INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES 
Credo lity Illustrated.— Ka rFFMArt. of the Iowa 
Homestead, must be a jolly fellow to know. He 
illustrates the credulity of a large class of 
people who may be known as the “Tribe of 
Bamboozlcites,” by asserting that in Illinois, 
where some men believe that rusty nails driven 
In trees induce bearing, a man went among 
them and sold a recipe for rusting the nails 
properly t Then he tells another story of aUew 
Hampshire sugar manufacturer who formerly 
drovo nails into his maples to hang his buckets 
on, and the effect, upon the maples was that they 
began to bear enormous crops of apples, and 
the poor man was compelled to draw out the 
nails in order to restore the flow of sap and se¬ 
cure his supply of sugar, no adds“ This fad 
is important, as going to show that a maple will 
not produce both apples and sugar." To this 
class of facts belongs the recommendation to 
top-dress peach orchards with tonpenny nails to 
exterminate the yellows, made before the Farm¬ 
er’s Club recently. 
must bo done to rescue producers from the pow¬ 
er of monopolies is certain. So long asour homo 
markets fail to absorb our products, and wo aro 
dependent upon railways for the marketing 
thereof, so long will there be opportunity for 
extortion. Tt must be shown railway managers 
that the interests of producers and their own 
pro mutual, and that whatever inordinately in¬ 
creases U>o cost of an Illinois farmer’s products 
laid down in market, diminishes bis power to 
compete, and hence the incentive to produce 
and ability to purchase—all of which will and 
ought to react upon the railway business. We 
deprecate the necessity which arrays men mu¬ 
tually dependent against each other. It affects 
the prosperity of both, and the general welfare 
of the people; but that the necessity exists In 
this case is too evident for doubt. We hope 
good may grow out of the Illinois movement 
against monopolies. 
diminishing. The applications to Congress for 
new and extensive grants of lands, upon various 
pretexts, (for railroads, telegraphs, etc.,) are 
constantly increasing. A New York daily of 
recent date says that ninety bills are reported to 
be pending in Congress (ft body nearly or quite 
as corrupt as our State Legislatures,) involving 
in the aggregate grants of one hundred million 
acres, or as much in area as all of Now York, 
Pennsylvania and New England 1 
Let our readers from Maine to Mexico, and 
Canada to California, (every one of whom is part 
owner of the great National treasure,) reflect 
upon this RUbject, and consider the conse¬ 
quences of the Gymflscation (wc thank a Boston 
contemporary lor that expressive word]) of a 
larffn mu-lion of the most valuable lands wc 
“PROCRESS AND IMPROVEMENT 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLT 
RURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
D. D. T. IYIOORE, 
ConduotiiiR Kclitor and I-'roprietor 
TERMS, IN ADVANCE; 
Subscription — Three Dollar* a Year. To Clubs 
and Agent*, Five copies for $14; Seven, and one free 
to club agent, for $19; Ten, ami one free, for $2&-only 
$2.50 pur copy. A s we pre-pay American postage. $2.70 
is tb« lowest Club rate to Canada and $o.ftOU, Europe. 
The best way to remit ts by Draft or l'ost-OIBco 
Money Order,—and all Drafts and Orders made pay¬ 
able to t lie 1’ublls.her may ue maii.ei> at his tusk. 
Ativertirino—I nside. 75 cents per tine. Agate 
space; Outside, ft per line, each Insertion. For Ex¬ 
tra Display and Cuts, a price and a half. Special and 
Business Notices, $1.50 and $2 a line. No advertise¬ 
ment inserted for less than $8. 
Sir As the Rural closes eight days tn advance of 
date, to secure proper classification Advertisements 
should reach the New York Office at least ton days 
before the date of the paper In which they appear. 
vclopment of the live slock interest. That is 
the way it strikes us, without having seen the 
premium list. ., 
The next State Fair is to be held at Utica, 
September 27,28,29 and 30. The books lor entry 
will close August 31. this rule applying both to 
articles and animals entered for competition, 
and to those entered for exhibition only, with 
the single exception that intending exhibitors 
of flowers and fruits need only signify on or be¬ 
fore the date mentioned, their Intention to ex¬ 
hibit, specifying the probable amount of space 
they will require. From the Country Gentle¬ 
man we learn t hat In order to afford to exhibit¬ 
ors of Implements and machinery an opportu¬ 
nity for fuller examination and t rial than can tie 
had during the pressure and hurry nr the exhi¬ 
bition itself, the officer in charge of t hut depart¬ 
ment was authorized to convene them at Utica 
two weeks before the Fair and to provide for 
the presence ol’ Judges for the purpose—the re¬ 
sults of the trial or examinations held, to be an¬ 
nounced during the Fair, and no awards of any 
kind to be made except upon careful test. 
