of their produce and leave the Now York mar¬ 
ket before eight o'clock in the morning is n 
great disadvantage to them and to the consumer. 
A dealer walks the entire round of the teams, 
asks the price of the produce, says he will take 
it. The farmer waits for his return. Half-past 
seven comes, and he lias not arrived. The police 
notify fanners that they have but a half hour to 
dispose of their produce: buyers follow the po¬ 
lice and get the stock at their own figures. The 
same trick is played upon eattie dealers. Mr. 
Fuller lasksthe committee if It is not. true that 
r ew square rods of ground, but. the average of 
several acres. I had a small piece in my garden 
planted (not sown) very thin. I cannot give the 
exact yield, as part of llio crop was destroyed before 
being gathered, but It was probably somewhere 
between 150 and 200 bushels per acre. I do not con¬ 
sider this any guide, ns I have not the manure, nor 
can I obtain sufficient to mako my farm as rich as 
my garden. These oats have a very thin hull, and 
were awarded the first premium at the Now York 
State Fair last fall for tlds reason. 
Surprise Oats,— Samples of Surprise oats were 
received from Chickasaw, Iowa, which weigh nt 
teen years old. Commenced making butter the 6th 
day or April: sold the first package the kith; made 
and sold during the season (besides what was con¬ 
sumed by the family of six persons), twenty-six hun¬ 
dred pounds. 
Average price per pound, <0 cents, 
Sold also seven calves... 
Two calves on hand. 
Fatted three hogs. 
Total... 
Income from each cow.. 
My cows are grade A yrshtres. Fed each two quarts 
cob meal per day for three weeks in the spring; fed 
sowed oorn from 20th August until the 15th Septem¬ 
ber ; am making now only fourteen pounds per week, 
as t feed nothing but dry hay.” 
Mr. Curtis said the average product of cows 
whose milk was manufactured at the Galway, 
Saratoga Co., N. Y., cheese factory was $90 each. 
Mr. Crane, of New Jersey had twelvo cows— 
one of which died in July—from which he sold, 
ill 1869. at his door, tnillt to theamount.of $1,431, 
besides supplying a family of leu to twenty 
persons during the year. Mr. Lyman exhibited 
butter purchased in tho Philadelphia market at 
90 cents per pound of which the man who made 
it says: 
“ I have no difficulty in making good butter all 
winter. I keep ray pantry at fifty-eight degrees ns 
near as possible, nnd do not allow the mercury to 
vary much either way from that figure. As spring 
cows approach the following winter, that is, when 
their calves are seven or eight months old, the but¬ 
ter comes much harder. For that reason I always 
like to have fall cows, so as to mix their milk. The 
fo,*d of cows makes a great difference with the flavor 
of the butter. 1 find clover-hay, cut and moistened, 
sprbikled with meal and wheat shorts, is the best 
food for making choice butter. It Is also Important 
that, no weeds be mixed with the hay. Clover 1 find 
superior to timothy or any other grass. I do not 
feed cabbages or turnips on account of the flavor. 
Cows differ greatly In their qualities bm butter- 
makers, and in selecting I find it best to reject many 
animals that would be valuable In a milk or cheese 
dairy.” 
Difficulties nnd Abuses of Marketing Farm Pro¬ 
duce.—The Committooon Trade Abuses reported 
progress through Mr. Lym an, as follows: 
Your Committee, In an endeavor to discliargo the 
duty assigned to them Of suggesting relief from cer¬ 
tain wrongs and abuses In the disposing of farm pro¬ 
duce in this metropolis, report that the subject is 
one of great embarrassment, us well as of great im¬ 
portance. We find that the country supports a large 
army of brokers, go-betweens, agents, or middlemen 
who make sometimes a precarions living, and some- 
tlmos excessive gains by handling produce. In the 
matter of apples, us an instance, thousands of barrels 
come to the city und sell for $2.75 and $3, or $3.50. 
They arc re-pnckctl, and, after rejecting a few of tho 
smaller ones, the most of what remain are sold at $5. 
