WW) 
glomerated mass of fungi, eonsfsting ot tUou- 
sands of dots and libers, radiating in every 
direction from the outer edge, while in the 
interior the dense hulk becomes continent. 
To the naked eve this immense multitude 
CLOTHES DRYERS. 
Herewith is given a number of modifi¬ 
cations of the common clothes bars, that for 
cheapness and simplicity ot construction, 
will command attention. 
ricnttfic antr 
onwstic tkcattamti 
I am informed, however, that 
rs on properly drained soils. 
On the blackberries, bot h high-bush and trail¬ 
ing, in a wild state, I have frequently not iced 
this pest; but never in cultivation in the 
eastern portion of our State. I underst and 
in some sections of New Jersey iL is present¬ 
ing rather a formidable appearance, and in¬ 
creasing rapidly. I should feel obliged for 
specimens next year, and will gladly give 
any information in regard to it that 1 may 
possibly discover. 
Rcmcdiet) 
There are various recipes for destroying 
these pests; but the most certain and least ex¬ 
pensive is to cut away and hum all diseased 
thus portions of the tree or plant, as soon as the 
iews malady is detected. Sulphur is perhaps the 
iown most powerful remedy for destroying 'hem, 
>ccu- but heat is absolutely essential, as in a volu 
, tm d- tile state it will penetrate into the most dilli 
risen cult places. A writer in the Gardeners' 
roes. Chronicle says:—“The crude, sulphur, it 
nsid- should seem, combines with oxygen in a 
.flrard nascent state, and so forms sulphuric add, 
STRUCTURE OF FRUIT FUNGI. 
Extract from the Annual Address of Jo si all 
Iionpes, President of the Pennsylvania 
Fruit Growers’ Society. 
[Concluded from p&se til, last No.] 
In passing to the apple and pear (for the 
species of fungi, that attack them are almost 
one and the same,) I desire first to call your 
attention to the very dangerous disease, 
popularly known as the Jive blight. Our 
Secretary, Mr. Meehan, in a paper read 
before the American Homological Society, at 
its eleventh session, minutely described this 
►malady in all its stages ; and in lact, was the 
first to take decisive ground in favor ot the 
fungoid theory Subsequent research, has 
fully proven to my mind, how true was liis 
reasoning. Certain requirements are un¬ 
doubtedly necessary, — or rather the little 
parasitic plant greatly preters some particulai 
condition in the growth ot a tree to locate, 
for wo find it destroying some varieties to 
the total exclusion of others. In large blocks 
of nursery trees, it will trequcntly follow a 
CONDUCTED BY MARY A. E. WAGER. 
WASHING DISHES. 
I hope when the millonium dawns, dish 
washing will be struck out of the catalogue 
of the day’s doings. It is a vexation men 
know nothing about They enjoy their din¬ 
ners, loll back in their chairs, and feel good- 
natured and thankful, and perhaps enthusi¬ 
astic. If they had visions of the dish-pan 
before their eyes meantime, it would detract 
largely from their enjoyment of eating. It 
will be a day of joy to all womankind when 
science shall have discovered such simple 
mid cheap combinations for table “china” 
that we will not have to mind about wash¬ 
ing dishes. The process will be very simple. 
Take up the four corners of the table cloth 
ami givo the whole a fling into the back 
yard! Then we can enjoy an “ hour’s noon¬ 
ing 
But so 
hour’s noou- 
without grief or hurry. 
_ long as dish washing is one of the ] 
ills to which woman flesh is heir, it. is the ] 
wisest philosophy to make the best of it and i 
do it in the best way. In the manner ot 
clearing away tbe table, disposing of what . 
is left, and in gathering together the various 
articles of use there is much to be learned by 
many who do such work. Some women, or 
girls, gather up the knives and forks and 
spoons together, when spoons and all silver 
articles should form a separate division. The 
pieces of butter left on the plates should be 
put by themselves on a small, clean plate, to 
be used in cooking, or, it not mussed, they 
may be molded into shape for the table 
again. The butter-dish presents a more tidy 
and inviting appearance if washed after every 
meal. A daubed butter-plate is anything 
but wholesome-looking. The same rule 
holds good with regard to vegetable and 
meat, dishes. A practice that prevails with 
some housekeepers of warming over meats 
and vegetables In the same dishes in which 
they are served at table, is in very bad taste. 
Let the dishes that come to the table be 
fresh and clean, and not burnt and cracked 
and soaked with vegetable or meat juices. 
Have a care for the table-cloth hi picking 
up the cutlery. Do not lay knives, forks or 
spoons on it. If grease lias fallen on it, care¬ 
fully remove it with a knife. Ladies who 
take special care of their table linen, remove 
the crumbs carefully with a crumb knife, 
which is a broad bladed knife with a dull 
edge, and then mind the folding of the cloth, 
observing the former folds. 
