arirctur. 
CULTIVATION OF CAULIFLOWER. 
The diJlercnt varieties of the cauliflower ( 
may be classed among the luxuries of the , 
garden. They may justly be ranked as the < 
most delicate and desirable of the Bramca \ 
family, and need only to be better known to < 
secure general cultivation. An impression 
often prevails that they are. difficult to grow; 
an uncertain and not very remunerative 
crop. This may, to a great extent, be re¬ 
moved or remedied by a knowledge of their 
habits of growth and blooming, for the edi¬ 
ble portion may be termed the flower. The 
cauliflower succeeds best in a rich clay loam, 
worked to a depth of two t.o three feet, and 
prepared by a free use of well decomposed 
compost. Their greatest drawbacks are 
found in absence of moisture and the blight¬ 
ing effects of the heat of the sun. To remedy 
this, for early planting, measures should be 
taken to have plants matured for setting as 
early in April as the ground can he pre¬ 
pared and the absence of severe frosts will 
permit. To accomplish this, market gar¬ 
deners raise plants from seed sown in Sep¬ 
tember, which, after several transplantings, 
are finally placed in the soil of a cold frame 
and there remain until time for spring 
planting. In the most severely cold lati¬ 
tudes of the United Stales this is difficult, 
and seed is, therefore, sown in hot-beds as 
early as February and transplanted as soon 
as large enough, thus thinning them out and 
ensuring stocky growth. If these plants are 
set early and well cultivated, a large pro¬ 
portion of them will produce good heads. 
If the weather is dry when nearing the head¬ 
ing, the plants should be watered two or 
three times a week, the earth about the roots 
being hoed into a cup shape, to hold the 
water. If practicable to use manure water, 
all the better. Plants should be set three 
feet apart,, aiul the soil stirred often, to keep 
it loose and flesh, and destroy any weeds 
growing. 
If the blooms do not appear before the 
long hot days, they will usually run up 
irregularly and go to seed. Upon their first 
appearance, or us soon as well formed, 
breaking some of the largo leaves, so as to 
bend over and protect them from the beat, 
will improve the chances of success. Early 
cauliflowers always command remunerative 
prices in market. For a fall crop, seed may 
be sown in a partially spent hot-bed early in 
May, and transplanted, to ensure good 
growth and be ready for planting out in the 
garden toward the end of June, or if the 
soil is strong, as late as July. These should 
receive cultivation as before indicated, and 
may be expected to perfect the best heads 
during the cool days of September and Oc¬ 
tober, and can stand out without material 
injury until the season of severe frosts. 
Amateurs have succeeded Iu obtaining good 
heads by taking up carefully those not ma¬ 
turing and planting in good earth, in a cool, 
light cellar, giving them room, air, and water 
if needed. 
The seed lists show a great number of 
varieties, all, as fur as our experience goes, 
proving successful under favorable circum¬ 
stances. For early planting, the most pop¬ 
ular now are the Early Erfurt, Early Paris, 
and Half Early Paris, better known as 
Tliorburu’s Nonpareil. The Early Paris is 
very sure to head, the bloom being a delicate 
straw-color. The Nonpareil bus, with us, 
nearly always been a success, producing line, 
compact, white heads. Of the later sorts, 
the Walcheren, Large Asiatic, Erfurt, Large 
Early White and Le Nonuund are favorite 
sorts. The Le Normand is usually the 
largest grown, and requires good soil and 
more room than some smaller ones. They 
are all worthy of trial, and may be grown 
by farmers as readily as by practical garden¬ 
ers, if the requisite care is given them, 
always bearing in mind they do not perfect 
good blooms during the heat of summer. 
Gardeners practice earthing up about the 
roots late in the season, also tying up the 
loose leaves to protect the flower buds. 
GARDEN NOTES. 
Celery Culture. 
E. B. Barti-ett, Vermillion, N. Y., tells 
how he raises this crop, in the Country Gen¬ 
tleman:—“Sow the seeds in a warm situa¬ 
tion on the 1st of April. In the latter part 
of June the plants must be set out. Let the 
ground be prepared as follows: Dig a trench 
ten inches deep; the width of the spade is 
sufficient. In this trench put four inches of 
well rotted manure and rich dirt, into which 
set the plants hix inches apart. As the plants 
grow, gradually fill up the trench, and con¬ 
tinue to earth up every two weeks till fall, 
taking care not to cover the top bud. By 
thus earthing up, a ridge of some two feet 
will bo raised at the cud of Uio season. 
