mci m 
*»rr"5l! *3 
iB 
■beep fjusbanbri). 
H. S. RANDALL, LL. D., EDITOR, 
Of Cortland Village, Cortland County, New York. 
PROFESSOR LAW ON FOOT-ROT. 
Mr. James Law, Professor of Veterinary 
Medicine and Surgery in Cornell University, 
delivered an address on the “ Rational and 
Irrational Treatment of Animals,” before 
the New York State Agricultural Society, at 
Albany, Feb, 9th, 1870. A pamphlet edi¬ 
tion of this production has just reached us. 
Many of the views expressed in it strike us 
as very sound and instructive; hut we can¬ 
not concur in those in regard to foot-rot in 
sheep, as that term is understood in the 
United States. We give his remarks entire 
on the subject: 
“ Many, I know, attribute the propairatinn of 
this disease to contagion alone, but the elueiilft- 
tion or its Alleged coutairious or ilftu-couf furious 
properties does not belong to my present pur¬ 
pose. I mean, rni.her, (ogive prominence to the 
notorious tact that there are certain lands on 
which sheep cannot be turned bn 1 any length at 
time, uneared for, without their commoting 
footnrot. And such lauds present very similar 
diameters to those on which the Uvcr-rot or 
ttuke-dlstemvcr abounds. They are low, soft and 
marshy, and deficient in stony or hard ridges or 
knolls. The feet of i ho sheen, habitually soaked 
in moisture, lose their flinty hard ness and power 
ot' resistance, becoming soft, wanting in cohe¬ 
sion, nod easily torn. It such horn is dried, it 
becomes much more brittle than the more natu¬ 
ral horn, and being overgrown by reason of t he 
soaking and tin- absence of wear, It Is readily 
torn or cracked to the qutCfoor the over-lap ping 
edges, pressing luward upon the solo, bruise it 
aim set up inflammation mid ulceration, in 
other cases, day and other tilth, lodging between 
the claws in a wet, soft condition, hardens and 
determines ulceration at the upper end of tin* 
cleft. However caused, whether by one of 
these conditions or by undue wear-of the boobs 
during a long Journey upon hard soil, ulceration 
once started beneath or In the Immediate vi¬ 
cinity of the horn, is quite equal to Its own 
maintenance, and if nothing is done to check 
it, it will progress, preceded by intlaiuinalioti. 
suppuration and detachment of the born, until 
one or both Inml's <>n the affected foot are shod. 
Wlmt is wanted is to pare away all superabun¬ 
dant horn, remove all Mini is underrun by mat¬ 
ter and pressing Injuriously on the quick, to 
thin the edges to make them pliant, ai lerwurd 
dressing with a leather or brush dipped iq a so¬ 
lution made with one part of oil of vitriol and 
three of water, or still bet tor, nna part of crys¬ 
talled catholic acid to three of glycerine, and 
preserving ihe foot from mud, in bad eases, by 
bandaging it with tin*. Simple paring of the 
foot, at intervals, will usually ward off the dis¬ 
ease on laud to which it. may be alUd to bo na¬ 
tive. buying the sheep walks in the pasture 
with (Inu gravel lias sometimes been found 
equally successful. Lastly, many farms la Great 
Britain could bo mentioned from which /oot-J’ot 
has boon virtually banished by a thorough drain¬ 
age and h consequent Increased dryness and 
Arm ness of the sou." 
These views in regard to the causes, ntui, 
so far as that subject in touched upon, the 
nature of foot-rot, are, we believe, the pre¬ 
vailing ones among the modern scientific 
veterinarians of England. They do not agree 
with those generally adopted in the United 
States. The difference is, however, to some 
extent, a matter of definition and classifica¬ 
tion. The English, as is done in the above 
extract from Prof. Law’s address, include 
nuclei - the general designation of hoof-rot, 
inflammations and resulting ulcerations of 
the foot, which arise from various and espe¬ 
cially different causes; and which, in the 
United States, have, it is believed, an essen¬ 
tially different character. 
