m 
odoriferous vapors constantly arising from in the manner described, in five minutes, 
the stables, will permeate the grain and hay Each shoot is thus cut up while yet. held in 
above in a very damaging manner.” the left, hand, and the grafts, as fast as they 
I have suspended operations long enough are severed, drop into the cavity of the 
to write to you for an opinion. Several of apron already described. The counting is 
in}' neighbors have basement, barns, and I done during the process of cutting, and at 
been carelessly done, the earth being closed 
around the top, but left, with a cavity below. 
Grafts set in this way rarely grow. 
never heard them complain of this. It 
looks reasonable to me, and if it is the case, 
I don’t want to proceed any further. I 
shall await information through the Rural 
New-Yorker. o. a. e. m. 
Bloomington, Minn., June, 1870. 
Remarks: —A basement is not an un¬ 
healthy place for stock, provided good drain¬ 
age, good ventilation and plenty of light is 
secured. If it is a side hill basement, good 
drainage is easily secured, and should be by 
all means. It should also he well lighted by 
largo windows; or the Gleet, of the light, 
should be increased by whitewashing the 
interior of the walls. The lloors above the 
stable should be tight — double if possible. 
Ventilation may he secured by tubes ex¬ 
tending from the stable through the upper 
no other time. 
Fiu. 3. 
“ The second operation is setting these 
grafts into the roots. Each root is held in 
the left hand precisely as the cion has been 
(Fig. 4;) the three cuts are given it, (shown 
by the dotted lines in Fig. 5,) to prepare it 
for the graft (as represented in Fig. 0.) The 
grafts having been placed directly uuder the 
operator’s lingers, and in the right position, 
each one is successively taken and firmly 
fitted to the prepared root as shown in Fig. 7, 
and as soon as this is done another cut ol' 
Fxa. 8—Root yra/t, net out Fig. 9—Root, iirafl, Imlly 
■well , with earth cam- n;t out, or with a cavity 
widely prt'Mcd ayahust below, 
its root#. 
“ Fig, 10 represents the usual form of the 
story to the roof—or to a latticed cupola at scvcns '*-> an ^ " 10 ro< d. is finished, and 
* * i. . <r i i .iiii i •• 
the knife, three inches lower down Lhe root, dibble, and Fig. 11 the appearance of the 
the apex. Three or four or more of these ‘hops oil obliquely on the tabic. Another 
tubes, depending upon size of barn, (say a duping cut ou the same root, aud a slit lor 
foot square, made of boards,) will insure the 
passage of all vapors direct to the open air 
without affecting the flavors of the grasses 
or the grain. Besides, with the proper use 
of absorbents — tnuck, soil, straw, charcoal, 
coal ashes or something of the sort—no vapor 
worse than the exhalations of the animals 
will arise, or ought to be allowed to do so. 
Build your basement barn looking to these 
conditions. 
Arboriculture. 
ROOT GRAFTING APPLES. 
D. T. G., Jefferson county, Neb,, asks: 
“ How are apple root grafts prepared V How 
lung should the cions be, and how deep 
should they be planted ?" In answer to the 
above questions, we copy the following ar¬ 
ticle and illustrations from Thomas’ Ameri¬ 
can Fruit Culturist, an admirable work for 
fruit growers’ libraries: 
“ Root grafting is done by whip or tongue 
grafting. It is wholly performed within 
doors, and consequently the seedlings must 
be taken up the preceding autumn. Root- 
grafting is well understood by nurserymen ; 
but there are many who desire information 
on the suited, and especially on the expetli 
lions performance of this operation. A 
grafter may work hard a whole day, and by 
an inconvenient arrangement of tools and 
materials, insert not a third as many as 
another, who gives careful attention to all 
these particulars. The following method is 
the result of long practice, and by it we 
have known » skillful workman to insert 
three thousand grafts, with an assistant to 
apply the wax plasters, during ten hours in 
a single day, in the best manner, aud three 
thousand five hundred,ou another occasion, 
in eleven hours. 
“ The tools consist, first, of a sharp, thiu- 
^.rri 
mm* 
wood in season to allow the warm days of 
late autumn to ripen up and perfect the re¬ 
maining buds and wood, and in spring she 
finds that, no matter what the temperature, 
all are good to Hie extreme tips. 
arm fcamomm 
HARDER’S POWER AND THRESHER. 
