perhaps he 'will only strive for the present 
necessities, 
There are many failures for one cause and 
another, but ihe successes more than equal 
them. I have in mind an instance of a young 
man with six cows as a basis for operations, 
who ventured to purchase fitly acres of land 
for the sum of $1,500, giving his note for the 
first payment of $240, due in six months. 
When the obligation was due, he paid it. 
The next payment was promptly met, and 
the next. Forty acres more were added to 
the farm, and all worked happily for about 
three years. The farm was sold at. a hand¬ 
some advance, and another purchased. The 
man is still in debt, but very pleasantly lo¬ 
cated within two miles of as beautiful a coun¬ 
try town as Central New York can boast, 
with property quite well into thousands, all 
because, be dared venture in debt a litLle. 
This same experience will apply to thousands 
now beyond embarrassment, or want. My 
advice, then, is (to the. man who can work a 
farm well,) instead of hiring, or working 
upon shares, with the criticising eye of the 
owner ever upon you, do not he too timid 
about running in debt; but launch out,— 
“ paddle your own canoe,” and success will 
he yours.— Rural READER. 
you wish him to start to the other, is the 
proper motion, accompanied with the cry, 
‘ Around them ! ’ Always call his name in 
giving any order, and always make the motion 
icitJi your hand. You can teach your dog to 
mount over a fence and run on ahead ot the 
flock by making the motion over the fence 
and crying, 1 Away up !’ To learn him to 
drive behind while you go ahead of the flock, 
go on ahead when the flock is in a lane, and 
drive him 
ana than fJtpartntcnt 
ntmstrial 
usbantrrn 
EDITED BY W. F. CLARKE. 
RUNNING IN DEBT, 
H. S. RANDALL, LL. D., EDITOR, 
Or Conn ,and Vuusi, Conn.ANn Cocxty, New York 
We have several letters upon this question 
of ruuning in debt, called out by our recent 
editorial upon the subject. We did not over¬ 
look the advantages of having credit, and 
know that it is a good capital. These argu¬ 
ments, pro and con , are not new; nor are 
they without their weight. Mr. G. W. 
Clowe writes us in this wise concerning 
Renting Lauilt, 
As to working land on shares, or worse 
still, renting a farm, I sec, many objections. 
First, the rent is almost invariably greater 
than the interest on the value of the same 
farm; and then, one has no opportunity to 
make those little improvements which cost 
not much ready money, and add so much to 
the value of a farm and homestead; and if 
the house and farm buildings are ever so in¬ 
convenient, no alterations can he planned 
and executed. Add to this the attachment 
to homo which is so strong a feeling and so 
conducive to good morals in the young, and 
you have an important argument, in favor of 
settling for life in one place, and making 
that place the dearest spot on earth to wife 
As to the independent feeling 
PROTECTION vs. FREE TRADE 
To assume that Canadians regard with in¬ 
difference the discussion of the question of 
Protection as advocated by the Rural in 
the interest of farmers as well as manufac¬ 
tures in the United Staten, would not pre¬ 
sent their appreciation of that policy in a 
favorable light. The principle of protection 
to home industry we believe commends 
itself to a largo portion of Canadians ; and 
has by experience proved itself to bo a sound 
national policy for other nations as well as 
the American. Great Britain built up her 
manufactures by protection, and carried 
the principle so far as oven to prohibit 
the manufacture of woolen goods in Ire¬ 
land. George Alexander Cook says: 
“ The Irish had been prohibited from manu¬ 
facturing their own wool, in order to favor 
the woolen manufactures of England. ” 
These endeavors to foster the development 
of this branch of industry date back less 
than a century. “ An embargo had also 
been laid on the exportation of provisions." 
