most nutritious, and was very, productive, 
and could be cheaply grown. It is a good 
keeper in winter, and in Addison county had 
superseded all other varieties. The soil best 
adapted to the beet is clay or a clay loam. 
A thorough preparation of the land is essen¬ 
tial to vigorous growth. Stagnant water 
must not be allowed upon land intended for 
beets. Twenty-five loads of well rotted ma¬ 
nure to the acre should he applied to the 
land—one-half before plowing and the other 
half after plowing, as a top-dressing. Coarse 
manure should be avoided, and fresh manure 
causes an imperfectly shaped root. 
The same land could be used for beets for 
successive years. The seed should be sown 
dairy, Carrion should not be allowed to be near the 
pasture. Ferments are a fruitful source of bad 
cheese. Small particles of milk in corners of pails 
or upon utensils, when exposed to the air, rapidlv 
decornpose and operate upon the new milk. To kill 
ferment* requires u temperature oJ 212’. nothing 
short of hoillng heat will accomplish it. hence water 
used (n cleaning palls should he boiling hot. Facto- 
rie* should not tolerate pig sties In their neighbor¬ 
hood, and all I he surroundings should be clean, 
sweet and free from taint. Warm milk should not 
he put In close cansund carried long distances; be¬ 
fore putting into vats it should be allowed to cool to 
get rid oi the animal odor. Milk should be spread 
out as much ns possible ; letting it run orer a broad 
surface Improves It. The “milk cooler” is of 
greut use. 
In the Cheddar process the temperature In setting 
ranges from ?i J to Si , never above 81 . 
The American process of manufacturing cheese 
differs hut little frum the chcddar process in England. 
In this process the condition ,,r milk must be ac¬ 
curately understood. Mr. W. then gave a detailed 
statement of the Cheddar process in England. 
Our factory cheese Is Injured by being put to press 
ut too high a temperature. The principles of the 
Cheddar process are: 
1. Studying the condition of the milk. 
2. Setting ut a temperature from 78" to 82". 
3. Draining the whey curly. 
i. Exposing the curd longer to the atmosphere and 
allowing It to perfect its acidity after the whey is 
drawn. 
6. Fulling lu press before salting, at a temperature 
of flO" to tS\ 
6. Grinding In the curd mill and then salting. 
Tlio salt cannot bo regulated bv guess. Exposure 
of the curd In small particles to the atmosphere se¬ 
cures good flavor and mellowness oi texture. 
Hotter making lias now become of great impor¬ 
tance; there is some prospect of Its being more re¬ 
munerative than cheese. 
The speaker then alluded to Orange county butter 
making system, which If.- given the butter made In 
that vicinity u world-wide lame. He also gave a 
sketch of his Investigations In Europe. He gave u 
minute statement, of the system followed by the 
dairymen of Holstein. 
The American system of butter making Is bused 
upon five principles. 1 . Obtaining rich, pure milk. 
cost of the building, of course, will vary 
according to style of construction and price 
of materials. The house is considered, in 
England, a desirable one, and answers the 
purpose so well that it is being extensively 
used by poultry fanciers of limited means. 
The plan presents some features of novelty 
as well as of utility. 
The posts of the frame, if built of wood, 
may be not over nine feet high, by resting 
the sills on concrete walls of three feet, 
where it is convenient to build on a slight 
inclination. Seven and n-half feet, in height 
will do for feeding-room and the manure 
pit, which may he formed by running a wall 
three feet high, as shown by the dotted line. 
The manure may be thrown in through the 
door, which opens near. Three windows on 
the south side will give light and warmth. 
The second floor may bo lathed up the 
roof, to give sufficient height in the center, 
which will be four and n-half feet under the 
eaves of the roof. The nests are set in the 
partition, one foot from the floor, one foot 
high, and one and a-half feet long, open at 
both ends with a slide door, which is re¬ 
versed when a hen is sitting, go that site is 
placed in the opposite or sitting-room, and 
thus the others never disturb her. A door 
to communicate between t he rooms and win¬ 
dows in the end and south side M ill give suf¬ 
ficient light and warmth. The whole may 
be lathed and plastered, or ceiled up, either 
of which will make it a warm and durable 
building. The lower floor is much the best 
for roosting and feeding, while the hens can 
quite readily ascend to lay and sit on the 
upper floor wi th equally good success. “ This 
plan Mill give eighty feet of outside wall 
and eight hundred feet of floor.”— e. 
Msbanbrg 
rrbitecture 
X. A. WILLARD, A. M., EDITOR, 
Op Little Fells, Hcekimxh County, New Vobk. 