We give herewith an engraving showing 
Hardicii’s Two-horse Power Thresher and 
Cleaner in operation. We have no space 
| fora detailed description of it, but make lhe 
following extracts from the Report of the 
Awarding Committee at the great Imple¬ 
ment Trial under the auspices of the New' 
York Slate Agricultural Society, at Auburn, 
N. Y., in 1800 : 
1. “ It. is somewhat longer than other ma¬ 
chines with which we are acquainted; the 
sides are somewhat lower, admitting more 
air to and under the horses in hot weather. 
2, “The equalizing feature of the links 
sevem it, and the root gralt is finished, ami root graft when ready to set out. sides are somewhat lower, admitting more 
drops off obliquely on the table. Another “The most favorable soils are rich, well air to mid under the horses in hot weather, 
sloping cut ou the same root, aud a slit lor pulverized and rather strong loams. If light 2. “The equalizing feature of the links 
the tongue, arc quickly made, and another or gravelly, there is more danger li'om mid- and clutch arms is distinctive in this machine, 
graft picked up and inserted, the root being summer drouths, which often prove quite and the result is it works more equally, 
held all the while in the left hand, until destructive. Grafting the whole root entire more smoothly and with less waste of power 
worked up. The great point is. to perform will much lessen the difficulty. than any machines that vve have ever met 
much with little handling. A single root “ The chief care afterwards is to keep the with. 
v 3- “The construction of this machine is 
-s. __, vj ^ i such as to produce a sufficient speed for 
V threshing by a very slow and easy move, 
p j menl of the horses. This slow rate of 
movement of the chain (six and three-quar- 
will sometimes make out one graft, but more ground constantly cultivated and perfectly ters to seven revolutions per minute) adapts 
commonly two or three, and sometimes clean, which will increase the growth during it better to the use of oxen, as well as horses, 
more. Each portion of root should be about summer, and exclude mice in winter; the than others, which require a more rapid 
three inches loug, and the graft about five trees are to be trained up to one leading rate of travel. 
indies- 8l «"b not trimming so closely us to make 4. « The friction rollers in this machine 
“ Root grafting may be performed at any them slender; limy arc to bo kept* straight, have a greater diameter than most other 
time during winter, and those who have Ay tying them when necessary to upright machines, hence make fewer revolutions in 
three inches long, and the graft about five 
inches. 
t ime during winter, and I hose who have 
4, “ The friction rollers in this machine 
have a greater diameter than most other 
machines, hence make fewer revolutions in 
much of it to do often continue the process slakes; and all destructive insects must be traveling a given distance, and therefore the 
the winter through. The roots, when taken 
up in autumu, should be well washed, the 
tops cut off and the roots packed in boxes 
with alternate layers of damp moss. Thrifty 
one-year roots arc better and more easily 
worked than two-year roots. Side roots, or 
branches, should never bo used. The cions 
may lie kept in llie same way. This is bet¬ 
ter than packing them in sand, which im¬ 
parls a grit to them and dulls the knife. 
Different modes ore adopted for packing 
away the grafts. The best is to place them 
flat in boxes, in alternate layers with sand, 
watched and destroyed. 
friction is less. 
ro 
HAKDER-S TWO-HORSE POWER AND THRESHER AND CLEANER, IN OPERATION. 
“If Lhe ground is rich and kept perfectly 5. “The mechanical execution of ibis 
clean, they will grow from one and u-liulf to power is deserving of high commendation 
two feet the first summer after grafting; to A very careful examination of every part, 
three or four feet the second summer; five showed thorough and conscientious work 
Fig. 6. 
apply the wax plasters, during ten hours in like miniature cord-wood, keeping the outer 
a single day, in the best manner, aud three or graft ends very even, and carrying up 
thousand five hundred, on another occasion, each layer separately and one at. a time, so 
in eleven honwr. that one may lie taken up for setting out 
“ The tools consist, first, of a sharp, thin- without interfering with the next succeeding 
1)laded knife, of which the best is made pile. Tlie sand should be slightly moist 
to six or seven feet the third summer, when 
many of them will bo large enough tor re¬ 
moval to the orchard, and most of the re¬ 
mainder in one year more. 
from the blade of an old scythe, ground to 
its proper form on a grindstone; second, a 
and not wet. The varieties should be dis¬ 
tinctly marked ou strips of hoard separating 
bench or table placed in front of a light each kind, where there is more than one in 
window, and ou which the work is done; 
third, an apron, worn by the grafter, the 
two lower corners being hooked last to 
two sharp nails on the near edge of the ta¬ 
ble, for holding the cions while cutting 
them; fourth, strips of waxed paper,about 
ail inch wide, made by brushing over sheets 
of thin, tough paper a melted, well-stirred 
mixture of four parts of resin, two of tallow 
and one of beeswa x, and then cut into strips 
when precisely at a proper degree of cold¬ 
ness to separate well by means of a knife, 
cutting upon a smooth board. A sufficient 
number of these for immediate use should 
be hung near enough to the stove which 
heats the room, to keep the wax upon them 
about the consistence of butter on a sum¬ 
mer day, so as to fit and adhere to the 
grafted root, without melting and running. 