The protection of farm products was main¬ 
tained until the increase of manufactures 
demanded the repeal of the corn laws, which 
occurred in 1845. This commercial measure 
was regarded as “ a protection " to the man¬ 
ufacturing interest, by throwing open her 
ports for the competition of cheap bread 
from foreign countries, and thereby increas¬ 
ing the ability to hold the monopoly which 
the persistent course of protection had 
enabled the nation to create against all 
rivals and competition. Free trade as ad¬ 
vocated by the Mol her Country is as much 
a policy of protection as a protective tariff 
is to the United Stales, or would ho to 
Canada. 
The lion. A. T. Galt says in his report 
on the Reciprocity Treaty with the United 
States:—“ The policy of the United States 
of protection through the apparent prosper¬ 
ity which is attributed to it has made many 
converts in Canada. It is, no doubt, true 
that, a large and influential party exists who 
advocate a protective policy.” It will bo 
seen that although we are not in a political 
position to adopt, a protective policy on all 
imports, Ihe principle itself is well under¬ 
stood, and we are not quite certain but 
Canada will be obliged to adopt the. princi¬ 
ple of “ self protection" as a “ national 
policy,” not so much against the natural 
products of the “ States” or manufactures as 
on the import of transatlantic manufactures, 
The great natural advantages which the 
United States possess in soil and climate, in 
addition to the great attraction which pro¬ 
tection gives to manufactures, is telling se¬ 
riously on the beet portion of our population. 
The readers of ihe Rural will not be sur¬ 
prised to learn that wo have had a Tariff 
Convention in Toronto, for the purpose of 
discussing the interests of some branches of 
our home Industry and the desirability of in¬ 
stituting a policy of protection in certain 
branches of our manufactures, such as flour, 
salt, coal mining, <fcc. It would be doing us 
injustice to despise the day of small things, 
although it, may not appear evident to every 
one why Ontario wants a duty on American 
flour, as Mils Province exported to the States 
in 1*69, 74,227 barrels of flour, ami 1,402,011 
bushels of wheat. The real seal of our mala¬ 
dy is further East. The Americans buy coal 
and fish of Nova Scotia, and pay them in 
flour, which amounted in 1809, to 159,250 
barrels, the total sum iu money, $1,0311,892. 
The Canadian millers want our Dominion 
Government, by a duty on American flour, 
to ask the Nova Scotians to sell their coal 
and fish for money and buy our breadstufls. 
It will be seen Confederation is not as pay¬ 
ing a scheme as was anticipated, and we re¬ 
quire additional legislation to make the orig¬ 
inal contract of superior advantages reflect, 
credit on the promoters of the British North 
American Act. 
CAir tariff lobby delegation are really at 
work Lu Ottawa, and we can only wish them 
not, that any great advantage can 
TRAINING SHEPHERD DOGS. 
The Prairie Farmer re-publislies the fol¬ 
lowing article on a subject which is very 
little understood, and in regard to which we 
have received many inquiries. It was origi¬ 
nally written for that paper by the late la¬ 
mented Samuel P. Boardman of Lincoln, 
Ill., and is spiced up with his characteristic 
humor: 
“ Six months is the proper age to com¬ 
mence breaking a pup. I have never yet 
seen a well-broke, dog whose training did not 
commence until a year old. There is a wide 
difference in dogs of the same breed, and 
even iu the same litter—some having good, 
hard dog sense, others not. In a general 
way, pups from well-broke parents and from 
well-broke ancestors on both sides of the 
lccnnel, are most likely to prove sensible and 
easily trained. The best place to train a pup 
is oil the road. In driving a journey a pup 
if he underhikes to follow' you 
back. When he has got. back to place, keep 
an eye on him and sing out occasionally, 
•Drive them up!’ By practicing this a 
short time in lanes, you will get your dog so 
that by leading the flock he will bring them 
up after you in whatever direction you go. 