Ants TnAvr.it, Jr,. was appointed Recording 
Secretary of the Society in place of John 
Haven, resigned. 
Winthrop (Me.) Jersey Stork lii'n-The own¬ 
ers of pure blood Jersey stock in Winthrop, Mo., 
in order to maintain the purity of their stock 
and establish its reputation, nave organized 
under the name of tin-“Winthrop Pure Wood 
Jersey Stock Association." All persons claim¬ 
ing to have such stock are required to prepare 
and present to the Committee on Pedigree, n full 
history and pedigree of their animals and upon 
establishing to tho satisfaction of the Commit¬ 
tee, the purity ol' such stock, they are entitled 
to have it entered in the Herd Rook of the As 
soeiatiou by paying tho necessary fees—which 
to members are fifty cents for each animal so 
entered, ami to persons not members, one dollar 
each. The officers of the Association are: 
/Vis.— (’. A. Winq. I 'in Pres.- I-. II. Snell. See. 
and Tieas.— Wm. B. Snell. IMrnctim.—S. T. 
Fiovd, Greenleal Smith, II. G. < handler. Com. 
oil PcdiorMs .—Abial Robinson, N. It. Pike, m. 
Real. 
emigre** of Inventor* and Manufacturer* of 
Farm Implement*.— The l tica, (N.YJ Herald of 
April 21. says: -“It is proposed to hold an ex¬ 
hibition of all kinds of agricultural implements 
in Utica, some time between the JOth of Septem • 
per next and the week of the State Fair. Where 
it. is possible, these instruments will lie sub¬ 
mitted to practical test*. A congress of the in¬ 
ventors and manufacturer*of farm implements, 
if properly arranged, would draw business and 
patronage to Utica, which would continue 
through tho State Fair. The project is to be 
presented to our citizen*, and if sufficiently en¬ 
couraged will be carried out.’’ 
Bulier and Uhcese Market at Watertown, !V. 
V.— A meeting ol’ Jefferson county dairymen at 
Watertown, recently deckled to tlx a market day 
and establish a market, for the weekly saloof 
butter and cheese in that city. The ttrst market 
was to have been hold the 23d lust. 1 1 was also 
decided to organize a Farmer*' U'lub, and a com¬ 
mittee was appointed to report constitution, &c. 
Prospect and sffoeMon (Me.) Farmers’ Club.— 
The following arc the officers of this Club for 
the quarter ending June 25: Prat.—S amuel S. 
Tukvktt. VTce-Prc*. — Lewi* Mudgott. Sec.— 
IsaacT. Smith. Diaw.—John Libby. J .ibrarian — 
Preserving Hops.— Some time since, in the re¬ 
port. of tho Proceedings of* the American Insti¬ 
tute Fanners’ Club, affusion was made to the 
jmportancu of devising some means for tho 
preservation of hopR-that they may be stored 
indefinitely without deteriorating in quality. It 
seems by correspondence In tho American Arti¬ 
san that there is a patented process which In¬ 
volves keeping them in a dry. low temperature, 
which Is successful. An Albany. N. Y., brewer 
states that on the 15th of February, 1869, ho put 
in one of these patent refrigerating chambers 
twenty-four bales of New York grown hops; 
March 8, thirty bales more; May 28, live bales 
more,(and June 20. twenty bales of Wisconsin 
hops. These were stored in the original pack¬ 
ages, piled bale upon bale. Since these hops 
were put In store, they have been frequently 
Premium* for Indiana Product*.— In addition 
to the premiums offered by the management of 
the Indiana State Fair, tho State Hoard of Agri¬ 
culture offers the following: 
Best Ovo sere* corn... $100 
iSecou d tie*! cl it,to... 
