'CtftttHk anti Slstful. 
STRUCTURE OF FRUIT FUNGI. 
[LAST week we gave t hat portion of the Annual 
Address of JoSiah Hoopks, President of the Penn¬ 
sylvania Fruit Growers' Society, Wlltch related to 
his investigations of the causes of Sterility in Fruits. 
We DOW give that portion of the same address which 
relates to Fungi, Fungoid Diseases, AC.) 
Another source of disease in our fruit 
some seasoning for dried apples, either sweet V. .f.. 1 
il"rrrtrrmrt1 or sour. Prunes may also he stewed with <tllU Ul5uvU. 
UUUSTIC V_IUIIUIUU* tbem They require cooking about the name ^ 
_ _____length of time as most dried apples, hut to ;■ — - ~~ 
" conducted BY MARY a. e. WAGER. get, their l.iest flavor they must he done quite STRUCTURE OF FRUIT FUNGI. 
_ _ —r tender All of these mixtures admit more * . .. 
- ~ * , . i 11 . * fli \st week we cave that portion of tUc Annuiil 
DRIED FRUITS. juice than apples alone, but they sliou t - Address of JOSIAH Hoopks, President of the Penn- 
_ [)0 stirred much lU>r dished in a messy con- ayiyunia Fruit Growers' Society, which related to 
his investigations of thocattscs of Sterility In Fruits. 
BY JULIA COLMAN. dltion. . . , We dow give that portion of the same address which 
Good dried pears also go well with tlricu relale8t0 Fungi, Fungoid Diatasea.Ac.} 
Drying is a perfectly unobjectionable a pp] CS( iX3 ( \ Q dried peaches and many of Another source of disease in our fruit 
method of preserving fruits, so far as their seller fruits—dried cherries, currants, jj. eeg> an d one which is making terrible dep- 
wholesomeness is concerned. It simply ar- idackberries, raspberries, &c., &c. Apples rc j al \ ons ; a m0 st sections of our country, is 
rests their tendency to decay by withdraw* ant j j> a i S i n g also make an excellent dish, pro* tkat tlm lowest forms of vegetation, 
ing the water which they contain. More or vIc ^ tft e i atter ul - c sufficiently cooked. The minute, parasitic species arc so insidious 
less water is necessary to enable the particles Malagas require an hour and a half;. Valen- - n tkeil . ap p l0 ach, so infinitesimal in size, 
to move freely among themselves, to lorm ciag an ]l0Ur The seedless will often cook aQt \ increase with such fearful rapidity that 
new combinations, to exhale as gase» or \ .i- ,13 quickly as the apples, but they have hal'd- they prove no mean enemy indeed to cou¬ 
pe vs, anil to help the more solid parts to run ^ 811 ^ c j en t flavor to go well with apples. tend against. And now some remarks on 
away, until at last they have all left the. 01- Malaga niiaihs make a showy and pleasant their general structure and mode of propa* 
ganism into which they had been gathered w]ien s tcwed with pared lemons in gal | on Of the larger species, including puff 
by the action of vegetable file or growth, sma u sections or rings—say two small lemons balls of various kinds; mushrooms, both edi- 
and returned to their original inoiganu. {o a p0llm \ of raisins. Stewed raisins, 0I ' I [,i c and. poisonous; the delicious truffle, (ju- 
their presence have been atti’ihutcd to at- arc acquainted with the sooty patches on 
mospheric changes. The terrible potato wheat. It has been computed that 8,000,000 
disease is the result of a very destructive spores of this fungus would merely cover 
mold, which, during warm and moist one square inch of surface. " For every ear 
weather, luxuriates in a wonderfully rapid of diseased wheat,” says Cooke, “ 10,000,000 
manner; but, on the contrary, soon perishes spores have been distributed l'or a future 
should a drouth set in. It lias been proven crop.” 
