Turn the eggs oik '■ or twice a day, and keep 
the water replenished as it evaporates.” 
In this connection, we republish from the 
Rural New-Yorker of Jau. 16, 1869, an 
article on incubators, with illustrations of 
the same, for the benefit of our correspond¬ 
ent. Where they can be procured, or at 
what, price, we are unadvised. Tins incu¬ 
bator was awarded the first premium at the 
Pennsylvania State Poultry Exhibition, held 
in the city of Philadelphia last fall. 
Figure 3 represents the appearance of the 
machine outwardly. 
Figure 4 gives the inside arrangements. 
C, fig. 4, is the nursery for young chickens 
for the first week after hatching, D being a 
ventilator, of which there is a corresponding 
one in the rear. B, B, B, B, is the boiler by 
which the heat is generated by means of a 
lamp, L. N, N, N, N, are the nests or draw¬ 
ers for the eggs. The two lower ones being 
directly under the boiler, the heat is applied 
above the eggs, the same as in natural incu¬ 
bation. To apply the heat in the same man¬ 
ner to the eggs in the upper drawers, the in¬ 
clined shelves, R, R, are used (the two draw¬ 
ers being tight-bottomed also.) The heat is 
thus forced to ascend ns shown by the ar¬ 
rows and passes over the eggs, escaping by 
the ventilators at H, II, into the nursery, C, 
where it is again utilized for the young 
chicks. V, V, are tubes going through the 
boiler, serving for stays to keep the boiler 
from bulging or collapsing, and also answer¬ 
ing for ventilating the lower tier of drawers. 
The boiler is so constructed as to keep the 
water in constant circulation, thus securing, 
as is claimed, a uniform heat in all portions 
of the boiler, with a smaller consumption of 
fuel than by any other method. 
The great trouble in hatching machines 
heretofore presented to the public, has been 
the impossibility of keeping the drawers be¬ 
low the boiler at the same temperature as 
those above. It is claimed that, in this ma¬ 
chine that difficulty is entirely overcome; 
and that by the arrangement, of the ventila¬ 
tors heat is more perfectly under control than 
bus been before attained. This—an even 
temperature—is the most important point to 
be secured; with it success is almost certain; 
without it, almost impossible. 
The following description, given by Gey- 
el in, conveys a good idea of the feasibility 
of a machine that will meet the requirements 
of amateur breeders; besides, it is so con¬ 
venient and portable in its construction that 
it can be placed in a bed-room, and while 
performing its maternal duties, the room can 
be kept warm day and night, at an equal 
temperature, and the fight from the gas or 
lamp will serve as a night-light. 
l ies the average yield of butter at the time of 
our visit, was at the rate of half a pound a 
day for each cow ; but in the best season, it 
had been from a pound to a pound and a 
quarter. At one place of 1,200 acres, wc 
found a corral of heifers, a hundred ol which 
were two years old, and fifty were three 
years of age. Here, during Die early part of 
the season, the average daily make of butter 
was one pound per cow. These heifers were 
of fine form, with a good proportion of 
Short-Horn blood; and Mr. Howard thought 
ai four years old, they would make an annu¬ 
al average of two hundred pounds of butter 
per cow. 
The capacity of Mr. Howard’s part of 
Point Reyes, consisting of about 25,000 acres, 
he put at 5,000 cows. The soil, for the most 
part, is a black, sandy loam, and evidently, 
from the cultivated crops we saw, very fertile. 
Hymeni ol Parmiiin-SuKite«iloii»i Ate. 
The system of farming over these lands is 
now, of course, rude and wasteful; but Mr. 
Howard is organizing a plan for the appli¬ 
cation of manures. What it seemed to us 
should be done, is to divide the lands up into 
smaller farms—say of capacity to keep a 
dairy of seventy to eighty cows—and then 
establish butter and cheese factories at con¬ 
venient points, where both cheese and butter 
can be made on the associated system. In 
t his way the estate would become bettor col¬ 
onized, schools and churches would grow Up, 
and the families would not bo so isolated. 
At the same time, by relieving the tenant 
from the manufacture of dairy products, 
more time and opportunity would be bad in 
improving farms. 
