122 
APES AND MONKEYS. 
of macaques are found in the caverns of Madras, and in certain deposits of com¬ 
paratively late age in the Punjab which belong to that epoch of geological history 
known as the Pliocene. 
In Europe fossil macaques occur in fresh-water deposits belonging to the same 
Pliocene period, both in the south of France, in Switzerland, and also in the north 
of Italy, in the valley of the Arno. The occurrence of these extinct monkeys need 
not imply any very great change of climate in those regions. The case is, however, 
very different with the single fragment of the jaw of a macaque which has been 
found fossil in our own country, near the village of Grays, in Essex, in strata 
which belong to the latest or Pleistocene epoch of geological history. This monkey 
must have lived in England during the time when man had already made his 
appearance; and there is no reasonable doubt that the climate must then have 
been considerably milder than it is at the present day, since it is impossible to 
imagine that monkeys could survive our English winters, even if they could 
find a living in our woods during the summer. We have already mentioned that 
these extinct European macaques may be those from which the magot has taken 
origin. 
In addition to these extinct macaques, there occur in the Pliocene rocks of 
Attica and the south of France other monkeys which appear to indicate a transition 
from the macaques to the langurs. These monkeys, which are respectively known 
as the mesopitheque and the dolichopitheque, have indeed short and stout limbs 
like those of the macaques, but skulls resembling those of the langur. Unfortunately 
we shall never know the structure of their soft parts, so that their exact relation¬ 
ships cannot be determined. 
The Black Ape. 
Genus Cynojnthecus. 
The Island of Celebes is remarkable for possessing several altogether peculiar 
types of Mammals, among which is the so-called black ape (Cynopithecus niger), 
the sole representative of a genus in some respects connecting the preceding group 
of the macaques with the following one of the baboons. It was represented many 
years ago by one living example in the old menagerie at the Tower, and by another 
in that of Exeter Change. At that time, however, the true habitat of this animal 
was quite unknown, Cuvier suggesting that it came from the Philippines; but its 
home was subsequently found to be Celebes. This monkey, which is shown in the 
accompanying figure, is a decidedly handsome animal, the whole of the fur, as well 
as the naked parts of the face, hands, and feet, being of an intense black, the only 
exception to this coloration being the large callosities on the buttocks, which are 
flesh-coloured. The hair of the body is long and woolly, but that on the limbs 
shorter. The tail is represented by a mere tubercle, not more than an inch in 
length. The face is characterised by the marked protrusion of the muzzle, which 
is abruptly terminated; the nostrils opening obliquely, and placed some distance 
behind the extremity of the muzzle. It is this position of the nostrils which 
connects this monkey with the macaques, and distinguishes it from the true 