that this disease is caused by a mold ; but it Thu curious feature in fungi is that they 
is not necessary now for me to enter into its exhale carbonic acid and obsorb oxygen, 
history. Some species of fungi, however, thus being diametrically opposed to flower- 
grow as readily during a dry season as if it ing or phrcnogamous plants, and rendering 
were rainy, but as a rule they are far move them useless in keeping up the balance 
numerous in wet weather. “Amoist autumn between animal ami vegetable life. To this 
after a genial summer is most conducive to cause is attributed live absence in their cells 
their growth, but cold, wet summers are scl- of chlorophyll —the green coloring matter 
Join nroducllve.”. Again quoting from seen in the higher order of vegetation. 
trees, and one which is making terrible clep- muuerous j u wc t weather. “Amoist autumn 
forms. The simplest mode, then, of arrest¬ 
ing decay in fruits is to take away so much 
ot' their water that this action cannot pro¬ 
ceed ; then, if properly kept, in a dry place, 
they will remain sweet and wholesome for a 
long time. When the water is restored, as 
in soaking or cooking, they will decay just 
as at the first. 
Much of their delicacy depends on the 
manner in which they are dried and put 
away, hut as this is not the season to prac¬ 
tice such hints largely, we will merely give 
a lew for present use. It. does not improve 
fruits to he exposed to I lie air, least of all to 
the steam and smoke of a kitchen; so it any 
have them hanging long overhead it is bel¬ 
ter to take them down, tie up tight in clean 
paper, linen, or muslin bags, and hang them 
up in dry closets. They should not he wit h¬ 
in reach of the fragrance of cheese nor of 
dried herbs; nor in the meal room, where 
they will impart their flavor to the suscepti¬ 
ble ground grain. 
good Xante currants, by themselves, arc by 
no means to be despised. By the way, I sec 
that some professional cooks make an affec¬ 
tation of washing raisins in Hour, to avoid 
washing away their sweetness. IIow much 
or how little of the sweetness of good raisins 
is lost in the ordinary way may readily be 
judged by examining the water in which 
they have been washed. H t be raisins are 
candied or broken, stick precautions may 
avail. 
Prunes should lie washed thoroughly be¬ 
fore cooking. This does detract from their 
flavor, but not so much as'it does to have 
them dirty. They require little or no sweet¬ 
ening. Stewed figs require none at all, and 
if cooked till very tender, they make a pleas¬ 
ant; dish for those very fond of sweets. I 
think they would he good mixed with some 
other fruits,—here is room for experiment. 
Ill their approacn, su imumwiiu« »> Berkeley, “ Tim localities nicy ance.i are as Fnn««ml Diseases, 
and increase with such fearful rapidity that vara)n3 a9 their forms. Wherever there is We will now pass to the consideration of 
they prove no mean enemy indeed to con- moigtnrc combined with a proper degree of gomc 0l - lll( . flig caaeg caused by the presence 
tend against. And now some remarks on tern p t . ra mrc, together with organic mat* () f fungi; but in so doing! wilt merely select 
their general structure and mode of propa ter, fungi are capable of existence. The Bncll 1L s have proven the most injurious. The 
gation. Of the larger species, including puff spores of the PenMlitim, which infested t he ^ appears to oiler a fair field for these 
holla of various kinds; mushrooms, both edi- ,„. catl B0m0 years ago, in Paris, to such an p Ct5l; . f or wt , fl m i dlllhrent species luxuriating 
blc and poisonous; the delicious truffle, (In- a i ul * m i llg extent, were capable of sustaining U p 0n - lt at (:v ory period of the vine’s growth, 
ter tibarium,) and the highly nutritious \mord w j, eal t .qual lo that of boiling water without mi(l in various ways preying upon the fruit 
(mtrchdla esautenta,) I shall have nothing to : i os ; llg tlieir power of germination, and it is sv ith remorseless avidity. Commencing with 
say, although exceedingly interesting in their c . t>l .,, aill tluvt they can hear many degrees of the terrible grape disease that has ravaged 
structure uml classification. 1 merely pro- fl . oat without injury- Some species at least a fl Europe, and which was entirely unknown 
pose to inquire into the microscopic members , iro to [ )C found in a growing state wherever prcviouB to the year I8'15; we are informed 
of the family,—those parasites which cause lho Boil is actually free from frost, and many , lml j t wa9 !l( , fu-st attributed to numerous 