A CHEAP COTTAGE. 
Some one inquired for a plan for a house, 
from the kitchen of which the main road 
VERMONT DAIRYMEN’S CONVEN¬ 
TION. 
The first winter meeting of the Vermont 
Dairymen’s Association, held at St. Albans, 
Vt., January 19th, 20th, and 21st, was a de¬ 
cided success, and reflects great credit upon 
the officers of the Association who inaugu¬ 
rated this movement among the Dairymen 
of Vermont. The meeting was held in the 
large and elegant hall of theWelden House, 
and the room was well filled with a highly 
intelligent and appreciative audience. In¬ 
deed, a liner looking body of men than 
these Vermont dairymen gathered here lu 
convention one does not often see. The 
Convention embraced delegates from other 
of the New England States and from New 
Y ork. 
The Association was called to order at 
two P. M. on Wednesday by Hon. E. D. 
Mason of Richmond, who gave a brief but 
interesting address, in which he referred to 
the objects of the meeting and the benefits 
to be derived from farmers associating to¬ 
gether for an interchange of views in refer- 
enee to their calling. He 9aid the farmer 
occupies the most useful, the most, important 
station in society. It is to his exertions that 
the support, the food, the employment of 
every oLher rank is owing. To the surplus 
produce of the farmer we owe the institu¬ 
tion and the preservation of distinct em¬ 
ployments, the 
CHEAP COTTAGE —ELEVATION. 
could be seen. The above is certainly as 
convenient as three-fourths of Western 
farmers’ homes, although it lacks a parlor— 
which, by. the way, is seldom used by most 
families except, in case of the death of one 
of the members thereof. The portico in the 
above may be enlarged and closed up for a 
sort of hall or vestibule if desirable. 
creased crop. Eight cents per bushel is a 
fair average of the cost of raising this crop. 
Mr. Lane discussed the utility of the beet 
crop for feeding cows in a very clear and 
convincing manner, and at the close of his 
address a brief discussion was had upon the 
subject. 
The Secretary, Mr. Bliss, concurred with 
the speaker in regard to the value of this 
new variety of beet, and referred to what he 
had seen of its culture in Addison county. 
The farmers there feed sugar beets to almost 
every domestic animal with success. 
Col. Mead, of Randolph, was satisfied 
that, farmers raise too much corn and not 
enough roots, and he was encouraged, by the 
address, to pay more attention to this crop. 
The President, Mr. Mason, gave his ex¬ 
perience in raising the red mangold, and was 
satisfied that roots, fed with hay, would win¬ 
ter a cow much better thuu liay alone, lie 
thought, the labor and expense of growing 
an acre of beets were no more than for corn. 
In reply to an inquiry, Mr. Lane said the 
ridges for beets should be low and flat. He 
did not esteem the beet so good for fattening 
purposes as potatoes or corn. 
Z. E. Jameson of Irasburg, referred to the 
practice of a farmer in his vicinity in raising 
turnips by sowing tin: seed near the hills of 
corn. He had grown sixty bushels to the 
acre in this way, and the turnips were no 
detriment to the corn. AnoLUer fanner 
scattered seed on the manure, when loading 
origin of commerce and 
manufactures, and the existence of Govern¬ 
ment. It, is the surplus produce of the 
farmer that sets the wheel of the manufac¬ 
turer in motion ; that bids the sails of com¬ 
merce whiten every sea; that gives to re¬ 
ligion her ministers, to education her stu¬ 
dents; that supports the busy population of 
the crowded city, and that, lends to Govern¬ 
ment its resources, its energy and its very 
being. Referring to dairy matters in Ver¬ 
mont, lie said;—We have met for the first 
time as an Association to take into consider¬ 
ation what needs to be done to wake sp the 
sleeping dairymen of the State to the true 
interests of their calling. Other sections of 
the dairy region are far in advance of us, 
not only in quantity, but in the quality of 
their goods. He said tho markets report 
Vermont butter from three to five cents per 
pound less than New York Slate, and cheese 
from one to two cents less, to say nothing- 
of the difference of twenty-five cents per 
pound between Vermont butter and the far- 
famed fancy hatter of Orange county and 
the Philadelphia prints. Such things, lie 
thought, should not be. 