Third beat ditto...♦ 60 
Boat a or ft rif corn to be raised by a boy under 16 
year* of .. *0 
Boot 0**11 jr on planting and cultivating corn. 25 
Best, reports on actual experiment* in sub-soil 
plowing, giving all the facts, amt effects of the 
SBtllU .. "1 
Best herd of si x head of cattle, consisting of one 
bull, one cow one threc-_vcar-old. one two-year- 
old, one yearling, and one calf under one year 
old. 190 
Best sewing machine made In Indiana..... M 
Best collection all grades plg-lron— gold medal, 
valued at.. h® 
Best collection glassware manufactured inlndi-* 
ana. ■»? 
Best display and greatest variety of corn. 2(1 
Best earlv Held corn, any variety. . 10 
Bust display and greatest variety of wheat, of all 
kinds. 2(1 
SATURDAY', APRIL 30, 1870 
OUR PUBLIC DOMAIN: 
it be Siiiinndrcd In Subsidies or 
Preserved for Posterity ? 
The Ohio Stock Sale.—Front all quarters come 
exprcRSlons of regret t hat M r. MnM lli.an, Xenia, 
O., is going to sell htfl herds of Short-Horns and 
Berkshire swine, and retire from the prominent, 
position of breeder he has so long held. Last 
week we published the announcement of the 
prospective sale of the herd. Tho animals com¬ 
posing it will doubtless be widely scattered, and 
Of course will exert an Important influence upon 
the future stock of the country. Rut the regret 
grows out of the fact that this influence Is not 
always to be as wisely directed as it has been un¬ 
der the intelligence and skill of Mr. McMillan. 
RURAL NOTES AND QUERIES. 
Ouu Public Domain, which was immense only 
a l’cw years ago, is being rapidly diminished by 
the prodigality, if not corruption, of our Na¬ 
tional Legislature. Tho liberal—not to say, wlntt 
may be true in many instances, squandering anil 
swindling subsidies granted by Congress of lute 
years, have made vast inroads upon an almost 
inexhaustible mine of wealth rightfully belong¬ 
ing to the People, and which should lie judicious¬ 
ly reserved for l lie benefit of posterity. If the 
present rate of disposition of our Public Lands 
is continued much longer, the whole (or most 
valuable portions) will be squandered, — and 
mainly through corrupt influences, to soulless, 
swindling corporations,—leaving the people of 
the present and future generations so poor and 
powerless that fifty or one hundred years hence 
scarcely a fertile acre can be purchased, except 
at an exorbitant price. Indeed, oven now—and 
many will be amazed at the assertion—there are 
really no cheap first class lands loft north or 
Mason & Dixon’s line, and east of the Missis¬ 
sippi ! All such lands have been taken up, and 
generally range in price from twenty dollars an 
acre and upwards, so Mint the citizen or foreigner 
desiring cheap homesteads must go South or far 
West. The subject Is one of vast importance, 
and demand* attention at Hie hands of the peo¬ 
ple's National representatives. Let us look at. 
the matter squarely, and figure thereupon. 
The present grand total of our Public Domnin 
is estimated at 1,816,245,672 acres —say about 
2,837,88;; square miles—of which not over two 
thirds are considered available. Of this im¬ 
mense estate (still immense, though far less than 
it was a docadc or even five years ago) five hun¬ 
dred million acres have already been surveyed, 
and over four hundred millions disposed of In 
various ways—not indtullnQ fuU one hundred 
\millions r/inen to railroad companies! Of the 
whole of our onee vast domain only 165,001,359 
acres have gone to bona tide purchasers and 
homestead settlors —all (lie rest having been 
given away or granted as subsidies to grasping, 
intriguing, corrupt corporations. Why and how 
such vast, land grants have been made will be n 
curious inquiry or problem for the future 
honest, and Intelligent historian—If such a being 
shall exist. That the Illinois Central Railroad 
Company—a corporation which is to-day making 
and paying good dividends—should have been 
given land enough to build its entire rend and 
pay for rolling block, without being restricted 
from monopoly and exorbitance, is beyond 
the comprehension of many intelligent people. 
And I he same will apply to other roads which 
have been built by a diversion ol' the National 
Domain, and which arc now Gymflscating our 
State Legislat ures purchasing with money and 
corrupt influences, franchises and privileges to 
enable them still further to pick the pockets of 
producers. 