the nomologist so much vexation and loss in | 3< , mi t0 flourish more vigorously at a low tbreign agencies until the true cause waadis- 
various ways. Our notification of tlieir ex- temperature. Sweden, with its various soils, o0v erod by Beukei.ey. Finding it belonged 
various ways, uur noiiueanon 01 men ex- temperature. Sweden, wit h its various sous, 
istenett is mainly visible in the form Of mold, | ;l| . ; ,,. m j xot | forests and warm, summer tern 
rust, mildew, smut , &e., and wherever these p t . r!l |ure, seems to produce more species 
are detected disease will surely follow. The than any part of the. known world ; and next, 
reproductive "fragments of fungoid plants, p,. r i m p 8 in order is the United States, as Un¬ 
known us spores, arc not unlike the seeds of JVS g ou tft Carolina, where they absolutely 
temperature. Sweden, wit h its various sous, covered by Beukei.ey. Finding it. belonged 
large, mixed forests and warm, summer tern- to the old gen US oidiuni, he gave it. the spe- 
pcralure, seems to produce more species c if l(; m une of TticJceni, in honor of the gen¬ 
tium any part of the. known world ; and next tleman by whom it was first brought to 
perhaps in order is the United States, an far no tj C( , The presence of this fungus is first 
llowering plants, inasmuch as they germi¬ 
nate and produce a new generation of their 
kind. They are unlike, because the spore 
contains no embryo, as in the higher orders. 
As the manner of reproduction in these 
cry[itogaraic plants is not altogether fully 
known, my remarks on this subject will 
swarm. 
As a general rule they decrease in num¬ 
bers as wo approach the colder regions, and 
increase toward the temperate. In torrid 
climates they are prevalent, but much less 
frequent ihan further North. Several spe- 
tlemaii by whom it was first brought to 
notice. The presence of this fungus is first 
detected by the appearance of the vine, 
which changes to a yellowish hue; soon a 
white, dust-like substance is noticed, and the 
little parasite then emits a musty odor, and 
spreads with almost inconceivable rapidity. 
In the later stages, when the fungus is about 
developing its fruit and discharging its spores, 
Good dried pears also require little or no | j mVU Pe g$ nl ewlmt speculative, although 
sugar when slewed. In cooking dried berries on 8C |eu.titic tacts. II is often ques 
by themselves, see that they are clean and r, one ,i am omr horticulturists Imw the sporef 
idea of fungoid plants present, two distinct {Pu . k colored spots take the place of the mil- 
If your dried truit ot any kind 1ms not s t ew slowly without breaking, and have just, 
been properly put away, the t ime is near at pjgj^ amount of juice. Some like move 
hand when it will need care, I f it was dried fibers, but may get too much and do 
in the open air, or where there was any u<Jt knovv w b ; u, is the fault. I have often 
liability to he visited by flies, it is desirable h( , al .q ] ac q es com plain tliafc their stowed truit 
to frustrate the almost certain appearance wftg tasteless, when the only difficulty was 
of the larva?, and the sooner the better. The tb;lL lliey li;ul t i l0W ned its flavor with water, 
remedy of course is by scalding. Some do ^ a genera i tiling cooks are quite too 
this hy putting into the oven in Hat pans, about experiments, and they do not use 
covering with a paper. But m this way judgment in ascertaining the cause of 
there is much danger of burning or at a . ^ ( , ullu TJiey lhink lliey C!m make 
least of unduly hardening the fruit, and the no(|iin new ^hout a recipe. Well, now, 
safer method is to put it into covered jais fl0ulc . .jue had to make the recipes in the first 
and set them into a boiler of water, cool (>lace or inveut U»e dishes, ami m:t„y of the 
enough at first, not Lo crack the jars. Home- wUo C£)ok kavo natural ability to get 
thing should be placed under them, say nails ngw aishes m wd , ^ anybody To be 
or broken crockery, and then they should gur(J p requisite to cultivate taste and 
boil or steam until you are sure the truit is jml•cment and use common sense as well as 
scalded thoroughly. It is not desirable to tl)(dnventive faculties. But it does not re¬ 
cook the fruit, nor should the steam pcnc- 
tioned among horticulturists how the spores 
of one season can contaminate or find their 
way to the young plant of a succeeding sea¬ 
son’s growth. The prevailing theory is as 