In this country the name foot-rot, or hoof- 
rot, or hoof ail, is applied to a specific dis¬ 
ease, believed to be as distinctive in charac¬ 
ter as the scab or small-pox. It is notorious¬ 
ly propagated by contagion, and as well on 
high, dry, firm lands as elsewhere. Once 
contracted, it is greatly aggravated by con¬ 
stant wetness under foot; hut in upwards of 
thirty years’ extensive observation and cor¬ 
respondence on the subject, we have never 
known an instance where its origin could be 
satisfactorily traced to that cause, or any 
other cause but contagion. It maintains 
itself, year after year, and for an indefinite 
period, alike on wet lands and dry lands, in 
all our Northern Stales, and is never erradi- 
cated except by considerable labor, a degree 
of skill, and the application of proper reme¬ 
dies. And with all these, it is difficult to ex¬ 
tirpate it from a large Hock. 
Low, soft, marshy lands, or even herbage 
on other lands which has been rendered 
rank and kept wet by unusually protracted 
rains, cause here, as In England, a degree of 
inflammation and ulceration in the feet. 
Fanners term it “ fouls." It possesses none 
of the self-maintaining power and virulence 
of foot-rot. It is not contagious. It soon 
disappears, in ordinary cases, without other 
treatment, on removing the sheep to dry, 
firm land, or short pasturage on such land. 
If neglected too long, it leads to serious 
ulceration and a loss of condition—but it 
never becomes, or assumes the specific char¬ 
acteristics of, foot-rot. The worst case 
yields readily to treatment. 
Hardened pellets of mud “ between the 
claws” here, too, cause irritation, and occa¬ 
sionally a degree of ulceration, and so do 
stubs in t he feet, and various other accidental 
causes. But in all such cases the mere re¬ 
moval of the causes leads to a speedy cure, 
Undue wear of the hoof's during a long 
journey upon hard soil” causes soreness and 
lameness—but a few days’ rest puts an end 
to the difficulty. In none of these instances 
are the ulcerations "equal to their own 
maintenance” for any considerable length 
of time after the direct physical exciting 
cause is removed. They are simple ulcers, 
non-contagious, and easily controlled ; and, 
as compared with foot-rot proper—which 
they never become—they are wholly insig¬ 
nificant. in their practical effects. 
Their practical effects are doubtless usual¬ 
ly more serious In England than here, owing 
to climatic and other circumstances. The 
weather is habitually wetter there ; and 
sheep are profitably kept In many parts of 
England on lower and more marshy land 
than is ever used, to any extent, for sheep 
walks in the United Slates. The sheep are 
much larger and heavier than the prevailing 
varieties of the United States—Merinos and 
their grades. The hoofs of the English 
mutton sheep are much thinner in propor¬ 
tion to ihe size of the animal than those of 
the Merino, and are less tough. The more 
continuous exposure to moisture increases 
the tendency to ulceration and venders it 
more difficult to cure; and the greater 
weight of the animal must necessarily pro¬ 
duce a more rapid abrasion of the bools in 
traveling, and a greater pressure on and 
consequent aggravation of ulcers of the feet, 
whatever may be their cause or character. 
Notwithstanding this, from our limited ob¬ 
servation of hoof-rot in English sheep in 
this country, we have thought it a less viru¬ 
lent disease in them—or at least more easily 
cured in them—than in the Merino. If this 
is a fact, all the circumstances in England 
tend to bring foot-rot and the other diseases 
above named, more on a par with each ot her 
in their practical consequences—in the in¬ 
jury they produce and the cost, and trouble 
of curing i item—than in the United States. 
And as the remedies applied arc the same, 
there is less practical objection to classifying 
those diseases together under the same name. 
But in this country, as wo have already 
shown, the distinctions between them are 
very obvious ami broad. They have been 
recognized by courts and juries in a multi¬ 
tude of instances, in suits brought to recover 
damages against the vendors Of unsound 
sheep. If a person selling a flock unseen to a 
purchaser should witrrant than to be sound, 
any American court or jury, on a showing of 
the facts, would find a larger amount of 
damages, even where the apparent degree of 
lameness is the same, should it lie proven t hat. 
the flock were affected by hoof-rot, than if 
they were only affected by fowls, or pellets 
of mud in the feet, or were foot-sore from 
traveling. And there would be sound and 
equitable reasons for such a verdict, because 
foot-rot. would much more seriously diminish 
their value. 
We esteem it a much more scientific classi¬ 
fication thus to draw a line of distinction 
between simple and specific diseases, differ¬ 
ent in their character and results. But 
waiving this point, we think there is obvious 
utility in maintaining already accepted dis¬ 
tinctions by which the duties and responsi¬ 
bilities of buyers and sellers can be more 
definitely determined, and which, among in¬ 
experienced sheep owners, are likely to lead 
to a more proper treatment of disease. 