We cannot but deem it un injustice Unit u few hun¬ 
dred men should make half as much, und sometimes 
fully an much, by selling the apple crop that comes 
to New York, us the thousands of anxious^ hard¬ 
working farmers who plant the trees, tend tho orch¬ 
ards, pick the fruit and send It to murket. So In the 
article of butter. The up-town consumer pays from 
ten Li fifteen cents, often twenty cents more than 
the butter brings at first hands. There uro those 
who think those are matters of trade, and must be 
regulated by the laws of supply and demand. To 
show the fttllncy of this position, we submit an In¬ 
stance from the practice of a neighboring oily. This 
butter I bought, from 1 ho farmer who nuuie it,. He 
sells every week, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 
stand No. 555 In the Farmers' Market., Philadelphia. 
In that city there are no tr.termonluMes, through 
whose hands llie butter slides like the monkey's 
elioese, losing a nibble on one side and a bite on the 
other till the farmer finds himself paid In skim-mihc 
and the middlemitu in cream. If a farmer near Phil¬ 
adelphia makes such butter as this, he sells directly 
to tho consumer. If Ills mako commands a dollar a 
pound, us this does, he and not the merchant gets the 
profit. Yet Philadelphia Is a great city. The most of 
Its hatter is brought thirty, forty, and sixty miles to 
market. In handling some kinds of produce there 
are practices which we cannot suyare Just ur legal. 
For Instance, when an article like rhubarb is sent, 
the handler hag been known tci cull the lot, sell tile 
choice ax twenty and twenty-four cents a package, 
get rid of the leavings at sixteen cents, and return 
sale to tho farmer at sixteen mints for the whole. 
The practice of returning to the farmer only what 
tho smallest or the poorest of a lot ha* brought is 
quite common. The farmer cun get about as much 
for a second-rate article aa he can for a choice pro¬ 
duct, because the middleman generally pockets that 
difference, ami says nothing. On the other hand 
there are foul practices which cannot besuihciently 
reprohntod—farmers who fill two-thirds of a barrel 
with small apples and top out with big fruit, men 
who put old butter at the bottom of a tub, who water 
milk and dilute vinegar. This wo reprobate Justus 
much as we do tho grasping and the trickery of non- 
producers. 
Farmers often, very often, ship to a man who does 
not make It a business to dispose of the article sent. 
For instance, butter is shipped to a flour merchant, 
eggs to a llsli dealer, poultry to a potato man, or 
cheese lo a hardware house. There is no cure for 
this but Information on the part of the farmer. 
Large dealers and those who live near generally ob¬ 
tain this knowledge ; but those who live afar, who 
rend our weekly papers and work hard, who must 
make every edge cut ami every hum tell, whose 
farms are carpeted with mortgages, and whose 
families are large, how can they bo expected to 
know all the ins und outs of New York, all tho tricks 
of trade, all the wiles of the adversary) I have 
heard of an instance which will illustrate tho machi¬ 
nations that are set for the unwary step. A farmer 
from New Jersey some years ago carue into tho New 
York market, and by honest deal, built up a wide 
business. Evil men envied him, and eon spired to 
recommend as a book-keeper a man of singular 
ability in forcing a balance, no matter what the 
figures might be. It worked, and the honest Jersey - 
niun was shorn of his hard-won thousands, whiio 
the ring chuckled. Such are some of the abuses in 
the New York market system. Your commlttttu hus 
no sure cure, no patent medicine for these ills, But 
we wish to tlx the attention Of farmers to the sub- 
Jem that they may combine for their protection. 
We recommend : 1. A thoroughly honest packing on 
the part of the producer; no decayed potatoes with 
the sound ; no frowsy butter in the pn.il with good; 
no light weights; no weeds in clover hay; no thick 
plank at the bottom of the half-bushel. 2. Let tho 
farmer inform himself as to the houses that make a 
special business of hiiudling what he lias to ship, 
and be reasonably sure of their solvency and good 
repute. 3. YourcoinmUtee recommend that farmers 
form clubs in every considerable village, and send 
then most ■vigilant and capable man, paying bis cur 
fare, if necessary,-and requesting him to inform 
himself accurately of the best men in the produce 
and marketing business. 4. There is need of some 
bureau or committee, or commissioner of some de¬ 
scription, whose business it should be to give such 
representative# of rarnters’ unions the information 
they need. In a city where it is reputed that every 
man has his price—where offense's gilded hand may 
shove by justlce-the farmers may find it difficult to 
secure n friend too keen to be hoodwinked, not afraid 
to speak a wholesome, though unwelcome truth—too 
lofty to soil his fingers with a percentage; hut the 
producing class of this country need such friends 
more than they need a Senator or a Minister to the 
Court of St. James. 
