TARSIER. 
2 39 
central upper incisors are, as in ourselves, of large size, and placed quite close to 
one another. Then, again, we shall find that the upper tusk is much smaller than 
in the typical lemurs. Moreover, if we examine the lower jaw, we shall see that 
the tusk is formed by the canine tooth, instead of being the most anterior of the 
premolars; the latter tooth being smaller than either of the other two premolars, 
instead of taking the form and function of a tusk, as in the true lemurs. In 
having but a single pair of lower incisors, which an examination of its skull would 
show to be the case, the tarsier agrees with the indri lemur; but in the presence 
of three premolars on either side of each jaw it resembles the true lemurs. Its 
whole series of teeth are thirty-four in number—four more than in the indri, and 
two less than in the true lemurs, and may be expressed by the formula c ]-, 
p §, m §. 
It is, therefore, clear that the tarsier differs very markedly from ordinary 
lemurs; and, if our observations made under the head of fossil lemurs have been 
understood, it will be apparent that in this respect the tarsier is what zoologists 
term a more generalised form than the true lemurs, and that it closely resembles the 
extinct types. Indeed the series of teeth in the extinct microchoere are expressed 
by the same formula as the one denoting those of the tarsier. We may, therefore, 
venture to conclude that this animal shows in its teeth signs of affinity with the 
extinct European lemurs, which have been lost in the true lemurs and their allies. 
In regard to the elongation of the bones of the upper half of the ankle, the tarsier 
is, however, evidently a specialised, or highly modified creature; and it is probable 
that the same structural peculiarity did not exist in the Eocene lemurs. 
Another peculiarity of the tarsier is that the two bones of the lower leg,—the 
tibia and fibula,—instead of being quite separate from one another, as in all other 
lemurs, are united in their lower half. Then again, in place of only the toe next 
the great toe being furnished with a sharp compressed claw, and all the other toes 
having flat nails, the middle toe is also provided with a similar compressed and 
pointed claw. 
We might refer to certain features connected with the structure of the skull of 
the tarsier, and also mention some peculiarities in the anatomy of its soft parts; 
but sufficient has been said to show what a very remarkable creature it is when 
properly studied, and to indicate why it is referred to as a distinct family. It is, 
indeed, generalised, or little modified in regard to its teeth, but highly specialised, 
or much modified in respect of the bony skeleton of its legs and feet. 
Dr. Guillemard calls special attention to the peculiar leaps made by his captive 
tarsier; and this habit of leaping is highly characteristic of the species,—as we 
have seen it to be of the galagos and mouse-lemurs, in which the ankle-bones are 
modified in the same manner, although to a less degree. The tarsier is described 
as progressing in the woods by a series of leaps from bough to bough, or along a 
single bough; and it doubtless makes use of similar leaps to pounce upon its living 
prey. Its food consists chiefly of insects and small reptiles, and it does not appear 
that it ever touches fruits. Tarsiers are rare in their native lands, and instead of 
going in small parties are found singly or in pairs. They are looked upon with 
great dread and horror by the native inhabitants of the Malayan Islands. Accord¬ 
ing to the late Mr. Cumming, who once had a female and young tarsier alive, the 