-♦-♦-*- 
ANNUAL SHEARINGS. 
Sheep Sheariint nt Spoucorport. 
At the annual show of sheep held in this 
place the present year, some twelve sheep 
were shorn. The following table shows the 
weight of fleeces and of the sheep after 
being shorn: 
SP £ 0 si 
« S r r 
• : o o 
• • t-ft 
Owners. : : ® 
lb. ID 
t.-O* 
Joseph Harris.. 
•Gatos 
■Ewe 
1 
y’r 
125 III 
ilo. 
. do. 
.Bk 
1 
y’ri 
J42 12 
15 
A. Bromley. 
RiRa. 
Ewe 
1 
y’r 
5S II) 
01 
do. — 
. do. . 
do. 
1 
y'r 
do 11 
03 
do. .... 
. do. . 
do. 
l 
y’r 
IK 11 
w 
do. 
. do. . 
do. 
2 
V I’M 
86 11 
10 
Pierce & Fellows 
• Oadou A Chili. 
. do. 
l 
y’r 
80 Hi 
00 
do. 
do. 
do. 
i 
y’r 
02 III 
ii 
do. 
. 
do. 
do. 
i 
y'r 
50 12 
os 
do. 
. 
do. 
do. 
•i 
yr>t 
SMI III 
14 
do. 
» 
do. 
do. 
•t 
yr* 
% 17 
l.lg 
do. 
• 
do. 
Bk 
a 
yrsi 
108 32 
08 
1,0751 in 
The first two were Cotswolds-the balance Spanish 
Merinos. 
Officers for 1871: H. H. Goff, President. Fred. 
Fellows, Vice President. Ira Harhoun, Secre¬ 
tary. 
Joseph ICarris sent four Cotswold sheep, 
imported stock, to the fair, which added 
greatly to the exhibition, and for which we 
tender him our sincere thanks. 
There was a fine display of agricultural 
implements and farm stock generally, by the 
Farmers’ Club of this place. 
Isaac Bowers of Riga, exhibited a good 
cart horse free of charge, as lie refused to 
pay the fifty cents that has been levied an¬ 
nually on all exhibitors for the last ten 
years. Ira Harroun. 
Spencerport, N- Y., May 7, 1870. 
Sbeep Sbenriua In Alexander, N. V. 
At the annual sheep shearing of Cort¬ 
land Crosman, on the {)th inst., S. Lusk 
of Batavia was chosen Chairman, W. L. 
DrcicrNsoN of Alexander Weigher, and Jas. 
G. Shepard of Alexander Secretary. A 
ntimber of gentlemen from Batavia, Attica, 
Darien and Alexander were in attendance t,o 
witness the shearing of Mr. Ckosman’s 
three-year-old ram “ Dixie,” whose former 
extraordinary fleeces had attracted so much 
li A I n 
attention and astonishment with sheep 
breeders throughout the country. 
As his ramship was brought upon the 
boards ho looked the very king of all sheep, 
and his splendid appearance was the theme 
of remark by all present. He had shed 
some of the wool from Ids hind legs, other¬ 
wise he was in fine condition, and looked as 
well as he did a year ago. 
His fleece weighed thirty-four pounds and 
fourteen ounces; carcass one hundred and 
thirty-one pounds. The wool was in as 
good condition ns it was last year, and we 
thought a little dryer. By reference to your 
files, you will see that, this ram’s first three 
fleeces had yielded the unprecedented and 
most extraordinary weight of ninety-eight 
pounds of wool in good condition for that 
c!mhs of wool, and comparatively free from 
extraneous matter. 
Among other sheep shown was Delos 
Dobson’s three-year-old ram “ Rinkley, Jtv,” 
weight of fleece, twenty-one pounds three 
and ft-hulf ounces; carcass, one hundred and 
twenty-four pounds. 
Grosman’s ewe ” Chloe,” seven years old, 
the mother of “Dixie;” weight of fleece, 
fourteen pounds three ounces; of carcass, 
eighty pounds. 
S. Lusk, Chairman. 
W. L. Dickinson, Weigher. 
James G. Shepard, Secretary. 
be mx'it&mm. 
FATTENING CATTLE. 
At a late meeting of the Caledonia, (Vt.) 