Pray who can and will tell the peoplo of this 
Republic the modus opera inti whereby our Na¬ 
tional and Slate Legislatures have been Induced 
to part with immense tracts of our most valuable 
lands with scarcely a why or a wherefore, and 
certainly without a valuable consideration? This 
is a serious question, and one which must bo 
answered ere long—for if we progress in the fu¬ 
ture as we have during the past fow decades, (In 
population as well as prodigality, not to say cor¬ 
ruption,) where shall we be in the year 19001* 
Then land will be so scarce and dear, In any 
event, that laud owners and farmers will justly 
constitute tho real aristocracy of the country — 
and that is the only redeeming feature of the 
curse of which we complain. 
Tills matter or squandering the Fublic Do¬ 
main, In large and valuable stakes—for almost 
every grant is made through the influence of 
gambling, stock-jobbing operations, or direct 
bribery—has become alarming, and ought to re¬ 
ceive the profound consideration and decided 
action of every right-thinking citizen who re- 
gards the welfare of his posterity and Hie coun¬ 
try. For the evil is augmenting rather than 
Our Agricultural Fair*. — JOHN D. SPINNER 
writes us:—“I was at. tho Agricultural roomsiu 
Albany not long since, and saw there a specimen 
of the old Mohawk plow, with wooden mold¬ 
board and two whoels—one larger than the other, 
the larger ono running Intheiurrow; and forty 
years ago not. a particle of leather was found 
about the harness, it was all manufactured by 
the Tanner,s from homp and flax. And those 
men tilled their land.? much better than the same 
lands are now tilted by modern Improvements.” 
Mr. Spinner believes the reason for tlds degene¬ 
racy lies with our Agricultural Fairs. He says]: 
“Our County Fair is all horse racing and wc 
cannot elect, any man as an oflioer whois in favor 
®f farm improvements and monthly. There is 
no provision for suitable fodder for cattle nor a 
premium offered sufficient to cneon rage breeders 
to show their stock. There is no plowing match 
in which young men can compete and learn to 
plow—it Is all horse. Our (N. Y.) State Fair is 
too much of a speculation to stimulate Improve¬ 
ment and advance agriculture materially. The 
bone and sinew of agriculture areuot represent¬ 
ed in its organization. They are mostly importers 
and breeders of stock for speculative purposes, 
aided by a goodly number of selfish lobbyists at 
the annual election. If there Is a change, as 
i hew? should be, in the management ol' our fairs, 
bona tide tillers of the soil must be put In office." 
Rut one trouble is, tho “ tillers of t he soil" will 
not attend to the fairs as they ought i r they are 
put. In office. Such has been our experienccnnd 
observation. Yet we are glad Mr. Hpinner has 
spoken his mind. We like men who write and 
Bands, perhaps in the South uro engaged in its 
propagation, induced thereto by the glowingae- 
connts of Its great value a? a fiber for manufac¬ 
ture which parties interested in the sale ol cut¬ 
ting? have disseminated. Rutthcman who desires 
to build ft house, and has a good tree containing 
the ncoeasary limber, is in a fix if he has no ax 
with which to fall the tree, nor any saw with 
which to convert It into boards. And this is 
much the coudltioi) Of ramie cultivators to-day. 
It. is easy enough to grow the plant, but it Is not 
so cv*y, aiid there Is as yet no device, with which 
to separate-mud prepare tho liber lor manufac¬ 
ture. llereis the field for inventors. It is as¬ 
serted that the Government of Central lndiahas 
offered $30,000 as a premium to any one who will 
invent a machine that will prepare tho fiber ol' 
the mmie for manufacture without affecting its 
luster. No premium need be offered In this 
country. The. man who first bring* out such a 
The Agricultural Department's Lawn*. —A let¬ 
ter from Washington, dated April 11, says:— 
“The new lawns on the grounds oT the Agricul¬ 
tural Department have been mown over the 
second time already this season." Will not Mr. 
Saunders tell our readers how he makes lawns? 