About the time of securing cabbage, after 
clearing away the earth, dig up the plants 
carefully by the roots, with as much dirt as 
will adhere to them; then pack them away 
in the cellar, placing them in a standing po¬ 
sition, with the roots compactly pressed to¬ 
gether. Here they will keep without any 
further trouble through the winter.” 
Onion Maggots. 
A correspondent inquires the best method 
of killing the onion maggot. This question, 
or its solution, has long vexed gardeners. 
Some recommend abandoning the old bed 
for a new one. Others prescribe soaking 
seed in brine or pouring scalding water upon 
iisaissions. 
AMERICAN INST. FARMERS’ CLUB. 
Notes ot' Discussions, Extracts Ivom Let¬ 
ters, ike. 
Killing Blue Jnys— JOSK.ru r,. Iluonsof Iowa 
has a neighbor whoso com still remains in the 
Held unliusked, and who goes to the held every 
NORMAND S CAULIFLOWER. 
it. If the latter, it must be poured off at 
once, and the seed dried, or it will sprout. 
Brine may injure the vitality of the seed. 
We should bo willing to try a good coating 
of caustic lime, applied early in the season, 
to l)n worked into the bed before seeding. 
Unleached ashes, though not certain destruc¬ 
tion, are useful. Pulverized charcoal is said 
to answ r er a better purpose. When used, a 
small part of the bed should he left uncov¬ 
ered, and as soon as the maggot appeal's in 
that part, pull up and destroy them. After 
the bed has been prepared in spring, cover it 
eight to twelve inches with dry straw and 
burn it. Planting the seed immediately af¬ 
terward is recommended. 
Hi-umnoI* SprouiH. 
This variety of the Bramca tribe is very 
little known except by professional garden¬ 
ers or those who have grown it, in England 
or other parts of Europe. The plant, which 
is well shown in the engraving, rises two to 
three feet high, and produces, on the side of 
the stalk,little sprouts, resembling small cab¬ 
bages; to ensure the growth of which, the 
leaves, except at the top, are broken down 
in the fall. They are most suitable for use 
after being made tender by frost. Where the 
winter is not too severe to admit the prac¬ 
tice, they are earthed up, covered with a 
light Utter or straw, and left standing until 
spring, when they arc much esteemed for 
greens. Sow in seed beds in May, trans¬ 
plant and cultivate like cabbage. Where 
cabbage can be grown and kept until spring, 
the sprouts will not he grown very largely. 
To i’revent Rnviigrx «! Striped Hug*. 
I have found that by saturating cotton 
batting with kerosene oil and putting small 
pieces among the plants on the hills, that 
the little pests will not trouble them at all. 
I have tried it three years, and know it to 
be a good remedy. — R. W Holmes, Dan¬ 
bury , Conn. 
Earl)' Potatoes in the Garilcu. 
These may be planted as soon as the 
grouucl can be worked, and, though a long 
time vegetating while the soil i3 not warm, 
will mature enough for use sooner than if 
planted later. Those who have hot-beds 
can forward the crop materially, by putting 
the tubers In the bed, cutting them first, and 
then carefully transplanting when the prop¬ 
er season arrives. Many market gardeners 
out the tubers as desired and place them in a 
warm room—the family kitchen, for instance 
— and let them get well sprouted before 
planting, Under either treatment mentioned 
care will be necessary in putting them out, 
or the sprouts will he broken off, and the 
labor lost. 
morning with his gun to shoot the blue jays bo- J 
cause they lake his corn. Mr. Hughs wants the I 
opinion of the Club concerning such a course. < 
The Commander of the Club said It is contrary t 
to the laws of fion to kill a blue .layer any other 1 
bird. Other gentlemen Justified breaking Con's 1 
laws, thou, under certain cirooinstances. There « 
was a good deal of talk, pro and con. Wo doubt 
If the Iowan is much wiser for It. 
Kt-clmming ftlnrxh Land*. — TttA It. REYNOLDS, I 
Tivoli, Minn., has eleven acres Of peat marsh, 1 
which he wants to got into red top without plow- 1 
iog It. Asks how it can bo done i f tt can be. Dr, 
Tujmulk says there avo hundreds of acres of ' 
Just such marsh til South Jersey, which lnivo 
been reclaimed and are now growing good crops 1 
Of rod top. But the Club was not told how they 
were reclaimed. 