Mr. Cavanag if says that the municipal law 
which requires gardeners and farmers to dispose 
one lives is an exception to common maxims about 
debt. 
Other parallel instances were given by mem¬ 
bers, and it was asserted that such men were not 
' very scarce among farmers in almost any locali¬ 
ty. Industry and economy is sure to succeed; 
and ouo gentleman asserted that it. is not a diIli¬ 
ad I mutter to make capital Invested in a farm 
and itaculture pay ten per cent. It would not 
do it probably healths supporting the farmer’s 
family; but If the family is charged with what 
it consumes, ton percent, is not extravagant ro- 
t urns from tho farm and farm labor. Tho Pro¬ 
fessor of Early Rising insisted Unit, no nrm cun 
succeed anywhere who does not got up before 
breakfast. 
The Blue Plant,—A paper by II. A. CjftP, con¬ 
cerning tills India fiber plant, was n>*d, which 
contained tho following statements 
tt, i» of quick growth, and. In a gen>d soil nnd cli¬ 
mate, Buck ltd may he found lit 33 i»lrh side of the 
equator, it.* yield is prolific. It 1* a k<nd of withe, and 
grow* to the height of nix to seven fed, or from four 
to Uvo feet in a somewhat colder latitude than that 
named, and tn both case* of n. diameter one-half to 
three-fourths of au Inch, and six inches ithovo tho 
ground. It. bears several branches Olit of tho same 
root, all shooting upwards llio the main stem or first 
shoot, Which may. In some'eases, merit that name, 
not only hy Its central position of t he group, but by a 
slightly extra thickness. Them arc uo secondary 
branches on these; so llio rliso plant nifty be said to 
consist of several twigs ig willies (a kind of broom) 
growing out. of one ro* ,, i therefore, It is curious that 
it should ho called.* grass, as it is not identified with 
the China grass. n» frequently asserted. Us loaves 
arc few and J-dCOObltC In shape, terminating In a 
sharp, hitrd point. Tho flower Is u. delicate blue, In 
form so uk w I in l like tho cotton flower, but smaller 
and tiu*o numerous. They grow towards the end of 
the twigs, and miinboc five or six on each. The bark, 
In the lining of which lies tho fiber, Is, when ripe and 
fit to nut, or pull, ol' a, dark olivo color, and, when dry 
nnd rotted and lit. for the brake, of a deep Vandyke 
brown. It Is a test as to its fit ness for Manufacture 
Its lining hard, dry and brittle. The me,lus opcnimH 
of extracting the fiber from the tannin, or colored 
astringent, portion of tho bark, Is tedious and in¬ 
finitely more troublesome than any other fiber, ex¬ 
cept, perhaps, pineapple fiber, and were It not for the 
excessive vuluo of the beautiful sllk-llko liber, it 
would never be undertaken by llio unlives of eastern 
countries with thulr primitive and Incomplete 
method, which consists of boating tho hark on a 
piece of softwood wltti a mallet covered with leather. 
The best soil for this plant is a low bottom, where, 
however, the.ro Is no fear of Hood, but where the re¬ 
tentive powers of tho subsoil are such as to guaran¬ 
tee u constant moisture; a black loam, with a clay 
subsoil, Is that host calculated to produce a good, 
long, strong and fine liber crop. After the land has 
been well plowed and harrowed, which should bo 
done In April, the seed I* sown sparingly in rows, 
six Inches apart, In small drills one Inch deep; weed 
for five weeks, after which the plant will choke down 
and kill anything that trie* to get ahead Of it. There 
can bo no doubt that, a high state of cultivation 
would bring forth a, better crop. In the month of 
October the cutting Is generally done. An soon as 
tho seed has been rippled off, tho plant Is placed In a 
tank or pitot water, (soft, ruin water Is tho beat,) from 
which it is taken out, Hod In small bundles, and 
stood on end in the fluid for a week or ten days, after 
which It I* spread out. In the rays of the sun (fiber not 
so good In color, some artificially dry) until thorough¬ 
ly dry, hard and brittle. This takes time. It Is then 
ready for tho brake. Thera can tic no doubt a* to 
the utility of this fiber, and also the possibility of 
its cultivation in this vast continent of no many 
climes, and such enterprising people, The only ques¬ 
tion Is, Will it pay 1 ^ 
Grass Seed for Tennessee.— H. V. WHITTAKER, 
Now Murket., Tonn., asks what is tho host varie¬ 
ty of grass to sow on a pieco of woodland with 
yellow clay subsoil, underlaid with limestone. 
