MAN-LIKE APES. 
2 1 
boar. Simultaneously with these remarkable alterations of the external structure 
there occurs a modification of the skeleton. The skull of an aged male gorilla 
becomes more projecting at the muzzle, and the canine teeth have almost attained 
the length of those of lions and tigers. On the upper part of the skull, which is 
rounded in youth, great bony crests are developed on the crown of the head and on 
the occiput. . . . The arches above the eye-sockets are covered with wrinkled skin, 
and the already savage and indeed revolting appearance of the old gorilla is 
thereby increased.” 
In all the Man-like Apes the number of the teeth is the same as 
Teeth. . . . 
in man himself—that is to say, there are on each side of both the 
upper and lower jaws two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars; 
the formula thus being: -£§, c\, p §, m§, making a total of 32 teeth. Not only 
do the teeth agree in number with those of man, but, with the exception of the 
great size of the tusks, or canines, of the males, they likewise resemble them in 
structure. We are familiar with the form of our own molar teeth, which have wide 
crowns, with their angles rounded off and surmounted by four main tubercles set 
somewhat obliquely to one another; and the molars of the Man-like Apes are of the 
same general type of structure. In the apes, however, the whole series of teeth 
does not present the horse-shoe-like contour which is so characteristic of our own 
teeth; but, on the contrary, the cheek-teeth form nearly straight lines, having an 
angulated junction with the curved line of the front teeth. 
other None of these apes possess the peculiar pouches in the cheeks 
Characteristics, occurring in many of the monkeys, and none of them have any trace 
of a tail. Moreover, the naked patches so often found on the buttocks of the other 
Primates are either absent or, if present, are of very small size. All of these 
animals agree, however, with the monkeys, and thereby differ from man in the 
great length of the arms as compared with that of the legs; this difference being 
very clearly indicated in our figures of the skeleton of man and the gorilla. Another 
characteristic of the Man-like Apes shown in the figures last referred to is the great 
breadth and flatness of the breast-bone or sternum, this being a feature in which 
they agree with man, and differ from baboons and monkeys. Then, again, some of 
the Man-like Apes differ from the latter and resemble man in the absence of a 
small bone occupying a central position in the wrist, and hence known as the 
centrale of the carpus. 
In addition to the points already mentioned, man is distinguished from the 
Man-like Apes by the greater relative size of his brain and the portion of the skull 
in which it is contained, as compared with the face and muzzle. His canine teeth are, 
moreover, but little longer than the other teeth, and are thus quite unlike the huge 
tusks of the male gorilla and orang. The great toe is also relatively longer, and is, at 
the most, only opposable in a very limited degree to the other toes. Moreover, the 
whole skeleton of man, as will be seen from our figure, is of a lighter and neater 
build, with certain peculiar curvatures of the lower part of the backbone, which 
permit of the assumption of the perfectly upright position without fatigue, and 
without need of any support from the arms, which do not reach below the 
middle of the thigh. Again, no ape has an ear modelled on the beautiful lines 
of that of the human species. The naked body of man is not, however, a 