Lice on Cattle,—A. Richmond, Nunda, N. Y., 
drives lice, from eattle by feeding a grown uni 
mal a largo teaspoon In I of sulphur, mixed with 
salt or meal, once In two days fora few times. 
Trees for Dakota — Wm. H. Paul, Monroe, 
Wls., is going to Dakota, anti wants to know 
what kind of timber tree he should plant. Asks 
if tho Club rfa'oi'^mjpls Jofost; if so. wlmt 
Jtind? Mr. Lawton said the trouble with tho 
locust is Urn borer. Mr. Todd recommended 
the black walnut and butternut.. They nro rapid 
growing trees and make excellent timber. Tho 
chestnut was also recommended. The Rural 
recommends the black locust. It is a rapid 
grower and will produce moro valuable timber 
in twenty years than any treo wo know of, for 
the reason that it is constantly renewing itself 
if tho nro and scythe are kept out, of it. Borors 
may and do, destroy It in some parts of tho West, 
but no more than they a fleet, tho maple, which 
is another proiltablo tree to plant. Wo would 
also plant tho nut-bearing trees named above, 
adding the hiekory. 
Hitching Three Horses Ahrenst to n Wagon. 
— J. F. Pond of Ohio asked tho Club to tell him 
tho best way to hitch three horses abreast to a 
wagon, so that they will work well. Finds that 
ho cannot do it in tho sumo way ho does it to a 
plow. Ho says:—“The best way I know of to 
attach three horses abreast to a wagon, is to 
hitch two In the ordinary way of driving two 
horses, then place tho third horse on tho off side, 
attach a chain to Ids whlflletree, pass it hack 
outside of the fore wheel, and hitch t.o 1 ho cen¬ 
ter of the third axletroe. A cross-bar should 
bo fastened across the under side of the box, 
just back of where the wheel strikes, to hold up 
tho chain. This should project out about six¬ 
teen inches, and have a ring near tho end for 
the chain to puss through; the end of the cross¬ 
bar should crook down six or eight Inches, to 
give low draft, llit.eh tho tlo-reln of No. 3 to 
hamo ring of otf wheel horse, or, if a Dutchman, 
use a Jockey stick. Tlds plan works very well, 
but has its objections. Can the wise ones of tho 
Club give mo a better plan?” Dr. Trimble 
asked why it would not bo best to put the cen¬ 
ter horse in shafts. Mr. Curtis recommended 
that bo carry lighter loads and use two horses. 
Sulphuric Add. O. II. Cook, Morrisvillc, Vt„ 
desires some one to tell him where lm can get 
sulphuric ackl for three cents per pound. The 
druggist asks him ten and flftoon cento per pound 
for it. He has thirty bushels of bones ho desires 
to reduce with it. Mr. Lyman said ho thought 
ho could purchase it for two and a half to three 
cents per pound of .1.0. Thompson, Staten Island, 
N. Y. Prof. Cor, ton doubted if ho could get it 
laid down at bis place for much less than ttm 
druggist offered it for. Tho transportation adds 
largely to the cost. Railroads don't like lo carry 
it. It endangers other goods. Tho carboy will 
cost him throe dollars. 
European Larch for tlio Prairie*.—THOMAS 
Ward, Marshalltown, Iowa, asked if the Eu¬ 
ropean Larch is a suitable timber tree for the 
prairies. No member of the Club answered. If 
he had read the Rural New-Yorker the past 
year ho would not have htwl occasion to ask that 
question. It is one of tho best trees to plant, 
both because of its rapid growth and tho useful¬ 
ness of its timber. 
Talking of Horses, Mr. Lyman stated that a 
Pennsylvania farmer of experience, who had 
done a great, deal of hauling wit h a team,goes in 
for the small, compact, bony horse, Instead of tho 
largo Pcroheron horses now being Introduced. 