The climate of Vermont is unequaled for 
the dairy. With purest springs of cold 
water running from every hill-side and with 
the sweetest pasturage, Vermont should 
furnish the best dairy products of the whole 
country. He thought if Vermont dairymen 
availed themselves of high skill in manu¬ 
facturing and put their goods in better pack¬ 
ages, so that they may go to market in better 
condition and see to it. that they are put into 
honest bauds in the market, Vermont butter 
and cheese will stand where it should, in the 
front rank lu poiut of excellence and price, 
lie referred to tho great advance that had 
been made iu the art of cheese making 
through the factory system, and the import¬ 
ance of understanding the very best, methods 
of manufacture both of butter and cheese, 
and in conclusion said that when Vermont, 
can bring its dairy products up in point of 
excellence to the best in the country, then 
her dairymen will reap a harvest that Mill 
fill the State with comparative plenty, en¬ 
courage improvement and tend to retard 
emigration. 
Culture of the Hugm- Beet lor Stock Feeding. 
Next in order was an address by Hon. 
Henry Lane of Cornwall, on the above 
PRODUCT OP HERKIMER CO., N. Y. 
DAIRIES. 
The following table shows the number of 
pounds of cheese and butter shipped from 
Herkimer Co., N. Y., for each year, from 
1864 to 1869 inclusive:— 
1 SK 1 Cheese, Lbs. Butter. Lbs. 
1861.16,767,099 <92,678 
.16,808.352 313,766 
.j|-T34,9M 241.682 
The table is made up from records kept at 
the freight depots of railroad and canal, and 
therefore shows only Urn quantity of butter 
and cheese shipped from the county. We 
have not the figures showing the butter and 
cheese consumed in the county; but if this 
amount were added it would increase the 
product very considerably. 
We give below the quantity shipped at the 
different depoU^tv the county for the past 
two years: 
» t, , ^ Cheese, Lbs, 
By R. R.- Frankfort . 800,490 
IllOn .. 1.665,022 
nei-UimuT;. 4,772,606 
Little lull*. 7,421,696 
B}- Canal. 620,714 
Total.15,570,487 
1868. 
By R. It.—Frankfort. 840,071 
m°n-. 2,833,902 
.6.014,663 
By Canal. 1,221,775 
Totul.15,734,921 
The number of boxes cheese shipped 
from Little Falls in 1869 was 113,367, and in 
1808, 100,340. At Herkimer the number of 
MOLES AND GRUBS, 
GROUND PLAN. 
S, sitting-room, 1G by 20 feet, K, kitchen, 
16 by 16 feet. B, bedroom, 8 by 12 feet. P, 
pantry and store-room, 8 by 10 feet. C, 
clothes press. Q, portico. II, kitchen 
stove. F, Franklin stove. D, doors. W, 
windows. S. Goss. 
Mr. J. P. Elliott of Indiana, in the Cin¬ 
cinnati Gazette,.says upon this subject; 
“ I have no doubt that the grub destroyed 
thousands of acres of corn in this State last 
year, and a great many meadows are so 
badly hurt that the hay M’as hardly worth 
cutting; at least I find it so in my county. 
I am M-ell satisfied that if it had not been 
for them, we would have had one-third more 
corn in this township. As a remedy, some 
of our farmers are trying fall plowing, but I 
do not kuow how it will succeed. 
“ I notice an inquiry, ‘ How to kill moles ?’ 
I think it far better if we would try and pre¬ 
serve the mole instead ot destroying him, 
for lie does far more good than harm. He 
is a good grub catcher, and follows that vo¬ 
cation for a living. The blackbird is also a 
good grub catcher, and M ill follow the fann¬ 
er’s plow from morning till night, and pick 
up every grub that is turned up. And the 
polecat is the best grub catcher of all. He 
makes a regular business of digging around 
the corn bills, and destroying them by 
hundreds and thousands. But the majority 
of funnel’s have so much hatred toward all 
outside living tilings that they destroy 
instead of preserving them, and their num¬ 
bers are so limited that they are only a par- 
PLAN OF POULTRY HOUSE: 
One that will Accommodate One Hundred 
Fowls. 
Being desirous of building a house and yard 
for my fow ls, I wish to inquire the size and con¬ 
struction of a building, and also size of yard, for 
otic hundred fowls. Hum- you any designs that 
arc better than I ho one that appeared in the 
Rural of April or May last. Information will 
ho thankfully received, as I wish (o build this 
spring.—C. W. S„ PoestenlcM, Jan., 1870. 
Butter, Lbs. 
1,383 
16.804 
100,597 
85.850 
POULTRY HOUSE—ELEVATION. 
A YARD fifty by one hundred feet is suffi¬ 
ciently large to answer the purpose desired 
by our correspondent, and upon which 
one hundred fou ls can be conveniently kept. 
But the more room allowed them the better 
it will prove for the health of the brood. 
This lot should be allowed the fowls outside 
of the dimensions of the hennery. We 
have seen a flock of one hundred fowls well 
kept upon the space mentioned. 