cook the funit, nor should the steam pone- j gl]1( t | ia (. you s i, 0 uld change recipes before 
trate the jars. When cool, put into bags, tie trying lhein Follow them closely and if 
close, and put away as already directed. It ( f () n0fc gct a sat i 8 factory result the first 
you have fruit cans which will not he need- u it a ain jp wh(m fairly tried they 
follows:—When wc closely examine the. kn0 wn as the Barberry Mildew, and at the 
spores wo find they arc not unfrequently g^mc l ime affords a. useful hint lo the practi- 
larger than the sl.omal.es or breathing pores ca j observer. English farmers for many 
in the cuticle of the leaf, which it is destined year9 | U1VC . contended that this disease was 
to destroy; thus admiUauce in this direction contagions, and liable to he introduced into 
Is rendered impossible. The next plausible jpeir wheat, fields from the barberry when 
suggestion is, can they not penetrate into the owing In near proximity. The crypto- 
roots? But here another barrier is infer gam ic, botanists endeavored to prove that 
i posed, the spores being equally ns largo as t| U! mildews affecting each were two entirely 
the root-cells. We now call to our aid a flisflnct planla nowise related, and therefore 
; myeologlcal fact which will assist 11 in our ,| l( . contagion was imply impossible, and 
| inquiries. Hpores undergo a primary change ihc f.iviners were voted, by unanimous cou- 
before forming young plants; as after liilliiig | S( . n i t ignoi iinl. and superstitious. Unfortii- 
to th© ground, and coming in contact with ll; itc|y for the assertion of the scientific gen- 
moisture, they throw out slender, hair like Hymen, what were formerly considered two 
fibers, wliich cuter the apertures in the mots, ,ii s lincL plants are now known to bo only 
and thus work their way info t he free ilsjdf. forms of the same species, and able to dis- 
I Or, as Is sometimes the case, change into a geminate the disease from barberry lo wheat. 
and dissimilar states before arriving at ma- (1 ew, the leaves curl up, and the grapes split 
iiirity, and what were formerly considered ope n or dry up !n most, instances. The very 
dlll’erent plants are at. present, known to he vft p m p| 0 paper on this subject, hy a French 
one and the same. This is termed itimor- v j llf »y Sir «U«t, If. H. Makes, has lately been 
p/usm. An excellent illustration of this incorporated in Flagg’b work on European 
change is presented in the fungus familiarly -vineyards, which is well worth a carelul 
known as the Barberry Mildew, and at the cnijHlk 
same time a fiords a useful hint to the praeli- j.pjr a rd to the species of mildew atlect- 
same time affords a useful hint to the praeli- jn regard to the species of mildew affect- 
on! observer. English farmers for many j ng 0 ur hardy grapes, 1 am afraid I cannot 
years have contended that this disease was g* vc aHy v cry desirable information; but 1 
contagious, and liable to be introduced into fl ec idctlly of the opinion that they arc all 
their wheat, fields from the barberry Avhon (iu ji c clistipet from I lie Oidvwm Tuckeni of 
you have fruit cans which will not he need- *. 
cd for canning apjiles, the smaller and ^ 
choicer fruits may be put away in them. ^ 
Dried apples have gone into disrepute 
from carelessness in selecting and drying 
them. Poor apples are often used for this 
purpose, but they will not be improved by 
drying. If you have dried your own you 
know what to expect. Very good ones may ( . 
sometimes he obtained in the market, but 9 
they commonly require much cutting and ; 
washing, which latter detracts from their £ 
flavor. When prepared they can be cooked j 
with or without previous soaking, hut always ( 
in a closely covered vessel, and so slowly 
that they will not boil over. They should 
be cooked quite tender, and bo but two- 
thirds filled with juice when done. Sweeten ( 
slightly if necessary, hy sprinkling in the 
sugar and letting them boil up, but do not 
stir them, as they are much nicer in taste 
and appearance not to lie broken up. If the 
sugar is not sufficiently diffused, it may be 
sprinkled over when served, or it may he add¬ 
ed with the apples when put to cook. (The 
latter practice, however, usually requires 
more sugar, makes them more liable to boil 
over, and they are not so wholesome.) Good 
dried apples cooked in this way are really 
richer than undried, but they are not quite 
so fresh and racy, and it is, therefore, more 
desirable to give them, variety by cooking 
than with other fruits. 