Tho timber Is mostly pine, walnut nnd black 
gum. Mr. Lyman said that he had aeon on the 
limestone soils of Tennessee clover doing very 
well. Timothy does not. succeed. Doubts if 
Northern grasses will thrive there. Advises tho 
correspondent to try blue grass; it will proba¬ 
bly succeed if there is lime enough In the soil. 
Tho distinguished V. p. of N. Y. State Ag. Soc. 
Raid the reason why timothy docs not succeed in 
the South is because the root Is short, [bulbous— 
Kds. Dural.] Orchard grass and rod top would 
would do better. Orchard grass is especially 
adapted to growing in shaded situations. Mr. 
Fuller, said timothy may be, and often is, killed 
by cutting too close, and Is not, adapted to local¬ 
ities where long drouths occur. 
Dees Hailed Corn Color Fh**h t — J, fj. Man¬ 
sell, Columbus, N. J„ asks If feeding boiled 
eorn to awlne makes the fat yellow. Ile hus fed 
his hogs boiled corn one food a day, and when 
slaughtered he found about one-fourth of tho 
l’af. was yellow while the balance was while. Ho 
asks the cause. The distinguished V. P. of the 
State Ag. Hoc., asserted his belief that the corres¬ 
pondent. over-fed ills swine, which caused an 
overflow of the bile, Which caused the fat to 
become yel low, which caused t he correspondent's 
inquiry, which caused the extraordinary state¬ 
ment on tilio part of the eminent V. P., which 
caused astonishment at tho said V. P's., marve¬ 
lous sagacity. Mr. < ’ Alt center doubts that too 
Much food can be fed to swine, if it is designed 
to fatten them. Dr. Sylvester has no doubt, 
that food colors flesh, but doubts If, in the case 
named, I lie color was caused by an overflow of 
tiio bile, lie knows that tho feeding cattle 
Swede Turn I jts colors both the Hush and tbomillc 
of the animals; and Itis well known that if mad¬ 
der is fed to fowls tt will impart a red tinge to 
the flesh and bones thereof. The distinguish¬ 
ed V. P., of the State Ag. Soc., did not think 
the simple hotltna of the corn would color the 
flesh, but adhered with admirable tenacity to the 
beautiful theory that the “ bQAnu ” Over of the 
bUa caused it t 
Difference* in the Milk or Cow*.—P assmore 
Howard, Delaware C6„ Pa.,asks:--Will milk of 
different cows, if churned separately, vary In the 
length of time required to change to butter? 
If so, what would be the result, as regards quan¬ 
tity of butter, from churning all together? Tho 
distinguished V. p. of tho N. Y. State Ag. Soc. 
says it is well known that butter can not bo mado 
from many cows’milk; that cream will rise on 
it, but. butter cannot bo made from it. Mr. Ful¬ 
ler indorsed the distinguished V. P. Said ho 
had a cow that gave twenty-four pounds of mill; 
per day-rich looking milk, too—but he could 
not get four pounds of butter per week from her 
milk; while Other cows, giving but half the 
quantity ol milk, ■would yield double the quan¬ 
tity of butter per week. Mr. Lyman said that 
Mr. Sri A RPLESH of Philadelphia, who supplies tho 
Continental Hotel with butter, lias made 
presenting this dissimilarity, and found that ho 
could obtain hotter from the mixture In fifteen 
minutes. Taking on ttlm butter so obtained and 
churning the butttftmilk, he soon hud another 
batch of excel!cult butter. Hence, lie concludes 
that a vast deal of butter is lost to dairy men from 
not properly understanding t ho exact peculiari¬ 
ties of tho milk each cow furnishes. 