“ The first operation is to cut up the grafts 
from the shoots or cions. It is performed by 
holding the cion in the left hand, the thicker 
end pointing towards the right hand, which 
a box ; and in addition to this, a card should 
he nailed on the outside, naming the kinds, 
at the point of* separation between them. A 
record should also he made as they are do 
posited of the sorts, their order ami the 
number of each. Boxes two feet long, a foot 
Fin. 7. 
wide aud six inches deep, are a convenient 
size, and will hold from one to two thou¬ 
sand each. If furnished with bow handles, 
they ;u*e easily carried at once to the field 
tor setting out. Boxes holding twenty 
thousand or more keep the grafts equally 
well, hut require additional labor iu unpack¬ 
ing when set. 
“ They should be set out in spring as soon 
as Lhe soil is sufficiently dry, and there is no 
further danger of its freezing severely. 
Fig. 10. Fia. It. _ 
“ Root grafting is extensively performed Having read in the Rural New Yorker 
in large nurseries; but on unsuitable soils the answers to prevent smut in wheat, by 
buddingIs found the most certainof success, Mr. Fuller and Mr. Curt is, 1 must say 
Hie buds being rarely destroyed, and only that my experience does not confirm their 
by the most unfavorable winters. The bud opinions. In 1841, I purchased a farm in 
remaining dormant the first summer, the llus town of Lyons, which had been cleared 
growth is one year later than on grafted twenty-seven ywirft, and cropped twenty- 
stocks of the sinne ago; but this difference four, as l learned after my purchase from 
is made up by the more rapid growth of the some of the neighbors; said land had never 
5. “The mechanical execution of this 
power is deserving of high commendation 
A very careful examination of every part, 
showed thorough and conscientious work 
man,ship and material in every place; noth 
ing was slighted; the strength of the ma¬ 
terial was admirably distributed, and the 
gearing was very superior throughout. The 
boxes of the main shafts were of metal, 
which rim without heating.” 
We have before us high testimony as to 
tho superior merits of ibis power and 
thresher— such testimony as will warrant us 
in commending it to tho attention of farm¬ 
ers with great confidence. It is made at the 
Empire Agricultural Works, Cobleskill, N. 
Y., by Minard Harder, 
--- 
SMUT IN WHEAT. 
Having read iu the Rural New Yorker 
the answer's to prevent smut in wheat, by 
Mr. Fuller and Mr. Curtis, 1 must say 
that my experience does not confirm Iheir 
opinions. In 1841, 1 purchased a farm in 
llm town of Lyons, which had been cleared 
twenty-seven years, and cropped twenty- 
four, as 1 learned after my purchase from 
shoot from the bud, which is usually twice 
us great, as that of a graft on the root,. To 
obtain handsome ami good trees, the bud 
should be set within two or three inches of 
the ground. Budded trees usually have 
better roots than root grafted ones.*’ 
-♦-*-*- 
ARBORICULTURAL NOTES. 
holds the knife. Such a shout is represented, Special pains should be taken Lo pack the 
ol diminished size, by I* ig. 1, the points, a, a, a, earth well about them as they are dibbled iu. 
the places where it is cut into grafts, and the 
dotted lines show how the cuts are made. 
Fig. 2. shows a portion of the shoot the 
Fig. 2. 
natural size; 1, the first cut nearly directly 
across; 2, the second or sloping cut, and 3, 
the slit for the tongue; and the whole fin¬ 
ished and separate iu Fig. 3. Three strokes 
of the knife are thus required to cut and 
prepare each graft, and a rapid and skillful 
Fig. 1. 
The tips of the grafts should project about 
half au inch above the surface. The proper 
depth of setting is controlled somewhat by 
circumstances; if deep, tlic soil may be too 
cold to start them well; if not deep enough, 
the drouth of summer may destroy them. 
An active hand will set two or three thou¬ 
sand in a day, and in rare instances five 
thousand. 
“ The following figures exhibit the differ¬ 
ence between good and bad planting out. 