To learn your dog to bark whenever you 
wish him to, make a big fuss yourself and so 
gel him excited, when by singing out, ‘ Speak 
to them l ’ you can set him a-barking. One 
does not wish a dog to bark on nil occasions, 
but only when getting a flock to take a 
stream, yarding, cross a railroad, or in some 
other tight place. If you train your dog to 
catch any single sheep you point out, learn 
him to take hold in the side of the neck, not 
by the leg. Unless the wool is of some 
length, he will be apt to break the skin. I 
lmd a dog that would contrive somehow to 
catch a sheep in the side of the neck and 
hold him—at least check his progress so I 
could catch it—without breaking the skin, if 
the "wool was but half an inch in length. 
“ To sum up this matter of training dogs, 
always treat, your dog kindly and rationally, 
and when you are compelled to whip him, 
thrash him soundly, but when it is over pat 
him on the head to show that you do not 
hold malice, and to prevent him from sulk¬ 
ing. A good dog will bear whipping; will 
not sulk, but he mightily tickled to think it 
is over, and will he only too eager to show 
how well he can work. 
11 1 find in looking over what I have writ¬ 
ten in regard to training dogs that it reads 
very much like an old maid’s (or an old 
bachelor’s?) essay on the training of chil¬ 
dren, which 1 suppose, reasoning from analo¬ 
gy, proves that children possess much the 
same temper and disposition as pups, and 
should be broke in a similar manner. 
“ You will frequently hear of dogs so well 
trained that they will herd sheep alone 
day, or even herd alone on grass surrouu i 
by other crops, ami not permit the sheer 
trespass. I have seen two or three ■ : - 
would do something of the sort, but V1 
always found that when herding alone 
keep The sheep bunched too dost to 
well. It is hardly to be expected that a < 
should display as much intelligence in 1 - 
ing sheep ns a man, although I acknowl 
they do as much as most of the boys, < 
also of some men.” 
and children 
spoken of, I see no reason to prevent one 
who pays his interest on a good mortgage, 
with a little principal each year, from feel¬ 
ing more independent than one who pays a 
large sum as rent money; nor why he can¬ 
not lay hv as much toward the principal, 
which lessens his interest year by year. He 
certainly, after paying his interest, lias no 
cause for being “ depressed by the burden of 
obligation,” and is not, like the man who 
rents a farm, accountable to any cue as re¬ 
gards Urn management of the farm. I can¬ 
not, see anything like slavery in such a debt. 
I also utterly discountenance running in 
debt for that, which is to bo used in house¬ 
hold expenses! I would rather live on very 
meager faro than borrow money to he eaten 
up; but borrowed capital invested in a farm 
is still there, and a very different thing, and 
supplies as much “straw ” for our “ bricks” 
a= can be found on the same farm after ret ' 1 
i iid. On the whole, T advocate runnin 
ii- i ebt for a farm in preference to rentin' 
■ >m\ if a man has energy and per'-everunci 
I without these qualities no poor ma 
I! ever obtain a home of his own. 
vVlint On* 8ny* whVltnn* In Debt. 
Tn your issue of the iStli ult., T find an 1 
editorial headed " Going in Debt, for Land," 
which Bt,rikcf»rne so forcibly that I must nc, | 
! k nvlcdge an appreciation of the good ad- j 
| vi'. c contained in it. True, Greeley had 
told me the same years ago ; and when T was 
‘ n little boy I found the same implied in 
j “ Poor Richard,” where ho said : 
“ Who borrows to-morrow’s, 
Doubles his troubles-" 
Put yours came to mo reminding me ho tv 
: oh I have disregarded tlieadviocof those 
1 old friends, reminding me that in the 
moments of fancied necessity I had con¬ 
tracted debts that now grind me to the dust, 
and make me a slave to my creditors—a ser¬ 
vitude the most abject 1 With the Rural 
I would say to all who arc out of debt, keep 
out 1 And to all who arc in debt, scratch 
out and keep out 1 Under all circumstances, 
keep out! 
