K. S. RANDALL, LL. D., EDITOR, 
Of Cortland ViLLAfl*, Cortland County, Niw York. 
ground; what is about the mean raugc, and 
the greatest variations of the thermometer 
during the winter mouths; how many nights 
in winter do his sheep require or receive 
shelter in sheds or barns ; how much of the 
year does he give other feed than grass or 
hay; how is this other feed prepared and 
given to them, &c., &c. Wo put some of 
these questions, because we should not be at 
all surprised should it prove that the herd¬ 
ing capacity of long wools depends con¬ 
siderably on climate and other circumstances 
—and should it prove to be considerably 
greater in the moist climate, rich and con¬ 
tinuous pasturage, mild open winters, and 
constant access to green feed, in many por¬ 
tions of England and Ireland, than in the 
dry, scorchiug summers, and long iron win¬ 
ters of the Northern United States and 
Canada. And in the Southern United 
States the summers and summer feed are 
still more unpropitious to large mutton sheep. 
Let Mr. Loomis assure Mr. Garne that 
none of these questions are put. to him, in the 
least degree, in a controversial spirit. We 
have no motive or desire to underrate the 
qualities of the long wools in any respect 
whatever. On the other hand, we shall be 
sincerely gratified to have it proven that un¬ 
der any circumstances, or any kind of man¬ 
agement, their herding properties equal or 
approximate to those of the Merino. What 
we want to ascertain in the matter is the 
truth. And we want to ascertain the truth, 
not only for the general benefit, hut special¬ 
ly for the benefit, of thousands of our coun¬ 
trymen who are now engaging for the first 
time in the growing of long wool sheep. Let 
them start with no favorable or unfavorable 
delusions in respect to their husbandry, 
which will lead to errors of management or 
unnecessarily jeopard t heir success. 
- »»♦- 
NOTES AND QUERIES. 
Sheep tu the City of Parts. 
A correspondent of the N. Y. World, 
writing from Paris, Sept. 1, says:—“You 
can scarcely conceive the uproar amid which 
I write. As I look from my window I can 
see nothing hut sheep, shepherds, shepherds’ 
dogs, hoys tormenting sheep, men scolding, 
sheep baaing. The Luxembourg Garden, 
which is not one hundred yards from my 
window, is invisible, so dense and lofty are 
the clouds of dust raised by the innumerable 
sheep in it. The ground is one surface of 
wool, and every ten minutes the Brittany 
Railway brings other flocks. In the Lux¬ 
embourg Garden huge stacks of straw and 
hay are placed. Every hundred yards a 
sunken wine half-cask contains water for the 
poor animals. It is enough to make one 
turn Brahmin and eschew animal food to 
contemplate the inevitable suffering and the 
torrents of blood which must be endured 
and must flow before those creatures reach 
our kitchens. The animals placed in the 
Bois de Boulogne have almost destroyed it,. 
I am told not a lawn remains these. I won¬ 
der dramatists don’t dismiss the apothecary 
and tailor as the representative makers of 
long hills, and introduce Mars in their stead. 
There are no hills like war’s bills.” 
Breeding In-and-in. 
In conversation with Allen Lambard, 
Esq., of this city, a few days since, he gave a 
brief statement as to his results in breeding 
in-and-in, with a flock of pure blood South 
Down sheep. He said that he had bred in- 
and-in for the past ten years, and as a con¬ 
sequence, had run his flock all out. It had 
decreased in numbers from thirty to ten, and 
the sheep had decreased in size about one- 
half. Their constitutions also had become 
greatly impaired. Mr. Lambard’s reputa¬ 
tion as a careful and intelligent breeder is 
well known, and his experience, as staled 
above, may lie considered as worth much, in 
the course which it assumes .—Maine {Augus¬ 
ta) Farmer. 
Sheep PreinluitiM at New England Fair. 
Merinoes .—All the first premiums in this 
department are awarded to Jerome Holden 
of Westminster, Vermont, except for one 
two-year old, for which Asa Fuller of Pom- 
fret, look the first prize. 
Middle Wool .—Eight first premiums and 
four second to W. L. Sissons of Portsmouth, 
N. H. Five first and four second to A. O. 
and J Beinis of East Burke, Vt. 
Fat Sheep .—Long Wools—First to H. D. 
Arms of Springfield, Vt. Grade Sheep.— 
First to A. D. Arms of Montpelier, Vt. 
Sheep Went of tlio Missouri River. 
We have recently conversed with an in¬ 
telligent and observant gentleman engaged 
in tiie cattle trade in Southern Kansas, who 
corroborates the testimony to which we re¬ 
ferred a few weeks since, os to the mortality 
among flocks in that State and Missouri, as 
well as the general depression among wool 
growers.— A. M. Garland , in Western Rural, 
Sheep Hilled liy Doga. 