Except for heavy loads at short distances, ho re¬ 
gard.) Die smaller and quicker horse more eco¬ 
nomical. Mr. Curtis said ho got sick of lug 
horses ten years ago. He used to own a big 
team and draw big loads, but found it unprofit¬ 
able, and got rid of tho monsters. Heavy load- 
bridges; besides, it costs more to keep largo 
horses,and they do notacoomplisha proportion¬ 
ate amount of work compared with the light, 
compact, well-made roadster. Prof. Nash be¬ 
lieves in a medium-sized horse for most uses; 
but ho would not decry the I’ercheron horse. 
Tills brood has been broil in France three cen¬ 
turies, and there is no horse that will do moro 
work in proportion to weight and cost of keep 
than tho high-bred I’erchoron. They travel lea 
miles an hour and draw heavy loads. H is their 
natural jog. They are being imported to this 
count ry and I am glad of It. One of those horses 
is equal, in draught-power, to a span of our com¬ 
mon farm horses or to an ordinary yoke of oxen 
for farm work, and will travel faster on the 
road. They are mild, docile, and easily kept. 
On a small farm one could be used instead 
of a span of common horses; and on large 
farms a span of them, Instead of three or four. 
They are good enough roadsters, and are an ac¬ 
quisition. 
Vltdlie Clover.—T homas WARD asks if Alsiko 
clover will grow on low land, and of its merits 
compared with the common red clover. Also 
price of seed ami amount which should he sown 
per aero. Mr Todd says that Alsiko thrives bet¬ 
ter on low damp ground than red clover does; 
but it is hut. adopted to wet land. Hosays ttdoos 
very well where tt lists been grown, West and 
East. Three or four poundsof seed arc used per 
aero, and It may bo bought for fifteen to seven¬ 
teen cents per pound. Mrs. Lyons said She had 
that day paid seventy-live cents per pound for 
the seed, and would like to know where it could 
bo got for any such money. Mr. Cmms said ho 
had grown Alsiko olovor and did not regard if by 
any means as valuable us the common red clover 
for any purpose—except perhaps as a forage for 
bees; and even for this purpose bo thought. 1 la 
merits over-rated. It has a beautiful blossom 
and foliage, and may be grown as a curiosity, but 
It would never suppiantonr rod clover. It does 
not stand up well, falling down when young. 
Preparing Bones for Fertilizing.— A. ltOrtUN- 
OBANS, Brick House, N.J., asks howflvo tons of 
bones can bo converted Into a fertilizer at the 
least expense. Mr. Lyman recommended any 
one in New Jersey having that quantity of bonos 
to exchange them with some manufacturers for 
bone dust. Ho thought ho could so exchange 
them by paying only five dollars per ton differ¬ 
ence for grinding. 
Hurl Reports. Hr. TimmLK advertised New 
Jersey marls. Some farmers who had used fbctn 
had found It. paid to do so. Mr. Lyman said that 
the bulk and weight of marl is so groat, In pro¬ 
portion to the amount of fertilizing properties 
it contains, that It limits (he area where It can 
be profitably used, on account of the cost of 
transportation. Where lauds within two hun¬ 
dred miles of marl hods have water communica¬ 
tion therewith, It will pay to transport it; but 
It would not. pay to pay railway freights on it 
the same distance, probably. Prof. Nash says 
the fertilizers continued iu a ton of marl, which 
can bo purchased for $1.00, cannot be purchased 
in any other shape short of $10; hence it. will 
pay to freight It some distance, rather titan pur¬ 
chase the concentrated manures. 
Protecting Prull Trees.— 8. E. Todd read a pa- i 
per advocating tho necessity of holler belts for 
orchards. Instances wore given by other mem- , 
hors of the good results of such protection. Mr. 
Fuller said universal protection of orchards . 
will bo uuivovsal destruction. Protection is good 
|£ one knows how to do It. But a protection 
which results In starting fruit. Inals early and 
their destruction by frost is not profitable. Ex¬ 
posure! to cold winds in spring is often a positive 
advantage. Dr. Trimble indorsed Mr. Fuller's 
position. 