When I came West, but little land was 
then in cultivation here. It was difficult to 
rent, but quite easy to contract for unim¬ 
proved land, with annual interest to pay, but 
no trouble about the principal. Thought I, 
“ Land is rising In value; I’ll get me a home 
anyhow—perhaps get well off.” So I pur¬ 
chased a small place in the woods, with no 
improvements—house to build, land to clear, 
teams and implements to buy; sickness 
came on, doctor’s hills to pay, store accounts 
to settle, interest due; markets depressed, 
and everything bound to be thrown upon 
them. Bankruptcy stares me in the face.! 
Not even able to pay for the Rural 1 And 
oh ! what a gloom o’erspreads the household 
where such are its surroundings. Friends, 
keep out of debt! Live within your means, 
and independent of all 11—S. W. J., Frank¬ 
lin Co., Mo. 
Advice Good for n Certain Class. 
Not long since I noticed an article in 
the Rural relative to running in debt, in 
which the writer strongly opposes such 
practice. I think the adviee good for a cer¬ 
tain class, while its opposite would be equal¬ 
ly as good for another class. Take a man 
with a slender constitution, a poor manager, 
or economist; it would bo well for him to 
keep clear of debt; but for a healthy, indo- 
WARREN CO., OHIO, HOGS 
Reading your valuable paper, I see the 
weight of a few good bogs, which I always 
read with much interest. 1 thought it might 
be interesting to many of the renders of your 
paper to know something about our Warren 
Co., O., hogs, the weight of a few, the 
breed, ami their management. The average 
gross weight of 407 raised near Franklin 
and Waynesville. is as follows: 
Robert Cook, 18 head, 500 lbs.; Joel Cook, 
18 head, 521 lbs.; Jas. Bright, 3 head, 503 
lbs.; Jas. Hankinson, f> head, 480 lbs.; R. 
Maxwell, 2 head, 535 lbs.; J. L. Boyd, 11 
head, 480 lbs.; H. Stouleuborough, 23 head, 
491 lbs.; S. Tlaggerly, 8 head, 552 lbs.; L. 
Miltenbergor, 32 head, 484 lbs.; Jas. Barnet, 
7 h id, 500 lbs.; B. G. Schenclc, 18 head, 
4'.tt Ins.; Isaac Mull, 16 head, 497 lbs.; R. 
10 head, 485 lbs.; Win. Bigger, 9 
403 bs.; E. Bailey, 20 head, 520 lbs.; 
n t< nes, 2 bead, 520 lbs. ; B. Slansell, 8 
, i O il) lb ; J. D. Clements, 13 head, 499 
jfli Thorn, 7 head, 576 lbs.; Jas. Aus- 
i ? head, 485 lbs.; C. Morford, 14head, 
t o is.; W. B. Kendricks, 3 head, 481 lbs.; 
b by, 28 head, 518 lbs.; J. W. Edwards, 
; iul, 502 lbs.; L. K. Janney, 20 head, 516 
Ui Win. Phillips, 3 head, 490 lbs.; Levi 
1 i 59 head, 460 lbs.; Jas. Haines, 8 head, 
(one !rter) 638 lbs. 
- e v, eight of the whole number, 407 
is wi lbs. The breed is a cross of 
n Big China and will make more 
■ \ ith the same treatment and amount 
> consumed than the Chester White or 
. outer breed that has been tried (which 
includes nearly all breeds) in our great pork 
raising county. 
The mode of rearing and fattening is first 
to have the pigs come in April and May and 
let them run with the sow four months on 
clover, with a little corn or slop after wean¬ 
ing. They are fed enough to keep them in 
good growing order until the next May, 
when they are turned on clover and allowed 
to run without grain or slop until September, 
when we commence to feed them on raw 
corn alone, and they are slaughtered at the 
age of eighteen and twenty months. 
Robert Cook. 
Warren, Co., Ohio. 
STATISTICS OF THE WOOL TRA 
OF NEW YORK. 
COMPILED BY JAMES LYNCH, NEW TO 
Stock of Wool in the Three Principal Ii 1 j 
kets January 1st, 1S70. 