Productive Now. r. m. Coulter, Mansfield, 
O., I “is a sow whoso progeny the past year has 
realized for him $1,041; and tho sow at date of 
writing was worth $50/ 
$1,040.00 
moo 
30.00 
72.00 
laminin mi Grass Land*.—I desire to petition 
Mr. I). Lee, an article from whom on Bermuda 
grass seed lately appeared in the Rural, that ho 
will kindly inform your readers to whom appli¬ 
cation must bo made for the purchase of those 
“ rich grass lands ” of Louisiana, for which but 
twenty-five cents per acre is asked.—S. J. F., 
Philips Co., Arh. 
iUiQCcllancotig QUmcrtiscmcnts 
FOR PULVERIZING THE SOIL AND DESTROY 
ING WEEDS. 
t/f Send for Illustrated Circular to 
B. I). & O. B. REYNOLDS, 
North Bridgewater, Mass. 
A LSIKE CLOVER HEED.-500 RuslirIs 
prime Ylsikc seod, (largo variety,) for sale very 
low. In qu,. duties to suit, purchasers. List of prices 
and sample of wood sent free. Address 
II. M. THOMAS, Brooklln, Canada. 
Christian Leader 9 
A Universnllst Newspaper, published by the New 
York State Convention of UnlvorsaUats. A standard 
publication, and reliable expositor of the 
NATHAN O. ELY, 
President ol' tli© American Institute Farmers’ Club 
UNIVERSALIST FAITH 
nearly every farmer who sonda hia produce to 
market properly assorted and packed gets good 
pay and prompt return, if he uses ordinary dis- 
orelion in selecting a consignee. A man who 
aenda to market honest apploB, butter or other 
produce will, as a rule, get honest prices for It. 
Mr. Quinn said tho first thing to do in the mat¬ 
ter of reform is to secure honesty in tho pro- 
di.vt-r. He has been In the market enough to 
learn that tiio reason farmers and fruit growers 
often ge t prices below market quotations is be¬ 
cause their products are put upon the market 
in bad condition. In tho matter of packing 
pears it. will oDcn make a difference of $5 on the 
price of a barrel whether the stems are on tho 
pear or not. He bus seen barrels of pears open¬ 
ed In market, half of which hud stems on and 
the other half did not; and ill-assorted also. 
Honesty in paokingaud knowing how to pack is 
important. 
Barley for Sheep.—Mr. Curtis asks if barley is 
a good feed for store sheep. Mr. Lyman stated 
that Geo. Geodes of Ouondaga Co., had not 
found barley a good feed for working animals 
but had found It an excellent, hog and sheep fat- 
tenor. Mr. Zevega of Virginia,said that, during 
r,he Crimean war thousands of bushels of barley 
wore employed for fattening stock for the army. 
Iff i he sumo wduht of barley meal is fed to a span 
of horses that would bo fed of oats, barley will 
bo found a nutritious and healthful food. Wo 
have fed it to horses and know. We know too 
that it has fattening properties, and know of no 
good reason why the. meal may not he as desira¬ 
ble for store sheep us corn meal.- Fds. Rural.] 
“ Pigeon U ivil.''—The V. V. State Ag. Soc., 
from Saratoga GO., showed specimens of plants 
which ho says are known there as “Pigeon 
Weed," and usked if any one know that they 
contained properties that should make the 
mouths of sheep sore. [We judged from what 
we saw of the dried stalks of the plant, that ii is 
the Daisy Fleabane, or J&riueronatrlQOsti/ih, -Eos. 
Rural.] 
White Probestier Outs.—W m. Newton, Mon¬ 
roe County, N. Y., writes concerning oats he re¬ 
ceived from Germany four years ago wlih the 
foregoing name. He sowed, last season, si x acres 
with t his variety and harvested 587 bushels or an 
average of nearly ninety-eight bushels per acre. 
Me adds 
"I notice In nearly all the largo yields of outs re¬ 
ported that returns are given for only u small quan¬ 
tity of ground, which was prepared with extra earn, 
well manured, and only a small quantity of seed 
used. Farmers are often advised to use less staid 
than they do. Now, I think this advice Is wrong, 
and will result, in loss to most that, follow it. If our 
lands were as rich as they Should be, less seed might, 
bo required. But not one farm in a hundred is in 
this condition, and we must look at tilings as ihov 
are, and not os they should be. I believe nine out of 
every ten farmers fail in raising largo crops of outs 
by not using seed enough. 1 sowed broudeast, at the 
rate of three und a half bushels, t,y measure, per 
acre, and the result was us stated above. The soil 
on which they grew is a loam ; the timber originally 
beech and maple The preceding crop was corn. 