THE SEASON 
rw« n-tnt infnnn»tlnn. briefly, eon corning the »«n«on, prnJrroH' of 
til., work, lumprM.tnrr, rru|*, price* ot Arm pin,luce, Cock, l*l»>r 
Hntl Limit, tnd rnrrful ortlmntM ■■( U,r imiount of rniin and number 
of etilmnli on bund for Mile, m rumoured with previou* »046on*, lor 
publication uudur tbln h»-aiU—K d», Uuiia«„j 
Mu u navi lie, >1ndl«on Co., N. Y., April 14.— 
Weather very pleasant for tho past week, with a 
few snow-banks on the hills. Farmers plowing 
In the valley, setting bop poles, and busy gen¬ 
erally. White winter wheat, $1.15; barley, 65c.: 
corn, $1; oats, 50c.: potatoes, 50c.; hay, $10 per 
ton.— o. t. r. 
Draper, AVinneslielk Co., Iowa, April IS. — 
Weather fine for the past two weeks: the last 
snowdrifts have vanished; mercury yesterday 
80 in the shade, and tanners busy seeding spring 
wheat, oat? and barley. Nursery trees injured 
badly by fall or winter freezing, especially those 
that were late growing; but standard apples 
generally look welt; too far north for peaches, 
ague or winter wind, but Instead four months 
sleighing.—w. C. 
Hiawatha, Brown Co., Kan*a», April 19.—Wo 
have had a very mild, open winter here and not 
much rain. The prospect for fall wheat is bet- 
ter now than I have seen it in the last ten years. 
Farmers have sowed spring wheat nnd oats; are 
plowing for corn. Peach buds are not injured. 
Fall wheat, 90c. per bushel; spring. fiOe.; corn, 
35c.; oats, 25c.: potatoes, 20e.; turnips, 15c.; 
but ter a&SBOe, per lb; eggs, per doz., 10c.; pork, 
gross, $7 per cwt.; net salted, shoulders, 13c. per 
lb.; beef on foot, D@fle. per lb.; sides, 15c.; 
dressed, 8@12.Mo.; hams, 15c.; hay, wild, $4 per 
ton : lard Is very cheap. —b. r. M. 
Waukesha, W aukesha Co„ W Is., April 16.— 
We have had a very steady winter, with good 
sleighing, from the 10th of November t.o the 25th 
Of March, which is unusual here, as we generally 
have two or three heavy thaws in winter. From 
Miss Marwedel"* Hor|l«uiUnral School.—Our 
readers have read in the Rural of the proposed 
Horticultural School for Women. It is now 
about opening; but Miss Marwedel has wisely 
decided to admit a limited number of male 
pupils. She has already more applications from 
female? than she can accommodate. But she 
has six vacancies to be filled by boys. The 
school i? located at Rrenlwood, Long Island, on 
the Long Island Railway. No pupil Is received 
under fourteen years of ago, and each must have 
a good common school education. The admis¬ 
sion fee for tho pupil is $2(1; the instruction is 
free ; the board is to he paid by the labor of the 
pupil, who is to receive a literary as well as an 
industrial education, it is to be an industrial 
school; but the Intellectual and social natures 
of the pupils aro uot to he neglected. It is de¬ 
signed to ma ke it a model home, as well as a self- 
supporting school—a place where pupils may 
not only learn what will be useful to them in 
business, but what will help to make home at¬ 
tractive and the homo life a pure and happy one. 
Tho economics of life are to be taught; but the 
esthetieal natures of pupils are uot to be neg¬ 
lected. Of course wc do not. know— for tho 
school is yet to he developed—but we believe the 
pupils who gain admission there will be very 
lortuuate indeed. Those who desire informa¬ 
tion should address Miss Emma Marwedel, 
Brentwood, Lung Island. 
Watson, which is as follows:—“ When a storm 
has formed and commences to l ravel in any cer¬ 
tain direction, the first telegraph station or sta¬ 
tions over which it passes is to send tho nows to 
all the telegraph stations at cities, county seals 
and principal towns, scores or a hundred miles 
in advance, according to tho kind of storm or 
probable distance that it. may travel, always 
keeping a suitable distance in advance. At each 
city, county seat and principal town, a cannon is 
to be kept ready by the official? at. the Court 
House, or by a fire company, and as soon as the 
news is received ot' a coming storm, it is to be 
fired three times; at intervals of one minute if 
a lornado, thunder or hail storm, terrific gale or 
any destructive storm is approaching; at inter¬ 
vals of throe minutes if an ordinary rain storm 
is approaching rapidly; at intervals of six min¬ 
utes if an ordinary rain, storm is approaching 
slowly; and at intervals of ten minutes if a de¬ 
structive river flood is npproaehiug. In case of 
very destructive storms or floods, the signal may 
be repeated after a suitable interval, to give ad¬ 
ditional warning. At large cities, when a de¬ 
structive storm is approaching, fire and church 
bells may also be rung, and steam whistles be 
blown throe times, at the same intervals as the 
guns, to increase the warning." It is believed 
that by firing a cannon at each county seat and 
principal town, the farmers over the whole coun¬ 
try, In harvest time, will be warned to stop cut¬ 
ting, and to get their hay or grain under cover, 
or in a situation to shut out tho rain, thus saving 
not only that portion which had been cut and 
cured previous to the warning, but also saving 
that portion which otherwise w ould have been 
cut during several hours or a whole duy without 
such warning. 