Evergreens in Orchards. f. , 
, and heavily limed every bushel that 1 sowed, 
“Erastus,’ hi the Ohio Farmer, does not • ,, , .. ’ 
„„„ , , . , • , , , . supposing that there would bo a perfect 
see any advantage to be gained by planting 1 * 
. , , ,, cure, as J had read many times that no smut 
evergreens in orchards as recommended by ’ .. , J 
.... . - „ , a would grow after such treatment, 
some writers. His objections are, briefly: 
1. The result to the orchard is the same, Behold the result! Where the clover and 
virtually, as excessive or continued crop- P la8tel ’ were sown, it was perfect wheat; not 
been seeded to red Mover, except an orchard, 
which I sowed with plaster, at the rate of 
two bushels per acre Said orchard was 
mowed and then pY i wed, and sowed to 
wheat, as well as other portions of the farm, 
in the fall of 1842. As the crop of wheat 
in said year was very full of smut, and j>ro- 
duced but ten bushels per acre, 1 determined 
to get rid of the smut at once. I brined 
and heavily limed every bushel that 1 sowed, 
supposing that there would be a perfect 
cure, as f had read many times that no smut 
ping. 2. lie believes a better protection to 
the orchard will result from belts of timber 
about, the orchard, and the soil of the orchard 
will not tints he exhausted. 3. He thinks 
(judging by ids own experience) the effect 
upon the fruitfulness of trees is unfavorable. 
Will not our correspondents give experience, 
if they have any, bearing ujiou this subject V 
Shortening in Peach Limbs in Aiitiiniii. 
A lady correspondent from Medford, 
a smut head could be seen; but on all of 
the other land there was thousands of heads 
that were completely filled with smut, many 
of them not over sixteen inches high. 
The land was sandy and gra velly loam, 
aud after it had been once seeded with clo¬ 
ver and plastered at the rate of two hun¬ 
dred pounds to Lhe acre the smut disappear¬ 
ed. I have no doubt but. the brining and 
liming of wheat is of value to the preceding 
crop; but do not believe it will prevent 
oi tne knife are thus required to cut and earth packed closely around the root, which 
prepare each graft, and a rapid and skillful is sending out new fibers, and the leaves ex¬ 
operator has done one hundred and twelve panding above. In Fig. 9 the work lias 
tig. 8 leprcsenls a graft well set out, the Mass., writes that she has practiced the smut unless the land lias been previously 
isntsstons. 
shortening in system of pruning the peach 
tree in the autumn, tvitlt gratifying success. 
She cuts away one-half of the growth of new 
filled with nitrogenous food, to aid the 
proper development of the wheat plant. 
Newark, July, 1870. A. G. Perce v. 
AMERICAN INST. FARMERS’ CLUB. 
Notes of Discussions, Extracts from l.ot- 
ters. A c. 
Abuse ol* Cattle. A long report was read 
by Mr. Curtis concerning the abuses of beef 
out tie by drovers, butchers and others. At llio 
elose tin* following practical suggestions were 
Hindu“ Covered sheds could bo easily provided 
for the protection of ml tic, ns is now the cuao 
With milch cows at Ono Hundredth Btreut and 
Third avenue, it. is probable that t he cupidity 
or these dealers is such that no outlay of this 
kind will be made. Unless they be forced to <io it 
by law; sueli a law should bo enacted, and pro¬ 
vision also be made for iho appointment of an 
Inspector of enllie yards, with necessary assist¬ 
ants, who should lie anthomed to arrest on tin, 
spot any butcher caught in tho art of slaughter¬ 
ing any crippled or exhausted animal. To in vest 
tho vendor of such meat Involves too much 
trouble; but to secure the protection of the pub¬ 
lic, the villains who would dress this flesh for 
food should bo made to suffer on I ho spot, and 
the animal bo put out of the way of doing any 
harm. In conclusion, wo would urge upon the 
Health Board of Now York tho importance of 
this reform ns a sanitary measure, ami Hint, in 
the cuttle-yard is the place to correct tho evil 
by obtaining possession of the animal before it 
shall be slaughtered and offered for Nile at, the 
butcher’s stall. Self-interest, after a lew' ex¬ 
amples had been made, would compel l he drover 
to exercise more mercy and cure, and the yard- 
kooper to afford better facilities for the emu fort 
and healthfuloi'ss of the animals commit toil to 
tiis inclosures.” 