Mr. Howard thought it. quite probable, 
now that a division of the estate hud been 
made, that dairy farms could be purchased 
at very reasonable prices, say for $25 to $30 
per acre. Considering the climate and the 
nearness to Die markets on the Pacific coast, 
the situation has many advantages for prac¬ 
tical dairymen who desire a residence on 
this part of the Continent. 
Looking Out on ilie Pacific from iho Most 
Western Limit of central California. 
Desiring to see the most Western limit of 
Central California and come face to face 
with the bread Pacific, we kept on our way 
to the rocky cliff, or sharp point of land 
jutting out. into the ocean, the extreme point 
of Point Reyes. Here the Government 
Light House is in progress of erection, Mr. 
Howard having sold to the United States 
a hundred acres for that, purpose. 
Looking down the clifts upon the rocks, 
upon which the waves of the ocean were 
dashing and throwing up columns of spray, 
while the unceasing moan and sobbing of 
the shore, 
the entire profits of many a man’s farm. 
Hundreds of farmers are mere slaves to hired 
help—help that are indeed “lords of the 
manor ”—who will not work unless they are 
watched; who take delight in wasting and 
destroying their employer’s property; who 
are brutal to all animal life under their con¬ 
trol or entrusted ft) their charge, and who 
hang like a dead weight upon the farm¬ 
er's family, because they cannot be dis¬ 
pensed with. 
Go among farmers to-day through Central 
New York, and hear how gladly they would 
rid themselves of this incubus, and do all 
the work on the farm with their own hands, 
if it were possible to do so. Not that they 
are unwilling to pay for labor, but because 
they are obliged to pay for inefficiency — 
vexed, tortured in mind and body, and made 
slaves to the help they hire. 
There is no place here to discuss Chinese 
immigration in its moral and social aspect, 
but the question of labor is growing every 
year and every day more and more intricate 
and difficult to be solved, and there is among 
farmers an irrepressible desire for relief. 
Throwing the Lni'lui nnd enrolling Wild 
C'uiile 1 u Cttlll'oriiio. 
We rise in “ the gray dawn ” and break¬ 
fast early, on the morning of August. 2d, for 
Oun was to hire a new four-horse team 
from the rancho and drive us out ou the 
plains among the wild cattle; following Mr. 
Nichols and a baud of old Californians 
mounted upon mustangs, and each armed 
with the lariat. This meant sport, and Olin 
drew his lines and handled his long lash 
in a way that plainly indicated there was to 
he no “ small driving,” so long as lie filled 
the box. 
We had had a taste of “break neck 
speed" the day before, down steep declivi¬ 
ties, along Die edge of mountains where a 
foot’s deviation from the track would have 
plunged carriage and homes In a shapeless 
mass below, making our hair stand on end 
ut the reckless way he turned a corner or 
passed a ten-mule team on the edge of a 
precipice. But Mr. Howard assured us 
that “ Olin’s head was level,” and that we 
were safe in his hands. So we shut our eyes 
over the worst places, and heard the whip 
crack and fell the carriage sweep and sway 
as it plunged after the galloping horses and 
slackened speed only at the next ascent. 
And so this morning we dashed along over 
mountains and down into deep canyons, until 
we struck a broad plain in sight of the cat¬ 
tle, and here we halted. Then we saw, in 
the distance, the wild bulls, with flying tails, 
rushing over the plain, pursued by the horse¬ 
men. Now they plunge into the tall grass, 
and again the scamper and tramp of feet is 
heard as the horsemen turn the herd in the 
direction of the carriage. On they sweep 
in a body, led by a famous red bull, fleet as 
the wind. The men urge forward their 
mustangs, dashing “ pell mcll” for the lead- 
One of the horsemen is now 
airw 1‘ftts.banbn) 
X. A. WILLARD, A. M., E 
Or Loti.* Fall*, Hs&xiukk Cogvtit 
THE PACIFIC COAST—III. 
Figure 1. 
The cuts, herewith given, represent—Fig. 
1, a perspective elevation of an artificial hen 
for hatching; Fig. 2, a transverse section of 
the same. 
Geyelin says :—“ The hatching apparatus 
consists of separate parts. 