ublisljcr’s 
ELECTROS OF ENGRAVINGS, 
Publish rcas, and all others wanting Illustrations 
for Newspapers, Catalogue's, Show-Bill*, &c\, Ac., 
are advised that wo can furnish electrotypes of most 
of the Wood Kiigravings used In the RURAL New 
Yubker during the past, few years. Of over a thou¬ 
sand nf thoso Illustrations (those made since tho 
enlargement ot tho Rural in fan., 1869.) we have 
the original wood cuts, uninjured, having printed 
the puper from electrotype plates, and hence can 
furnish perfect easts. 
As will be seen by reference to back numbers and 
volumes ot the Rural, we have many choice cuts, 
suitable for illustrating various subjects. In fact 
any and all persons wishing for Good Enymvimjs at 
Fair Prices, cun be accommodated on application, 
personally ur by letter, to tho New York Office of the 
Rural. 
IIow to Remit.—The best way to remit for clubs, 
as we have often stated, is by Draft. If $30 or over, 
send by draft, as there is no risk. For smaller 
amounts tt is best to send by P. O. Money Order,—but 
if you cannot do tbut, send in Registered letters, di¬ 
rected to D. D. T. MOORE, il Park How. New Volk. 
Additions to Clubs are always In order, whether 
In ones, twos, fives, tens, or any Other number. A 
host of people are dropping other papers about these 
days, and our Agent-Friends should improve every 
occasion to secure such as recruits for the Rural. 
The Rural is Not a Monthly. — In presenting 
the claims of the Rural, do not forget to say it is 
not a monthly of only 12 issues a year, but a Large 
and Handsome Wki'.klv of Fifty-Two Numbers. 
f*eud Us the Names of such of your friends, 
far and near, as you think will or ought to take the 
Agricultural Students.—Some of our respected 
contemporaries are discussing the future of 
students in Agricultural Colleges-pianning for 
them the work they are to do, and pointing out 
l he fields they are to occupy. We would assoon 
think it necessary to define tho field for a medi¬ 
cal student or a theological graduate, or the 
young man “finished off” at a law school—that 
is, if agricultural schools are wha t they ought to 
he. nurelv professional. Tho difficulty is that 
Railway Monopolies and Illinois Fnrniers.—The 
Illinoisans are moving in opposition to railway 
monopolies and extortions with vigor. The 21st 
instant a convention was held at Bloomington, 
which adopted sundry strong resolutions of pro¬ 
test and denunciation, asserting the legislative 
power of the people lo regulate freight tariff, 
and urging upon the Constitutional Convention, 
now in session in that State, the duty of guard¬ 
ing the public interests from the absorbing and 
overriding power of railway organisations. 
Gov. Palmer is announced as sympathizing with 
the movement, and the Board of Traded' Chi¬ 
cago is pledged to no-oporatc. Wliat will be 
done is yet to be developed; but that something 
Drnwing-Boom Car for Aristocratic Horses.— 
The New York Contral Railroad has among its 
other appointments for public convenience a 
special car dcsigued for tlie transportation of 
valuable horses. Its interior is divided into two 
box stalls fitted up with all the appointments 
necessary to complete equine luxury. This car 
is attached only to express trains for theaccom- 
modation of horsemen able to pay for the sale 
and speedy transportation of their pets. 
of the sugar. The season at the present time is 
at least two weeks earlier ihan usual, and if the 
weather continues favorable, farmers generally 
will soon lie busily engaged in their springs 
work.—i. w. B. 