Farmers’ Club, Bela S. Hastings, who has 
experience, not only in buying but it fatten¬ 
ing cattle for the Boston Market, gave the 
result of Ids observation and experience: 
He said the main object of the farmer was 
•to get the most out of bis fodder. It does 
not pay to feed grain to a poor creature, one 
that does not take on flesh rapidly. Farmers 
will do better to dispose of such stock for 
what it will bring, and procure animals of 
good style. He believed that one-half of the 
grain fed was wasted by not being fed to 
good cattle. Another important, point is, 
farmers do not feed heavy enough. IIo 
would commence with ns much feed as they 
could bear at first, and then increase. In 
feeding twelve quarts of meal, the last four 
quarts are worth twice as much as the first 
four for fattening purposes. Some farmers 
complain that they do not get pay for the 
grain they feed out, but he had noticed that 
it was only those who fed light that thus 
complained. Whether the animal was to lie 
fed a long or a short time, he would recom¬ 
mend heavy feeding. Mr. Hastings said he 
know nothing better than corn meal. The 
cob is not worth much, if anything. Those 
persons of whom he purchased fat stock, 
who were the most successful, and made it, 
most profitable, were those who fed meal 
largely, if a farmer has potatoes or other 
roots, It is well enough to feed those in part, 
but a farmer will do better to exchange some 
of his roots for corn than to feed roots alto¬ 
gether. Ii is important to feed regularly, 
and not too often, as the stock will eat and 
lie down and ruminate. It is better to feed 
cattle three times a day, and sheep but once. 
It will be remembered that in the fatten¬ 
ing of the Ayrault cattle, roots were fed as 
regularly as meal, anil to the roots, in a meas¬ 
ure, is attributed the health aud continued 
growth, and fattening for so long a period. 
The use of roots unquestionably removes any 
tendency to fever,and keeps the appetite fresh 
and vigorous, giving a better relish for the 
heavier food. Three times a day may he, and 
probably is, the best method of feeding cattle; 
but, WO lb ink few feeders will endorse tho 
practice of feeding sheep but once in twenty- 
four hours. 
-»>«-. 
ITEMS FOR HERDSMEN. 
Cattle for the South. 
Richard Peters, Atlanta, Ga., is reported 
as saying that neither Short-Horn nor Devon 
cattle are healthy in that locality; but a 
cross of Brahmin stock with the Alderney, 
or Devon, arc healthy and profitable. Brah¬ 
min stock was exhibited at the Georgia State 
Fair last fall. Wo were informed there that 
they are hardy, adapted to the climate, easily 
kept, and excellent milkers. The colored 
man in charge of a herd on exhibition, said 
the cows exhibited gave four aud a-half gal¬ 
lons of milk each per day, and are easily 
kept. Said they were fed on “ corn and 
fodder.” A bull, in excellent flesh, was said 
to have “ run with the mules in the pasture; 
bad no other keep.” With the more general 
introduction of clover and the grasses, it may 
be that experience will change the esteem 
for Short-IIorns. 
A Large Calf. 
Mr. Eli Smith, Manila, Erie Co., N. Y., 
has a cow that dropped a calf that weighed 
one hundred and sixteen pounds when four 
days old. To what breed does the cow 
belong ? 
'timiifct mtb fttscfuL 
CARBOLIC ACID. 
The frequent mention of carbolic acid as 
a remedial and disinfecting agent in the col¬ 
umns of the Rural New-Yorker, renders 
a description of its manufacture, properties 
and uses necessary to a better understanding 
of its value. We cannot better do this Ilian 
by collating from an article upon the sub¬ 
ject by Prof. J. Darby in a recent number 
of the American Grocer, in which he says: 
“Carbolic acid is prepared by treating 
what was called the light oils (benzine*) from 
the distillation of coal with dilute alkalis and 
carefully distilling the products which arc 
heavier than water, the alkali being pre¬ 
viously neutralized by muriatic acid. It is 
seldom found pure, it, having more or less of 
cresylic acid in it, and often other closely re¬ 
lated bodies. Carbolic acid is a solid at 
ordinary temperature, melting at 106° 
Fahrenheit and soluble in twenty parts of 
water; is a powerful antiseptic and disin¬ 
fectant, preventing putrefaction and fermen¬ 
tation. Its whole effect is due to its arresting 
change. It is simply a preservative. As an an¬ 
tiseptic, it prevents change in the materials. 