“ 1. A glass-covered box. 
“ 2. A water tank. 
“ 3. A floating vessel. 
“ 4. A gas or oil lamp. 
Figure 2. 
“ The glass-covered box is made of japan¬ 
ned tin ; it has a glass door through which 
the light can be seen; the bottom of this box 
is perforated in the center for the admission 
of air to the lamp, and the other part is ear- 
pel ed to receive the chickens as they leave 
their shells. About twelve inches from the 
bottom are four brackets, to receive the 
water tank ; the lid has a perforated border 
for the escape of the vitiated air and steam 
from the water. The sides are provided 
with handles for carrying the box from one 
place to another, and it stands on four knobs 
to allow a free passage of air underneath. 
The water-tank is made of tin, and a little 
smaller than the box, so as to allow half an 
inch free passage of air all round. The 
floating vessel is made of tin, and is a trifle 
smaller than the water-tank, so as to allow 
of its floating in it. The center of this ves¬ 
sel has an oval opening, in which a register¬ 
ing thermometer is kept to show at all times 
the temperature of the water. The bottom 
of this vessel is covered about one inch deep 
with silver sand, on which the eggs are 
placed. By means of the central opening, 
and that between the tank, ilie temperature 
is kept in a constant moist state. The lamp 
can be for oil or gas, but gas is certainly 
preferable. 
the mighty waters echoed along 
the sight had a sublimity which made a 
deep impression upon our hearts, and one 
never to be effaced from memory in this 
life. 
Here and there the seals were basking 
upon Die rocks, or making their way in the 
foaming waters, now and then exposing a 
head above the waves that made us almost 
fancy they were human beings shipwrecked 
on the coast, and struggling to lay hold of 
the slippery rocks. Here we looked out 
upon the broad Pacific—as we had done a 
few weeks before upon the Atlantic, from 
the shores of Maine—hardly able to com¬ 
prehend how the journey across the Conti¬ 
nent had been made in so brief a time, and 
with thanks and praise in our hearts to the 
good God who had permitted us to see all 
these wondrous works of his hand, and who 
had held us without harm iu his holy keep¬ 
ing; and then we turned our way back over 
the rancho to San Rafael — a journey 
through the country of nearly fifty miles, 
which Olin, by a relay of galloping horses 
and incomparable driving, brought us over 
safely before midnight. 
ing bullock, 
ahead. Wc see him swing the lariat; but 
lie is yet too far back of tbe frightened bull. 
Onward they come, the horse steadily gain¬ 
ing, and now the lariat swings and swings 
round and round, and then shoots forward. 
Has he caught him? Yes!—No! 
“ By George! sir," the lasso is over his 
horns; but the end of th6 cord lias been 
jerked from the rider’s hands, and the bull 
bounds along uncaught. Then the race is 
pushed faster and faster, and the horseman 
is seen swaying over and almost touching 
the ground. He lias caught up the dragging 
lariat, and with a loud bellow from the bull 
he is checked in his flight. 
On come the ot her horsemen, and again a 
swing of the lariat round and round,and the 
mustang stops, holding from the pommel of 
the saddle the lariat, which is fastened at 
the other end to the hind leg of the bullock. 
Another horseman swings his lariat, and 
clutches the fore leg, and in a moment, the 
poor bullock falls upon his side, bellowing 
lustily in bis flight and rage. Then the 
loosen tbe animal, and sweep off 
Figure 4. 
The proper heat is one hundred and three 
degrees Fahrenheit; the minimum being one 
hundred degrees, and the maximum one 
hundred and five degrees. It is not always 
fatal to let. the heat go below one hundred 
degrees, if not allowed to remain so any 
great length of lime ; but a beat, of one hun¬ 
dred and seven or one hundred and eight de¬ 
grees is almost certain death to all unhatched 
chickens. 
The period of incubation is not shortened, 
as many suppose; or ut most, only one day- 
twenty days being the average time; and we 
frequently see hens bring off their broods in 
that time, if close sitters. The chicks come 
out remarkably strong and healthy, and are 
always free from vermin; and after the first 
few (lays require no more care than if hatch¬ 
ed under a hen. 
