MACAQUES. 
109 
of the species are, however, confined to India, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and 
the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, etc. Some range as far east as China, while one 
is found even in Japan. To the northward, macaques extend into the outer 
ranges of the Himalaya, while a single species inhabits the secluded highlands of 
Eastern Tibet. 
The whole of the large number of monkeys reckoned as macaques 
seem to have much the same general habits, being always found 
gathered together in troops, which may be of considerable numbers, and always 
comprise individuals of both sexes, and of all sizes and ages. They are forest¬ 
dwelling animals; and, while active and rapid in their movements, are less 
markedly so than their compatriots the langurs. As regards food, macaques have 
a varied appetite, most, if not all, of them eagerly eating insects as well as seeds 
and fruits. Moreover, they have occasionally been observed to devour lizards, and 
it is reported that frogs also form part of their food on rare occasions; while one 
species is known to subsist partly on crustaceans. Their cheek-pouches are of 
very large size, and it is the general habit of these monkeys to stuff these receptacles 
as full as they will hold 011 every available occasion. 
According to Mr. Blanford, from whose works the above accounts of their 
habits is paraphrased, the voice and gestures of all the macaques are similar, and 
differ markedly from those of the langurs. In regard to these points, the same 
writer gives an interesting quotation from the manuscript notes of Colonel Tickell— 
an excellent observer of the habits of Indian animals—which we repeat. Colonel 
Tickell says, “ Anger is generally silent, or, at most, expressed by a low hoarse 
‘ hen,’ not so gular or guttural as a growl. Ennui and a desire for company by a 
whining ‘ hom.’ Invitation, deprecation, entreaty, by a smacking of the lips and a 
display of the incisors into a regular broad grin, accompanied with a subdued 
grunting chuckle, highly expressive, but not to be rendered on paper. Fear and 
alarm by a loud harsh shriek, ‘ Icra ’ or ‘ kraouk,’ which serves also as a warning to 
the others who may be heedless of danger. Unlike the langurs and gibbons, they 
have no voice if calling to one another.” 
In confinement most of the species are docile if caught young; but old males 
that have been captured when full grown are sometimes exceedingly spiteful; and 
the present writer has a vivid recollection of a pig-tailed macaque formerly in the 
Zoological Gardens at Calcutta that was very ferocious, and would fly at every 
visitor who approached his cage with open mouth and the most menacing gestures. 
In their wild state it also appears that these monkeys will occasionally show fight. 
Thus Mr. Sterndale tells us that on one occasion during the Indian Mutiny he 
came across a party of rhesus macaques, among whom were several females with 
young ones. He endeavoured, without success, to run them down, in order to 
capture the latter, when he was deliberately charged by the old males of the party, 
the leader of whom he had to despatch with a pistol-bullet. Several of the species 
will breed in captivity. As a rule, their manners when in the latter state are the 
reverse of pleasant. 
Since the number of species of macaques is very large, we shall select for 
especial notice only some of the better-known types, commencing with those with 
the tails so long that their length exceeds three-quarters of the combined length 