As a disinfectant, it, accomplishes the result 
by the same means—that is, kills the spores, 
if malaria consists of such, or arrests chemi¬ 
cal change if malaria is a put re,suing material. 
Carbolic acid is a powerful poison. Every 
one has known that creosote is poisonous, 
and carbolic acid is only a new name for an 
old, well-known material, only less crude. 
Creosote will do all that is claimed for car¬ 
bolic acid. 
It is an active poison, acting directly on 
the nervous system, and may cause death; 
indeed, death has ensued from its application 
to an aching tooth, In the Glasgow Royal 
Infirmary the records show that when dress¬ 
ings in amputations and compound fractures 
contained no carbolic acid, one ease in four 
and a quarter died, with carbolic acid in the 
dressings, one in three died; showing that 
the use of carbolic acid was positively in¬ 
jurious, 11 coagulates the vital fluids of the 
body and of course stops vital action. In 
the hands of skillful physicians, carbolic acid 
is susceptible of important uses; but for 
family use it is no more appropriate than 
arsenic or corrosive sublimate. 
Its application, when not very much di¬ 
luted, produces effects very similar to that 
of burns, blistering the skin and producing a 
sore that can be cured by the treatment that 
would euro a burn. It is offered the public 
in all forms, as soaps, washes, salves and 
also as a medicine for various diseases, em¬ 
pirics taking advantage of its popularity to 
render it available for their profit. That it 
is for many purposes very useful, is not to 
be denied; blit it is very evident that it 
should bu used with caution and care. We 
have used these carbolic soaps upon our 
own hands and face, and carbolic acid for 
disinfecting purposes, and recommend it. 
Our article is not designed to deter any one 
from its use as a disinfecting agent, but to 
give people who use it the knowledge of its 
properties they ought to possess.” 
-- 
KALSOMINING PARLOR WALLS. 
We copy the following useful article from 
the Manufacturer and Builder : 
“ It is a popular error to believe that the 
materials for kalsomining are very expen¬ 
sive, and also that few men have sufficient 
skill to apply the liquid even after it has 
been properly prepared. For this reason 
people are frequently deceived into paying 
exorbitant prices for this kind of work. The 
materials employed are good clear glue, 
Paris white, aud water. Paris white is sold 
hero in New York City ami Brooklyn for 
two to three cents per pound. Itinerant 
kalsominers frequently charge twenty-live 
cents per pound, as ‘ they use nothing but the 
genuine silver polish, which is scarce, and 
very expensive.’ 
In case the wall of a large room, say six¬ 
teen by twenty feet square, is to he kulsom- 
iued with two coats, it will require about 
one-fourth of a pound ot' light-colored glue 
and five or six pounds of Paris white. Soak 
the glue over night, in a tin vessel contain¬ 
ing about a quart of warm water. If the 
kalsomine is to be applied the next day, add 
a pint, more of clean water to the glue, and 
set the tin vessel containing the glue into a 
kettle of boiling water over the fire, and 
continue to stir the glue until it is well dis¬ 
solved and quite thin. If tho glue pail be 
placed in a kettle of boiling water, the glue 
will not he scorched. Then, after putting 
the Paris white into a large water pail, ponr 
on hot water, and stir it until the liquid ap¬ 
pears like thick milk. Now mingle the glue 
liquid with the whiling, stir it thoroughly, 
and apply it to the wall with a whitewash 
brush, or with a large paint brush. It is of 
little consequence what kind of an instru¬ 
ment is employed in laying on the kalsomine, 
provided the liquid is spread smoothly. Ex¬ 
pensive brushes, made expressly for kalsom- 
ining, may be obtained at brush factories, 
and at some drug and hardware stores. But 
a good whitewash brush, having long and 
thick hair, will do very well. In case the 
liquid is so thick that it will not flow from 
the brush so as to make smooth work, add a 
little more hot water. When applying the 
kalsomine, stir it frequently. Dip the brush 
often, and only so deep in the liquid as to 
take as much as the hair will retain without 
letting large drops fall to the floor. If too 
much glue be added, the kalsomine cannot 
he laid on smoothly, and will he liable to 
crack. The aim should bo to apply a thin 
layer of sizing that cannot ho brushed off 
with a broom or dry cloth. A thin coat 
will not crack." 
-- 
USEFUL AND SCIENTIFIC ITEMS. 