Making and Keeping Butter.—M aky A. Lee, 
Gain, Pa., writes:- “ Butter made in October or 
November, if good, may he kept so by printing 
In small table prints, and sprinkling each with 
suit, and laying loosely in a stone jar. I have 
known it so kept till April,mid all good when 
eaten, tho lust as good as tho first . To keep but¬ 
ter good that is made In t he fall is one thing, but 
to keep that good t hat is made In the early sum¬ 
mer is another thing. Our best aud richest but¬ 
ter is made in May, June, and July, when the 
cows milk strong, and before the flies trouble 
them too much. The best of butter may easily 
be kept good till April, too, aud hero is lhe way 
I do it. First, it must be good butter when 
made, all Hie butter-milk must bo worked out, 
aud in doing this keep It out of water, don’t, 
have any wa ter come in contact with it, It spoils 
it.; bitttor that is washed in working, ns It. is 
termed, it good, would be much better if it had 
not been washed. Halt to suit the taste of those 
who are to eat it, half an ounce of salt to a 
pound of butter is about right, keep outall your 
saltpetre, sugar, or Ollier curative ingedients, it 
will keep better without them, and perhaps too 
without salt, but would not be so palatable. Ho 
up tho butter each week, or churning in one or 
more neat round rolls of two or three pounds 
each, just, what you have to put down, cover 
each roll with u clean muslin doth large enough 
to go round If, twice Or more, so that it. will bo 
completely enveloped, and sink it. In a strong 
brine, as strong as tins best sail will make it. 
Stone vessels are tho best, and«aeh roll as It Is 
put in may be sunk by placing a clean stone on 
it. Continue to add more rolls until the vessel 
is full, always keeping the whole completely 
covered with brine.; and to insure strength, add 
more sail when full. Keep it. iu your cellar or 
iu your spring-house, and see if it Is not worth 
iu winter or spring one hundred per cent, more 
than any winter-made butler. In this way L 
have kept all our winter supply of butter for 
many years, and have never yot failed. But 
mark, the butter must be good, well made, by 
one who understands how; must he well worked 
mid should, by all means, be wrapped up and 
sunk under tho brine the same day It Is churned 
not kept lying about for two or three days after 
churning. Wo here think a good spring with 
the water at fifty-six degrees indispensable to 
make the best No. 1 butler in tho summer 
mouths, and then It must be churned slow that 
It may como solid. Bradley's Atmospheric dash 
or attachment is superb, making our old barrel 
churns complete atmospheric chums, with half 
the revolutions, breaking the butler just as 
soon; then, in warm weather it is solid, firm, and 
no trouble lo wash out the milk." 
Itiupherry Talk. Hr. Hexamhu, Now Castle, 
N. Y., exhibited several varieties*)! raspberries. 
He said lie bad never known l his fruit .so abun¬ 
dant iu Hie market nor so cheap. He had known 
thorn sold by the ear load at four cents per 
quart; and when il costs three cents a quart to 
pick them, saying nothing of the cost of culti¬ 
vating, baskets, freights and commissions, it 
would bo understood how much money rasp¬ 
berry growers arc milking. When Mr. FtrtLEa 
-who hits done more than any other man to en¬ 
courage the culture of small fruits advised 
people to embark in the business, lie did not 
mean that they should push ahead blindly, but 
that they should use sense and judgment. This 
has not been dona ui all coses. If It had, Black- 
Caps would not. mow bo selling for lour cents a 
quart. The crop, however, had better be dried 
than bo disposed of at sueli rates. Dried, it sells 
for forty to sixty cents a quart, and four quarts 
of fresh berries tuuko ono of dried berries, 
while the trouble of drying la offset by Hie ex¬ 
pense of shipping. Black-Caps are also excel¬ 
lent for canning, and besides this, make excel¬ 
lent vinegar. Dr. Hhxamf.h then proceeded to 
speak ol the varieties. The Ellisdalo is earliest, 
anti though a variety of the Purple Cane, it is 
much preferable to that in every respect. Next 
in point of ripening is Davidson’s Thornless, 
which, as Us name signifies, is destitute of 
thorns, ami therefore agreeable iu the garden. 
It is three days earlier than tho Doolittle, which 
sort is the most prolific id* any. Tho Garden lias 
more of the red raspberry flavor than either of 
the Black-Caps, but though approved for homo 
use, it is not. suited for market. It is too soft 
ami of too dull a color. Tho Seneca is lute, com¬ 
ing ten days after the Doolittle. The excellence 
of the “ Mammoth Cluster” (McCormick) Is that 
the berries hold tie' same good size to the end. 
Though there are two or three dozon other va¬ 
rieties, these an; tbeohlef and most worthy. In 
reply to ;i question, Dr. Hkxa.hkk said he would 
advise farmers who wish to cultivate some ol* 
this fruit simply for home use to plant Doolittlo 
for black aud Philadelphia for red. 
