, and the second 
the Lemuroidea. We shall point out how the latter group is distinguished from 
the former when we come to the consideration of the lemurs themselves; and 
we accordingly now proceed to consider the first family of the Apes and Monkeys. 
The Man-like The Man-like Apes are but few in number, and are also those 
Apes. which come nearest, in point of structure, to man himself. Con¬ 
sidered, indeed, from a purely zoological point of view, man represents merely a 
separate family— Hominidcv —of the Primates, which should occupy the place of 
honour at the head of all the other Mammals. Since, however, the special sciences, 
anthropology and ethnology, are devoted solely to the history of man, we shall 
here content ourselves by incidentally mentioning a few of the structural features 
by which he is distinguished from the Man-like Apes. 
Apart, then, from man himself, the Man - like Apes include the largest 
representatives of the Primates. They are exclusively restricted to the Old World, 
where they are found only in the dense forests of the warmest and dampest 
regions. They are all characterised by their strikingly human-like form, although 
none of them habitually walk solely on their hind-limbs without obtaining 
additional support from their long arms. 
Resemblance In all the larger species the resemblance to man is more marked 
to Man. i n the young than in the adult; while in the adult the human 
characteristics are more pronounced in the female than the male. Dr. Robert 
Hartmann, of Berlin, who has devoted much attention to the Man-like Apes, 
observes that “in the gorilla, the chimpanzee, and the orang-utan, the external 
form is subject to essential modifications, according to the age and sex. The 
difference between the sexes is most strongly marked in the gorilla, and these 
differences are least apparent in the gibbons. When a young male gorilla is 
compared with an aged animal of the same species we are almost tempted to 
believe that we have to do with two entirely different creatures. While the young 
male still displays an evident approximation to the human structure, and develops 
in its bodily habits the same qualities which generally characterise the short-tailed 
apes of the Old World, with the exception of the baboon, the aged male is 
otherwise formed. In the latter case the points of resemblance to the human type 
are far fewer; the aged animal has become a gigantic ape, retaining indeed, in the 
structure of his hands and feet, the characteristics of the Primates, while the 
protruding head is something between the muzzle of the baboon, the bear, and the 