Abom CJutcli. 
1 see a little difficulty occurs in regard to 
proper understanding of wlmt Cutch is — 
your correspondent not. knowing that it has 
any other name, (see Rural New Yorker, 
April 0, page 239, aud Rural, May I t, page 
819.) Information on the subject may be 
of service to those who wish to use the 
recipe. The following mimes are given to 
the same article:—Cutch, Terra Japonica, 
Gambir or Gambeer, Catechu or Gum Cate¬ 
chu ; oil her of these names obtains (lie same 
article. It was first of all called Terra Ja- 
poniea, under Urn impression that it was an 
earth obtained from Japan ; also Cutch, sup¬ 
posed to he derived from the name given to 
it in Hindoostanne of Cult. It is obtained 
from the Acacia Catechu, a small tree grow¬ 
ing in the East Indies, about twelve feet 
high. There are other sources from which 
it is also obtained. Some varieties contain 
much more tannic acid limn others, but any 
of them contain sufficient for dyeing pur¬ 
poses. The use of Catechu supersedes the 
old process of sending goods to the tannery, 
to be pm in the vat for tan color, and looks 
much handsomer.—J. D. Merritt, Forest- 
inlle, A’. V. 
I'lirtlug Ink with lliu IN-n. 
Many writers and business men,—and wo¬ 
men too,—cacli time the pen is dipped in 
ink, flirt off all the superfluous fluid, by an 
unconscious movement of the hand floor- 
ward. It is not uncommon, upon entering 
business offices, to see the floor, carpet, legs 
of chairs, desk and ceiling, literally bespat¬ 
tered with this dark, and, in a measure, in¬ 
delible fluid. We were rather forcibly re¬ 
minded of the untidiness of this lmbil, by the 
ink stains a person left upon the ceiling and 
furniture while writing a single letter, seated 
at our desk. This is a had habit, and we 
are thankful thill, we have never contracted 
it; and to those who have, allow us to make 
a suggestion. Place the ink bottle in its ac¬ 
customed place, upon a plate , and if you must 
remove the superfluous ink, let llie white 
surface of the plate receive it; or use cotton 
or woolen matting in its stead. It will ab¬ 
sorb the ink east upon It. It is a filthy habit, 
and should, if possible, bo discontinued.— 
L. D. S. 
A SiRMikine Automaton. 
A German genius has invented a speak¬ 
ing machine, which is now on exhibition in 
Leipsic, and is a masterpiece of inventive 
art. It is in imitation of all the parts of the 
human organs of speech, executed in India- 
rubber and wood. A keyboard played like 
that of a piano, puts the parts in motion, 
while by a pedal and bellows the required 
air is sent through the wind pipe. The key¬ 
board has only fourteen keys, representing 
the sounds of a, o, u, i, e, j, r, vv, f, s, b, g, d, 
sh; other sounds of the alphabet are pro¬ 
duced by the same movement., and the ad¬ 
mission of more or less air. The sounds of 
m and 1 are produced by closing t he lips and 
pressing the tongue against the roof of the 
mouth, etc. The French nasal sounds are 
produced by a separate contrivance. The 
laughing, it is said, sounds truly diabolical, 
and the crowing of a rooster very comical. 
To ltiumi Rubliov, &•<•. 
“Enquirer” from Twin, N. Y., will 
find the following receipc a valuable prepar¬ 
ation for mending rubber, leather, &c.: 
Take half an ounce of gum ammoniac and 
a table spoonful of water; heat together till 
they form a milky fluid; then one ounce of 
isinglass, add six wine glassfuls of water; 
boll together till the quantity is reduced one- 
half, then add one wine glassful of spirits of 
Wine. Boil this mixture three minutes, then 
strain through muslin, adding, while hot, 
the ammoniaeal fluid formerly made. Final¬ 
ly add half an ounce tincture of mastic 
resin. The cement thus made is best pre¬ 
served in vials in which it sets when cold. 
When required for use it. can be liquified by 
placing the vial in boiling water.— m. c i>. 
To Strike a Circle 
Take a slip of card or stout paper, stick 
a pin through one end for a pivot, at a dis¬ 
tance from the pivot point equal to one-half 
the diameter of the required circle, make a 
small hole to insert the pencil point. By 
revolving the card on its pivot with the 
inserted pencil, a circle as perfect as if made 
with dividers is produced.—w. n. 