About one-lmlf the field was manured In Hie full, 
before the qom was planted. The oats received no 
manure of any kind. One land in tin? field was sown 
at the rate of about two bushels per acre. 
It was not thrashed separately, hut I should Judge 
the yield to have been from 70 to 75 bushels per 
acre. The oats on It were three or four days Inter 
than the rest of the Held, and were some rusty, 
Willie the other showed no sum of rust. This I 
It contains the Sermons of 
MV. U, H. CHAPIiV, J>. 2>. 
It, has a Miscellaneous and Children’s Department, 
edited by Mrs. Caroline A. Soule, Editor of "Tho 
Guiding Star.” It has mi Agricultural Department. 
It publishes the New York Wholesale Market Re¬ 
ports. It Is printed on good paper. In large, clear 
typo, and Isa large sheet, being 29x45 Inches. 
TICK VIS, $2.50 PUR YEAR. 
Specimen! oople* sent free, on application, by mail 
or otherwise, Subscriptions taken for one year, or a 
part of the year at the above rate. All communica¬ 
tions should be addressed 
PUBLISHER CHRISTIAN LEADER, 
119 Nassau St., New York. 
A 1LIWOST ANY ARTICLE 
» want 
FREE! FREE! P*R 
As Premiums for Clubs to 
OUR SCH00L0AY VISITOR 
Tho VLStTOR has now gained a popularity and cir¬ 
culation that place It among the very first Alagazlnes 
In this country. It commenced with tho January 
number. 1879. it* Fourteenth Year and Volume, 
and is therefore one of the oldest You no Folks’ 
Magazines In ext ,fence. 
Hundreds ok letters and Journals from nil 
parts r.i the country, testify to It* iikarty i.nti ii- 
KHT. I III.A PNEHH, and huI'KIMohity over any other 
similar publication. 
lo short, it is ono of tho cheapest, most cheerful 
wide a wake, entertaining and instructive publica¬ 
tion* of Its ela,.. published, and we are trying to 
make it the ii*cy hint Young Folks’ Magazine that 
can ln> mado, Terms :—*1.25 a year. To f lub* *1.1)0. 
Our Premium Picture " Hk i.i* me Up! 1 is it gem 
for every household, and everybody who sens it 
wants it. It is. In tnc-t, a *2,00 picture, tor 25 cents Lo 
our subscribers for 1870, 
Wo ivunt agent* everywhere. In town and country, 
in Hon on I >uu1 oil l, Id thki*. thtK liuridjHunii* picture hihI 
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pay .Uni .fiTOf every Inducement in Order to mulct) our 
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Sample numbers Of the Visitor, Premium Lists, 
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.eo 1 ' l !' r t ' ,t! million, viz., rut; 
ijirBOFYHK LATE GEORGE PEABODY illus¬ 
trated and published at u. nrieu suited to the times. 
_ tt- B. Rl SSELI., Boston, Mj 
Boston, Mas*. 
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Q O ji E t ir i n «; \ r: w • 
L? ,T' V " Million Copies of the Annual HHAKSl’E- 
RI AN A LM A N AC for 1870 will be given n.wu v, ami in 
order that the distributing may be made as rapidly 
a* possible, I should doom it a favor lo send, pre- 
iittld, Jen ur fifteen copies lo any person who will 
Imllenm- ly distribute them In hi* fueiilitv. One of 
Its feature* are the Seven Ages of Man’* Life, Illus¬ 
trated In a masterly manner. Address Dlt O 
Pit ELI’S BROWN, No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey City! 
New Jersey. 
many 
experiments, and finds that nearly every cow's 
milk hus a law of its own. The milk nf no two 
cows is alike. Tho cream from ono cow’s milk 
will make butter in fifteen minutes, while that 
from another, fed and treated In precisely the 
•same way, will not yield its butter in twenty-five 
minutes. He laid mixed tho cream ol' two cows 
w K If I C A N V IN KG A It 
Now plan-Just patented. Foi 
, send stamp to 
A. D. STKONt 