Dish water should always be soft, plentiful 
and well heated. Making exception for 
special cases, a woman who will keep house 
without a well regulated cistern, or supply 
of soft water, deserves all the inconvenience 
and uncleanlincss that comes from a lack of 
it. For I aver that soft water is requisite to 
cleanliness. Next to the dish water, in im¬ 
portance, are drying towels and wash cloth, 
which ought to bo ofllneu, and always kept 
sweet and clean. This can only be effected 
Figure l 
feature of an organic disease, caused ny 
some poisonous species of eiyptoganflc 
plants; as we find like traces of their ex¬ 
istence, commencing in the roots, up through 
the main hotly of tho tree, working their 
way out the various branches, and finally 
ending their career externally on the leaves 
and tender twigs of tho present, year’s 
growth. During the life of tho fungus it 
makes scarcely a perceptible sign to the un¬ 
aided eye of the observer, but alter (Is func¬ 
tions have been performed, and the plant 
itself has ceased to exist, then the change 
ill its victim becomes apparent. Tito dis¬ 
section of various portions of the tree plainly 
has penetrated 
Figure 2. 
otherwise embellished. At the larger end of 
each arm (A) there is secured a wooden pin, 
which fits into holes in and bored nearly 
through the post B. These bars, it. will be 
observed, can be taken out and laid away 
when not in use, or folded against the wall, 
as desired. 
simple manner, according to my observation: 
—The spores falling upon the bark, soon 
change into little thread-like rootlets (it I may 
he allowed the term.) These soon work their 
way into the openings of the epidermis, or 
outside skin of the tree, winding down 
through the cellular fibers of the bark, and 
here in Lite form of mycelium, gorw directly on 
the wood. Occasionally however they pene¬ 
trate the wood-cells, anti in that case the dis¬ 
ease is always, and quickly fatal. 
Berkeley asserts, in corroboration of this 
fact, tluvt “ the woiutar&l power of penetra¬ 
tion possessed by mycelium may be easily 
seen in any dark-colored fungus, by making 
thin vertical sections through the wood. Not 
only do the threads penetrate between the 
cells, but into their cavities themselves at 
length, completely blocking up their aper¬ 
tures after traversing them in every direc¬ 
tion.” But whilst the little peat is rapidly 
spreading by means of its root-like forma¬ 
tion, it is also developing large numbers of 
little capsules with their millions of spores, to 
reproduce its species in Other spots. So that 
the sooner the branch is eradicated and 
burned the better it will he for neighboring 
trees. A few weeks since I had an oppor¬ 
tunity of examining the twig from a pear 
tree, which was thickly marked with inden¬ 
tations closely resembling the result of insect 
depredations. Under the lens it showed an 
occasional remnant of mycelium, but the 
plant itself had perfected its growth, hurst 
through the skin of the bark and disappeared, 
thus causing the disfigurement mentioned 
above. As it appears to be an entirely new 
form, or at least it works in a new method, 1 
should like to obtain fresh specimens at an 
earlier season. 
Meehan, in speaking of leaf-blight, alludes 
to the theory of its underground introduc¬ 
tion, In this I think he is entirely correct. 
English mycologists have asserted that many 
species of fungi that appear in their perfect 
state on the external portion of plants have 
shows that a poisonous virus 
Into every part of its organization. This | - ' 
theory is sustained by many facts; as, lor 
instance, orehardists are well aware that a 
knife used in dissecting one of these diseased a 
trees will communicate Lite yellows to a '' 
healthy one by the simple act of priming: 1 " 
This Is an undisputed fact, and is an excel- <)l 
lent argument in favor of the transfer of ( 
mycelium from one point to another. I feel ’ 
confident that, future and careful investiga¬ 
tion will confirm all that 1 have advanced '! 
in this direction. Some varieties of the 1 
Peach and its curious sport, the Neotaaine, I ^ 
are liable to mildew, in a tew instances in¬ 
juring tho tree alone, but occasionally com n 
pletely destroying the fruit, while ignoring " 
the limbs and foliage. This form of fungus 1 
is exceedingly partial to particular organi/.a- j 
lions, and will not spread from Its chosen 
variety to another, whether near or distant, 
therefrom. 
The knot on plums and cherries is so evi- j 
dently caused by the presence of fungi, that ( 
it seems scarcely necessary to refer to it at ( 
all. But. only so lute as the past summer, I 
read in one of our agricultural magazines, 
an article by a correspondent, arguing strenu¬ 
ously that the excrescences were caused by 
insects ; “ for had lie not seen them in till 
their various stages, disorganizing the cells 
of the plum and cherry ?” It is merely ne¬ 
cessary to say that the insects in question 
select th esc soft, spongy excrescences to de¬ 
posit their eggs, as they would the young 
fruit; and if the writer of the article in 
question had commenced his observations 
. sufficiently early in the season, he could 
■ readily have satisfied himself that another 
i enemy was already at work. Our worthy 
honorary member, Dr. Ezra Miuhenor, a 
- cryptogamic botanist of high standing, em- 
- phutically asserts, in the columns ot the 
c Medical and Surgical Reporter, that this dis- 
f ease is caused in the manner J have stated. 