One of the best fruits for this purpose is 
the quince. When the dried apples are half 
done add one-third or one-fourth tlieir 
amount of canned quinces, sweeten, mix 
thoroughly and finish stewing as before. 
This is a dish good enough for anybody. 
Canned grapes, especially the green grapes, 
may he used with dried apples in precisely 
the same way; and if the apples are sweet, 
the dish will he all the better and more eco¬ 
nomical. Tilts same remark applies to dried 
apples with cranberries, or with rhubarb, 
canned or dried. About one part canned to¬ 
matoes to three or four parts sour dried ap¬ 
ples also make a very acceptable dish. Lem¬ 
ons have long been used with dried apples, 
x. also the lemon and orange rind. The acrid 
* oil of these rinds is not wholesome, it often 
k creates disturbance in the stomach; but the 
pulp of the lemon Is a pleasant and whole- 
do not. suit your individual taste—if yon 
think you can improve them, do so. 
-- 
CONTRIBUTED RECIPES. 
fluid state, become absorbed, and thus enter This same character is often illustrated on tll(J Academy of Science of St. Louis,” 
into the vessels of the plant. Some species the leaf of the rose; the under side being n., page 165,1863. Prof. Silliman als 
are reproduced in the same manner on the covered with a complete network of mildew, j- er s to the same in the Horticulturist, 
external portions of the trees. It has also whilst above are seen numerous spherical ^ p) 
been surmised, on reliable grounds, that yellow bodies producing spores. Both states During the past summer my attention 
seeds of Dlftnts not unfrequently become i.elomr to the same plant. The mildew is n . ourinns disease in tho vincr 
quite distinct from the vidium tuctccru 01 
Europe, although nearly related to it. Ot 
the many varieties of grapes grown in the 
Northern States, those of foreign parentage 
are the most susceptible of mildew mid rot, 
go that by onr glass structures we arc enn 1 Heel 
to produce uu atmosphere uncongenial to 
the. growth of these cryptogams. Dr. En- 
(i i.eman of St. Louis describes two forms of 
grape diseases under the names of “ brown 
rot” and '* black rot,” both of which I have 
detected in this state. For a full description 
of these 1 will refer you to the”Trans, of 
the Academy of Science of St. Louis,” Vol. 
il, } page 165, 1803. Prof. Silliman also re- 
tZvci in t he same in the Horticulturist, \ ol. 
Soda Pot-pie Crust .—One pint sour milk- 
butter milk is better; one cup of thick, sour | 
cream; one teaspoonful of soda; one of 
salt; Hour enough to knead hard. Set in a 
warm place one hour to rise, then pinch oil ■ 
carefully in small pieces and boil half an 
hour—fifteen minutes without the cover and 
fifteen minutes closely covered. 
To Moke Good Cofee .—First procure good 
coflee in the berry. I prefer old Java to any 
other I have used. Brown it in a spider on 
top of the stove, stirring constantly, that it 
may become, evenly, a light brown. It 
spoils it to be browned too much. When 
nearly done, stir in a small piece of butter. 
It is best to keep it in a close covered box or 
jar. To make the coffee, take a large table¬ 
spoonful for every person. Grind fine, mix 
with cold water enough to moisten, and a 
little egg. One egg will he enough for three 
or four drawings. Put iuto a clean coffee 
pot, pour boiling water on and bring to a 
boil. Do not let it boil more than a half 
minute, stir thoroughly, fill up to the re¬ 
quired quantity aud set on the hearth to 
keep hot. 