15- a lilllsi 52 I -C 3fr s HsS 
ITEMS FOR SWINE-HERDS. 
Fording Wheal to llogn. 
S. G. Toof, Decatur, Mich., has fed his 
shoals wheat for about three moil the, with 
fine results. He boils it until it is thorough¬ 
ly cooked, which nearly doubles its bulk. 
He feeds at the rate of one quart to each 
hog three times a day, which would be only 
about one pint of uncooked wheat. For fat¬ 
tening, Lhey will need more, of course. Some, 
who profess to know, assert that one bushel 
of wheat will make as much pork as three 
bushels of com; this lie does not know; but 
lie does know that when wheat and corn are 
as near the same price as now, wheat is the 
cheapest feed. He also feeds boiled wheat 
to his oows, and they are doing well, 
nine Spoilt on Chester Whites. 
J. T. Lockwood, Kansas, asks, “ Are blue 
spots on a Chester White pig any indication 
of impurity of blood? ri have just received 
a pig from Chester county, Pa., whose back 
and rump is completely covered with blue 
spots on the skin, his hair being white. If 
tins is any defect, I don’t want to use him.” 
We never saw such spots on any Cheater 
White reputed pure, but then it may be that 
only those having these spots are pure! 
Who knows? We should regard such spots 
a defect. 
success,! _ 
be derived from the imposition of duties on 
Lite articles which they have iu contempla¬ 
tion, but it is a beginning of a demand for a 
Canadian policy, and it is not difficult to see 
where such a policy will end. If we com¬ 
mence by a duty of protection on American 
products, it will terminate by a duty for pro¬ 
tection on all iinporta, English as well as 
American ; and when we arrive at that stago 
of progress, we can have a free trade with 
the United States, which is the only policy 
which can prevent our rapid absorption by 
our neighbors. At the same time, if there 
was a vote taken in Canada to-day on the 
ciuestion of a free trade with the United 
States, four-fifths of the people would vote 
for it as a great commercial advantage. A 
free trade policy established by the United 
States with tmns-al l an l ie nations, would he 
a serious detriment to Canada. If the Ameri¬ 
can market is of any benefit, to us, it is the 
direct result of your protective policy, with¬ 
out which you’would now be buying your 
iron, cottons, woolens, hardware, with scarce¬ 
ly ft loom or spindle running or an iron 
furnace in blast. M. W. Brown. 
Paris, Ontario, March, 1S70. 
Estimates of Total Wool Clip of United 
States in Pounds. 
On Sheep ) 
Tut. VV’it I 
and Rul’d S 
UXYVASU’O. 
Cal. and Or¬ 
egon. 
Texas. 
sundry S’rn 
Total. 
137,000,0#) 1150,000,000 177.000,000 Iff,!,350,000 
Keeping Sheep wlib Cows. Stuart Crttik- 
SBANTC Is not in favor of keeping sheep with 
cows, for the. reason that the sheep crop the 
sweetest grasses, and their droppings aroobnox¬ 
ious to the cows.—S torks Barrows. 
Don’t Sell the Sheep.—W m. Cf! Tt,n, Orange Co., 
Vt„ advises owners of sheep to cull their (looks 
closely, keep the best, and keep them well, and 
not exchange Merinoes for Long Wools, for in 
two years there will be demand enough for the 
former. 
Inquiries for (Swine-Herds.—A Western subscri¬ 
ber has lost a sow in good flesh, within a few 
days of dropping her pigs. She was fed on corn, 
drunk but lit lie, would not eat, breathed hard 
and died. Asks the cause. 
1866. 1867. 
1868. 
1869. 
120.000,000 140,000,000 
9,000.000 11,000,000 
0,000.000 7.000,000 
2,000,000 . 2,(W0,(J00 
150,000,000 
16,000,000 
s.ono.noo 
3,000,000 
135,000,000 
17,250,000 
7,0(10,000 
3,000,000 