•Specific Education lor Farmers. — J. STANTON 
Could addressed the Club upon the importance 
of better educated farmers—that is, of men 
who have received a specific education in 
sciences relating to their business or pro¬ 
fession. There is no use in attempting to 
disguise It, there is an inability on tho part 
of farmers to grasp common agricultural ques¬ 
tions that underlie successful agriculture and 
master them, due entirely to this want, of 
knowledge. He Illustrated this assertion hy 
saying that gome time since ho find occasion to 
study the construction and operation of plows, 
but could not find a single treatise that would 
convey to the farmer an iota of knowledge con¬ 
cerning the snlenco of plowing or the rules of 
art that aro necessary to bo observed in tho 
form and structure ol’ this indispensable imple¬ 
ment of tillage. In turning a funrow-allco, 
throe distiiietopomtlons are performed, tending 
to i Iu: disintegration of the soil—the object of 
all culture. When first raised, the particles of 
tho furrows move upon each other tn such a 
way that tho furrow divides vertically, as it 
wore, Into thin sheets; when the slice tends still 
further, a similar action takes place, trans¬ 
versely or horizontally; and finally, when It 
passes the spiral wlug of the mold-board. It is 
similarly divided tn an obliquo direction, and 
tho different ratios of motion thus given to the 
particles causes them to move upon each other, 
and of course comminutes the soil. He asserted 
that a plow which did not comblno in it the 
power to perform Just this integration was tint 
a rigidly constructed implement. So of the 
value of grasses. In New York, we have one 
hundred and twenty-six varieties of grasses, 
ami yet it would be difficult to find a farmer 
who could name ton of them. And yet this 
ability to distinguish grasses is Important, when 
it is known that some of these have many times 
tho nutritive value of others. Few fanners can 
distinguish tho Meadow Foxtail from Timothy; 
but the latter is four times more valuable than 
the former. 
To Remove Mote* from the Eyes of Animals. 
—Tho following Is recommended by Mr. Tink- 
ham, of Kansas“ Calomel is one of tho very 
best remedies for motes or chaff In the eye of 
horses or cattle. 1 had a cow that got an oat 
chaff on the eye-hall which resisted all efforts at. 
removal. Her eye became so swollen she could 
not open it, and a white film had begun to grow 
Upon the ball. I was speaking to one of my 
neighbors about it.; he recammended the above 
remedy, which 1 applied (blowing it into thaeyo 
with a goose quill) about the bulk of a gralu of 
wheat. Twenty-four hours after no one would 
have supposed anything bad ever ailed the eye. 
1 know of other instances whore it has been used 
with equal success.” 
Cut Puimoffii a Week before Planting is rec¬ 
ommended by B. Tyson, Washington, D. C., for 
tho following reasons: “ The tubers in that timo 
becoming shrivelled, rarely produce moro than 
ouo or two sprouts to the piece, and there thus 
larger quantity of potatoes aro tho results. 
Having before seen the plan roomnwondod, I 
was at the trouble to test by experiment, in 
order to ascertain whether or not the partial 
curing of the bud by previous cutting had any 
effect. 1 ascertained that the beneficial results 
were owing to the shrivelled potatoes producing 
fewer tubers, and that if you plant, Immediately 
after cutting, and will thin to one stalk after 
they come up, all the advantages of prior cut¬ 
ting aro scoured, and a saving of seed into (he 
bargain. 
Horn Dust at a Fertilizer.—J. H. FOSTER Of 
New Jersey writes that, he considers horn dust, at 
$80 per ton the cheapest manure in the market. 
There is n factory in Now Jersey which produces 
this dust from rants’ horns said to ho gathered 
in South America. The horns are subjected, 
while kept wet, to steam under pressure for sev¬ 
eral hours; then dried by tiro hunt; and finally 
reduced by grinding. Tho steaming and drying 
make them brittle. The grinding reduces tho 
horn to pieces not larger than wheat grains, and 
touch or it is finer. My experience was with half 
a toil. I had a piece of sandy soil on which I had 
tried to grow corn fodder for winter use in 1807. 