PROTECTING CROWS. 
A correspondent of the Netv England 
Farmer, who has been engaged in collecting 
birds and eggs for twenty-five years, and has 
made the habits of crows a study, writes 
that journal“ I know that they destroy 
some insects in the spring, but mostly water 
insects that do no damage, but many of 
which prey on other species that arc in¬ 
jurious. But I do alsoknou' that crows live 
almost entirely on the eggs and the young- 
of smaller birds, from the middle of May to 
the first of August, and that they feed their 
young on the same, and scarcely anything 
else. I have no doubt that a nest of four 
young crows—there arc sometimes five—will 
eat two quarts of young birds or eggs in one 
day. That they destroy two-thirds of all 
the eggs and young of small birds I kuow to 
be a fact, in some sections. Of some spe¬ 
cies 1 have known them to destroy four 
nests out of five, and that before the young 
were a week old. 
“ Now 1 think that one small bird will de¬ 
stroy more noxious insects in one season 
than fifty crows. And this is not all. They 
often spoil large fields of corn when too late 
in the season to re-plant. If every crow, 
jay, hawk and owl could be fed to insects, I 
think it would he a blessing to the farmer 
and to the small birds, and I hope no law 
will be passed to protect crows or jays, for I 
see them daily hunting for the nests of small 
birds.” 
Dairy Experience.—Seeing a request Rural 
that your readers would send their experience 
in dairying, wo will scud ours for the past sea¬ 
son. Our dairy consists of fourteen cows, (five 
thn-e years old and four four years old -the rest 
are older.) Breed, a mixture of native, Devon 
and Durham. Our aceou nt stands as follows : 
Butter sold. 8,136 pounds. *1,251 40 
Cheese made, 2u0 “ 30 m 
Fork, 1,996 “ 259 48 
Duuouri skins. 7 00 
Two calves fatted.. 30 50 
Five “ raised. 50 00 
1 u.,n •. L .. . IW.UWAJIN, poll I 1 I 1 N, 
A , lt hu0 rott °hed over 4.91.1X0.000of pounds. 
At thirty cent* per pound tint product the past year 
on the above rsiimale ivnuid r>e *210,000.006. These 
tlffiueiishew the Importune;* of dairy tarmlng, which 
8greatly Increasing and furthering the eoihUJurciul 
interests nt tile Country. 
Aflsonlnled dairying 1* claimed to have originated 
In Europe, but diflers from American. European 
system was not generally adopted among the nntkms 
In America tho first suoecsstnl movement in this 
direction was instituted. Tho American system 
seeks to reduce the practice of dairying to a science, 
it is a now Hjiplicutmn of an ulu principle, adapting 
tho rule to farming which hu« beep successful in 
commerce and manufactures. New principles are 
brought to boar Upon the farm labum. and hraiua 
art; found to ha Of more account limn muscle. It is 11 
hopeful sign of progress that farmers everywhere 
arc organizing »ixd«tiea for the purpose or obtaining 
useful information. It necessitates improved man¬ 
ufacture of dulrv products. 
Thu speaker then pointed out some of the most 
Important requisites for dairy management. ]io 
first gave the constituent parts of milk, and their 
benrlngs upon the manufacture of cheese. The 
market value of cheese does not entirely depend 
Upon the amount of butter which it Contains. The 
peculiar mellow appearance of good cheese is due to 
the gradual tra ns lor mail on which the curd iindur- 
goes In ripening, but if this process is badly eon- 
dnoted the ehee.se will be lough. Proper ripening 
will give lt thn Property of melting m the mouth 
1 he standard English cheese contains water 34 parts, 
butter 31 narte. casein 28 nurt.s. umi s ,.r , 
Grain fed to hogs.. 
Cost of hogs. 
Grain fed to calves 
Product of cows........!.. *1,553 33 
Wo fed our cows about two quarts of meal a 
few days before they came in; after they came 
In, about four quarts per day, until grass furn¬ 
ished them a good bite. As grass began to fail, 
led sowed corn. — J. & H. P. Hull, Homer, 
Cortland county, N. 1'. 
GROUND FJ/OOR. 
A poultry house containing two floors and 
constructed on the following plan, M'hich 
M’e take from the Scottish Farmer, will ac¬ 
commodate, very comfortably, one hundred 
A Snowbird Killed by u Tick. — A correspon¬ 
dent informs us he recently found a dead snow¬ 
bird with a large “ tick ” fastened upon its neck, 
and no other apparent cause of Its death. Do 
our readers know of any “tick” capable of 
killing such a bird? 
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