Milk Toast ,—Make a crust the same as for 
pot-pie, only do not knead so hard. Roll 
out thin. Cut in squares, or any shape you 
like, and fry in hot lard the same as fried 
cakes. Have ready a pint of sweet milk 
with a piece of butter and a little salt, scald¬ 
ing hot, in a basin on the stoves. As fast as 
the cakes arc done pass them through the 
milk into a covered dish, When done,pour 
over the remaining milk. They are then 
ready for the table. Such toast and coffee 
will make any hungry man smile upon his 
cook, if he is adiscerner of good tilings. 
To Prevent Ticks from Shedding Feathers , 
line them with thick cotton cloth. The best 
of well worn sheets will do. 
An Old-fashioned Way of ( olering Black is 
to boil logwood chips in hard cider in iron. 
It is said black colored iu this way will not 
crock.— Bessie M. Lake, Albion , N. Y. 
been surmised, on reliable grounds, that I y eflow bodies producing spores. Both slates During the past summer roy attention was 
9 eeds of plants not unfrequently become belong to the same plant. The mildew is ca n e( | to a curious disease in the vinery of 
inoculated with the poisonous virus, and, merely a primary condition, which after- Thomas Meehan at Germantown, Pa. I 
during germination and growth, curry with W urd develops into beaded bodies bearing p rocure ft a few specimens of the fruit of 
them the destroying power which not until ftp 0 res. the Black Hamburg, and placing a portion 
maturity showslts baneful presence. The first Fungi, when in the form of mildew or 0 f t,hc diseased skin under t he microscope, 
process of development of fungi is from the mold, although but in the earlier stages of go0n f oum ) unmistakable signs of fungus, 
spore, or seed -1 ike fragment, to the mycelium \ growth, produce disease and death by appro- w )fl ck) upon examination, presented two 
the latter corresponding lo the roots of printing the juices of the plant upon wliich very distinct forms. One, which X presume 
plants. This is in the form either of fine, they are found, as in the case of all parasites. lo nothing more than the mieditm, was 
silky threads, or more or less closely coin- They also impede a free circulation by de- v( . V y like tlm usual grape mildew in general 
pacted cells. alloying the respiratory organs in thoepidcr- c ] iam cter. The other, and more dangerous 
Hays Berkeley, the eminent English my- Tn js, known us the stomata. In regard to form, was of a nature to create suspicion iu 
cologist:—“ There can be neither a perfectly [he very email size of tho seed-like bodies (he minds of every grape grower, for it an- 
frec mycelium, nor free organs of reproditc- produced hy fungi, an English mycologist 9Wer ed in many particulars l.lu: greatly to 
lion, except in aquatic aerial species, which has recorded that ‘‘a single spore of the Pc ( \ mi fl e d oidiuni of Europe. The small 
are of very rare occurrence. Even if float- polyporm cosbvih measures I 10,000 of an vu st-liUe spots and patches were notunlike 
ing, there will be'something in the shape of in extreme length, and in width, 1 - 20 ,- , (u . pujf.lxdl family, on long stems — those 
roots, and the spores will always spring ooo of an inch, thus taking the inconsidcr- mos t, advanced splitting open and discliarg- 
directly from the threads, or he formed with- aide number of 200,000,000 of spores to cover ^ t | ic j r myriads of dust-like spores. This 
in the threads, at the expense of the undo- one inch superficial.” M. C. Cooke, in his ^ f orm j take | JC the culmination of the 
chrome." By some naturalists fungi have interesting little work on the fungi, sajm: flitsme, and was similar to many species of 
been considered capable of spontaneous gen- “ On t he Goalsteanl (Tmgopogon pratensis,) om . W0RJt parasites.—[Concluded next week. 