It was sowed too thick In the row, about fifteen 
grains per mot being used, and tho fodder raised 
from one and a-lmlf to three feet high. Rye was 
sowed after the fodder was cut off. It hardly 
paid for cutting and shocking. By May M, 1808, 
the rye was from six Inches to two feet high, and 
In head. It had boon sowed with the intention 
of plowing it under to aid in improving the soil, 
but there was little to turn under. I sowed horn 
dust on tho ground at tho rate of from six hun¬ 
dred toono thousand pounds per acre, putting 
moro on the gravelly knolls Ilian on l.lio other 
parts. It was plowed asdeep ast wo homes could 
do It, for 1 believe in deep plowing on these 
sands. I think It was plowed ten incites deep, 
but of course all tho “dust" was not turned un¬ 
der to that depth. Corn was sowed in rows not 
throe foot apart,, putting about tenor thirteen 
grains to the foot. It canto up nicely, but grow 
only moderately for about three weeks. I al¬ 
most distrusted the voice of science, for it is said 
Dial, horns are the richest, animal manure, and I 
felt confident the manufacturer was Inmost. But 
during tho fourth week it grew more t lmu all 
the previous three weeks, and in the fifth week 
made as much progress os in till the previous 
four. 1 never saw corn of such a dark color. I 
have, within the last eight years, raised nearly 
twenty acres of corn fodder for winter use and 
for soiling, but I never raised any which grow so 
fast as this little plot. 
\ 1*ig Troubled with Kidney Worms,—M. J. 
Lockwood, Sing Slug, N. Y., has a pig (in good 
health a week ago) that eats all 1 ho time, and lies 
on its side unless held up. It is able to use its fore 
legs, but cannot use the hind ones. Asks what 
la the matter and the remedy. No answer was 
given. Tho Rural thinks kidney worms is the 
trouble. To prevent such trouble, small quan- 
tit-Iesof salt and brimstone should be fed them. 
A remedy which rarely fails, is to feed corn 
soaked in very strong ley made of wood ashes. 
Some feed a lit tie copperas, or wood ashes, salt 
and rod pepper In the swill. 
To Grow' Black Locust from Seed. In answer 
to an Inquiry by J. BOY8J5, ROCkport, Iowa, Mr. 
Fuller says * —Bonk the seed In warm water two 
or three days before sowing, and sow in drills, as 
yon would uoas in the garden. 
|3omolo0rntl. 
iug breaks farm wagons, harness,farm and road i being fewer stalks and more room, better and 
P0M0L0GICAL GOSSIP. 
Clapp's Favorite* —In reply to the question 
of Asa Waterman, it may bo saicl that 
Clapp’s Favorite pear is superior in value to 
Bartlett, because it. matures earlier and will 
probably command a higher price. It is also 
st .nelly superior in true quality of flesh, in the 
pomological sense of “ good,” “ very good ” 
ami “ best.” As a profitable and successful va¬ 
riety to grow, (as the Bartlett is now grown,) 
it is full of promise, but has not yet been 
sufficiently widely tested to warrant any 
man in planting it to the exclusion of Bart¬ 
lett.—E. 
Green Prolific strawberry .—The Editor of 
the Horticulturist says “ probably no straw¬ 
berry is more productive than this, and on 
stuuiy lands it is even superior to the Wilson, 
producing frequently twice anti thrice the 
quantity of that variety. It is too soft for 
market.” It is not as acid as the Wilson. 
Southern growers commend it as of good 
size, solid, handsome, unaffected by severe 
drouth and resisting tho sun’s rays like a 
salamander. 
Josephine de Moline Pear. — P. Barry 
thinks this, all things considered, the finest 
lato winter pear we have. Tho foliage of 
the tree is small, but the tree is hardy, vig¬ 
orous and productive; the fruit is always 
smooth and fair, of a delicate straw color; 
the flesh slightly tinted with rose, melting 
and perfumed; may be kept till April. 
Duchesne >1' Anyouleme, A, M. Brown, Villa 
Ridge, Ill., a cultivator of good repute, says 
is the only pear he would care to cultivate 
on the quince stock. It is hardy and healthy 
as an oak and very productive. The fruit is 
of medium quality, hut its large size sells it. 
Vicar of Winkfield Pears were exhibit¬ 
ed at Dayton, Ohio, Match 2, and highly 
commended by a fruit committee, which 
pronounced them “in excellent condition, 
and the flesh firm and luscious.” 
--— 
Homological In«|ulflo*. —J. IL S., Halva, HI., is 
in latitude 41", on light clay aoil, weQ manured, 
southern exposure, good drainage, wants to 
plant 1,000 vines, and asks what Varieties ho 
shall plant. Aw, Lot him write W. C. Flahg, 
President, of Illinois Horticultural Society, Al¬ 
ton, HI., for the fruit lists of that society, and ho 
will got, the recommendations of tho best horti¬ 
culturists in that State. Send two dollars In tho 
letter and become a member of the Society, and 
receive a part of the rights and benefits thereof. 