M. Vallee, an inventor of one of these 
machines, in giving the result of his ex¬ 
perience touching the period of incubation 
horsemen 
in a body after fresh victims, and thus bull 
after bull is caught, and cheer after cheer 
goes up from our carriage—for this, indeed, 
is rare sport, the most exciting and best we 
have seen in crossing the Continent. 
It is perfectly astonishing what skill these 
men have acquired, and how unerringly 
they throw the rope anil lasso the mark de¬ 
sired. 
In their riding, one can almost fancy them 
a part of the horse, for they can sway over 
and touch the ground when the horse is on 
a run ; and they descend the steep declivi¬ 
ties of high bluffs, urging their mustangs at 
their full speed, and you wonder liow they 
can make these frightful rides without being 
dashed upon the ground, a mangled mass of 
broken bones and jelly. 
Other Dairies. 
Turning partly about,, we drive to the 
Evans Dairy, of one hundred and forty 
cows, and from thence toother ranchos num¬ 
bering from one hundred and fifty to one 
hundred and sixty cows. At these places 
the buildings, management of cows and man¬ 
ufacture of butter, are all on the same plan 
as that previously described. At some dai- 
INCUBATORS. 
Hatching Fowls by Artificial Heat. 
T. V. B., writing us from San Bernardino 
Co., Cal., says“ 1 take great interest in 
the rearing of poultry, and have for some 
time been deliberating on the practicability 
of raising chickens by artificial heat or incu¬ 
bators. Will you please inform me through 
the Rural New-Yorker, if your space and 
leisure permit, what the modern contrivances 
to this end are, their worth, cost, and where 
obtainable? Why should not tbe common 
sand bath answer every purpose, provided 
the temperature is always kept at the proper 
point—90° to 98° 
There are several machines for the arti¬ 
ficial rearing of chickens now in use. The 
idea of the incubation of chickens by hot 
water is said to have been first discovered 
by M. Bonnamain of Paris, His apparatus, 
somewhat improved, lias been used for years 
iu France, with perfect success. We saw 
two machines for rearing chickens by arti¬ 
ficial heat in successful operation at the New 
York State Poultry Exhibition, held in this 
city last fall. 
24; pheasants, 25; Guinea lien, 25; com¬ 
mon duck, 28; pea fowl, 28; Barbary duck, 
30 ; geese, 30; turkeys, 28. The degree oi 
heat required to effect the above result is 
from one hundred and (bur to one liumhci 
and twelve degrees Fahrenheit. 
We see no reason why the common wont 
bath might not prove a good incubator, 
if kept at the heat spoken of by our corre¬ 
spondent Who has bad experience m tins 
matter? If any of our readers have, we 
should be glad to bear from them upon the 
subject— l. 
- - - 
Poultry Houses. 
S. B. Price, Urbaua, O , writesGive 
me as much information as possible on the 
subject of poultry houses. Ilie situation, 
aspect size of houses and yards required tor 
liens turkeys and ducks—about twenty oi 
L . ac ljl_ w iih description of a feeding coop, 
an d suitable place for it iu connection with 
the house.” _ 
A liurKC Ebb. 
O. G. Patch, of Hollis, N. H., has a lien 
which recently laid an egg measuring five 
and a-half inches one way, and seven inches 
the oilier, and weighed four ounces. Who 
can beat it ? 
Figure 3. 
“ Tbe management of the apparatus is so 
simple that it can be attended to by a child, 
and only a very few directions will be nec¬ 
essary ;—1. Fill the tank with hot water till 
the floating vessel reaches the top level, then 
see that the water has a temperature of about 
one hundred and twelve degrees, utter which 
light the lamp, and should the heat of the 
water increase, reduce the flame ; hut if the 
temperature rises or decreases but slowly, it 
can be regulated by admitting more or less 
air through the door of the box. 2. The 
principal point, however, is, that the temper¬ 
ature on the sand should not vary much from 
one hundred and five degrees, and it will be 
fouud that with water-heat of one hundred 
and twelve degrees, the sand wilt he oue 
hundred and five, and on the eggs ninety- 
eight degrees. For beginners, however, it is 
always best to put the apparatus in action a 
day or two before placing eggs iu it. 3. 