oration; but I firmly believe this view to he the leaves have the appearance as if sprink- _ 4 ^.+- 
diametrically opposed to those beautiful and led with gold-dust, and each speck of dust is p r «p«ria (5 Enumvinat* for I’ninthig.—in a rc- 
imckauging laws that nature has so plainly a little cup containing spores, or more prop- cent Rural I flint the following:: 
shown in all the higher orders of creation, C rly protospons. Each of these bodies is Wanted directions ^‘it. 11 !or’color 1 nfMu 
and which are, at the same time, so essential doubtless capable of reproducing its species, Vs-u<'''u?i- 4 ;'-oVnictBir^ that jiur'iens, to pro¬ 
to vitality. ”That fungi” according to am l if we compute 2,000 cluster-cups as 00 - 
Berkeley, “ should spring up everywhere cur ring on each leaf,—and wo have found ,, r ,'no of thoso on your eiiitoriiu stun who pro- 
under fitting conditions, is readily explained half ns many more on an ordinary-sized leaf, ^\ n1 * 1 luniKl 1 Ml1 ' 11,1 oumi ' 
hy the enormous quantity of fruit which —and suppose each cup to contain 250,000 j,, anflwcr to ‘"Westerner,” procure of tho 
they produce. Multitudes of spores find at spores, which again is below tho actual num- (jt . uglriEt ( . on tM' worth of ffum-tragacanth— 
once a proper nidus, and throw out tlieir her, then we shall have not less than 500,- the” Hake." Dissolve a portion of It by pouring' 
mycelium, which, in some cases, may exist 000,000 of reproductive bodies on one leaf T.oui, nnVsi!!.uid 
for years without producing fruit, and, m of the Goatsbeard, to turinsh a crop ot para- ^ ( (1(mglgten ey of thick l»oite<i starch, 
other instances, is essentially perennial, yield- sites for the plants of the succeeding year, with this coat the eiwavlnir uni sutler it to 
in< r an annual crop for almost an indefinite We must reckon by millions, and our figures dry. Then wash it over with u weak solution of 
period. Oil,or spores ate wafted iboul, in amllkpultk* I'.til m appreciate*!!,,, myri„.l» J,»*i 
the air, where they may remain for a greater of spores which compose, the orange dust (a , ated with tlltg preparation, are made ready to 
or less period, till, obeying the natural laws produced upon ouo infected cluster ol plants co j ored in „j| colors, and work equally as 
of gravity, they descend in some distant of Tragopogon.” “Nor is this all, for our W( .uas canvas, and the expense is as nothing in 
region.” lt is said the trade-winds carry number represents only tlm actual proto- comparison. If tfro palntii* Is a”su^ess, it 
spores of fungi thousands of miles before spores which arc contained within the pen- ( j l(!lu . ll to the"stretcher.—H elen m. Haun. 
they are deposited. dea; each of these, on germination, may --♦♦♦- 
\ The reproduction and dissemination of produce not only one lmt many vegetative * Ojnent, made fry dissolving rubber cut fine 
most fungoid plants depends very materially spores, which are exceedingly minute, and m benzine, may fro used to mend rubber boots 
i U pon the condition of the atmosphere; hence individually may he regarded as embryos of and shoes. This cement will firmly fasten on a 
we find that many of the diseases caused by , a fresh crop of cluster-cups.” Most ol you rubber patch. 
PrrpnrlMK Ena r “ v ‘ r, tf M f <,r Painting.—-In a re¬ 
cent. Rural I find the following; 
Wanted directions for preparing: common 
outt'ruvinirH on pupor, &ultitbit? loi* coloring iu 
water colors; something; that hardens, to pre¬ 
vent the paint, from absorbing 1 , similar to photo- 
unudi and other card-boards, t’un -onto reader, 
or one of thoao on your editorial stall who pro¬ 
vide for thus department, furnish such Informa¬ 
tion V—W KKTBRNKK. 
In answer to “Westerner,” procure of the 
druggist ten cents’ worth of gum-tragacaiilh— 
the "“fluke.” Dissolve a portion of it by pouting 
nhATi if n m 1 idol of hotline water. IL will re- 
gum arafric; il too strong, It will crack after tho 
color is on. Pencil sketches on liristol board, 
coated with lids preparation, are mado ready to 
bo colored in nil colors, and work equally as 
well as canvas, and the expense is as nothing iu 
comparison. If tho painting is a “ success," it 
can he pasted upon common muslin that Is 
tacked to the stretcher.—H elen M. Hahn. 
--♦♦♦- 
A Open!, made fry dissolving rubber cut fine 