B The spoiling of the leaf in plums and cher¬ 
ts l'lcs, is caused by a similar species ot fungi 
,f to that found in the apple and pear, only 
,f differing in a few unimportant points, of no 
i- particular interest to the fruit grower. 
d On the smaller fruits we have numerous 
d annoying diseases, classed under the general 
i- heading of 'mildew ; as, for instance, the for- 
e eign varieties of the gooseberries are often 
y completely disfigured by a fine, meal-like 
dust, or web-like growth, covering every 
11 portion of the plant and fruit, and rendering 
e, the Litter entirely useless. Then again we 
v find the leaves of currants spotting badly, 
ie and raspberry leaves shriveling and falling 
in off prematurely. A very pernicious species 
u- of fungus has occasionally been found on 
il- raspberry leaves, cup-like in character, and 
e. of a beautiful orange color. T judge it be- 
FlC.llRE 3. 
Figures 2 and 3 represent portable clothes 
hare or dryers; their hcight'should not be 
less than four feet; lour and a-liftlf is not loo 
high. A suitable length for the bars is four 
feet; nine will lints give a portable line of 
thirty-six feet, a sufficient length for a com- 
Clieap Way to Convey Water.—It is common 
to And In country places springs of good water 
conveniently located for conveying the water to 
the house, provides a proper spirit of energy, 
with n moderate outlay of money, were expend¬ 
ed in laying the necessary pipo, thus securing a 
constant supply of water, to the comfort of the 
housekeeper, who, In the absence of such an ar¬ 
rangement, is compelled to trudge through all 
kinds of weather and curry heavy pails to pro¬ 
cure tin? dally required and indispensable article. 
i therefore suggest to those hesitating on ac¬ 
count of expense, a plan costing no money, and 
not a serious amount of labor; and the labor 
that it does call for can be done by boys in spare 
time, and even girls, In these days of woman’s 
rights, can do It. It is to IhIio the largo slalksof 
the elder bush, found so abundant in tho coun¬ 
try, cut them apart at the seeming Joints, punch 
out the pith, am! ir necessary to make a clean, 
smooth tube, use a roll of sand-puper. Then 
whittle the end of a section or joint slightly ta¬ 
pering, unci rim out the end of the section it is 
to tit into, SO that they lit nicely. A long train 
of pipe or tubing can thus be produced without 
acent'a outlay; and I can’t seo why sucli’a pipe, 
woll covered with earth, will not. last a your or 
two, and by Umt time its advantage will be suf¬ 
ficiently appreciated to cause metal or earthen 
pipes to be substituted.—W. H.» New York. 
Figure 4. 
mon washing. Figure 4 delineates a dryer, 
designed to hang against the wall. It will 
be found convenient in many instances, as to 
hang above the wood-box, behind the stove, 
or over the ironing table in the laundry, 
&c., &c.—s. 
Mrs. E. \V. W.’h Pudding. —Take one quart of 
new milk and put to boil; then take seven even 
tablespoonfula of flour, uud one of granulated 
sugar, u pinch of suit and cold milk enough to 
make a smooth batter and st ir into the boiling 
milk; boil live minutes, then take from tho 
stove and beat one egg very light and stir in; 
after which, turn into a covered dish, pour over 
one cup of granulated sugar flavored with 
lemon extract. The pudding should be stirred 
constantly while boiling to keep from burning. 
It should be eaten cold. 
Old Hhoes, it Is said, are cut up in small pieces, 
which are put in chloride of sulphur two days 
and become hard and brittle. The material is 
then washed, dried, ground to powder, mixed 
with shellac, glueorgum, and them pressed Into 
molds and shaped into combs, buttons, knife 
handles, etc. 
Packing Eggs.—A Syracuse, N. Y.. correspon¬ 
dent asks for “the surest, cheapest and most 
convenient way of packing or laying down live 
hundred dozens, or more, eggs so as to keep 
them from June until January, then to bo taken 
up and put in market " Let our readers who 
have experience answer. 
gnow Phranmrna, In Amherst, Mass., and 
Meridian, N- Y.» during a snow storm on Satur¬ 
day night, January Jit), largo balls of snow rolled 
up hy the wind were visible almost everywhere. 
Some of them were rolled up with square ends 
and a large hole through the middle, like u lady’s 
mull’. 
Contributions to ihis Department of recipes, 
suggestions and experiences are always gladly 
received. We desire that Inquiries should bo 
made, and that housewives should feel that they 
can have free Interchange of experiences herein- 
Send along approved recipes and modes of doing 
things. 
AVhnt we Want.—Will some one give us the 
best plan for a kitchen pantry V Also a plan for 
a kitchen that combines all necessary conve¬ 
niences for work? 
Here, however, 