A flock of sheep belonging to Mi*. Crock¬ 
er of Neshannock township, Lawrence Co., 
Pa., was attacked hv dogs, and between thir¬ 
ty and forty were killed and injured ; most 
of the latter have since died .—Ohio Farmer. 
[ntwstrial topics. 
AMONG THE FARMERS.—III. 
Spending a few days lately in Genesee 
and Orleans counties, we were compelled to 
admire the splendid farms in famous old 
Genesee—the Egypt of the grain raiser in 
the early part of this century—with its un¬ 
dulating surface of gravelly ridges and rich 
- 
ill HHi 
/ iHP- 
anti-friction horse power. 
alluvions. Between Batavia and Bethany 
many of the road fences are built perma¬ 
nently of stone, and have an air of inde¬ 
pendence, durability and protection, re¬ 
freshing to the old time farmer; yet the 
time is coming when these broad walls will 
he regarded as “ cumberers of the ground.” 
The farm houses all look substantial, hav¬ 
ing an air of comfort, and some even of 
elegance; the barns, many of them, on stone 
foundation, with warm basement stables. 
Corn never looked better. But the notice¬ 
able lack was of trees and shrubbery about 
the dwellings; yet the order of advance¬ 
ment is, first, utility, substance, independ¬ 
ence—then will come the refining era, the 
growth of esthetic tastes. That era is just 
commencing in Western New York. We 
had the pleasure of looking over the fine 
Farm of Mr. D. R> Prlmlle, 
nf East Bethany, consisting of some two 
hundred acres. It is mostly composed of an 
easily worked, gravelly soil, with some forty 
acres of rich bottom land, irrigated at high 
water. This latter furnishes a permanent 
meadow, yielding two tons and upwardsas an 
average on ten years. The stubble showed 
that good crops of barley and wheat had 
just been harvested. An old apple orchard, 
with large trunks and spreading branches of 
dark and healthy green, was loaded with 
smooth fruit; no insects had depredated 
upon it—no borers had injured the trees. 
A large bam, with warm basement for 
sheep or other stock. He has elevated water 
seventy feet with a ram, for the benefit of 
llie village, and proposes to conduct it into 
every lot and to his barn for the use of stock. 
II is house, at a distance from the road, has 
some fine old trees on the lawn about it, and 
a magnificent elm spreads its high, protect¬ 
ing branches over the roof. A small stream 
from a spring furnishes cold water for a pond 
in which lie proposes to breed trout. His 
graiuery stands upon a substantial, well- 
mortared wall, seven feet high. His base¬ 
ment is well drained, with solid concrete 
floor, partitioned off into convenient apart¬ 
ments for hogs. His 
II ok- Feu 
is well constructed for all practical purposes, 
being warm in winter and cool in summer. 
The concrete bottom is too much for the 
root of any hog—saves the liquid as well as 
the solid manure, and is easily cleaned. 
Mr. P. conducts the water from the roof 
into a cistern, and draws it thence with a 
pipe into his boiler and tubs below. He 
cooks all the food, whether grain, meal, or 
roots, for his hogs, by steam. He draws his 
feed from bins over head, by spouts; uses a 
common oil cask holding some fifteen 
bushels, as a steam box, conducting the 
steam in at the bottom. A hall, or alley, 
leads from the steam-room to the different 
pens, where the food is conducted by a slide- 
board from the outside to the trough inside 
the pen. He seems to have studied carefully 
and practically the feeding of hogs, and 
must have been successful, judging from the 
specimens on hand. 
In our notes, we propose to profit by facts 
and pay little heed to speculations. Some¬ 
times facts appear in curious connection, 
teaching a lesson by comparison. While 
looking over Mi*. P.’s farm arrangements, we 
were forcibly struck with the comparison of 
IIoffN yb. Sheep. 
Here was a single litter of ten pigs, one 
year old, that would weigh 450 pounds, gross, 
eachr Mr. P. thought them worth $50 per 
head, hut we will call them $45. or $450 for 
the ten; 29 pigs raised, worth $4 per head, 
or $110, making the round sum of $566 from 
this litter of ten pigs in one year. They had 
been fed the wasle from the kitchen, some 
poor potatoes, worth, say $30; a few pump¬ 
kins, aud about 100 bushels of grain, $80 ; 
j. the rest they itad gleaned from 
« ■ the harvest fields. The grain and 
||1 roots had been thoroughly cooked 
Mk by steam, which Mr. P. has prac- 
I |M ticed with great success and profit 
k I Wl f° r tn&tiy years. 
Yl I Mr P has also kept sheep for 
™ I many years, and has now a flock 
J of two hundred fine wool sheep, 
one half ewes and half yearlings. 
These sheared five pounds per 
head, and wool sold for 40 cents, 
or $400. He raised 75 lambs, 
worth $2 per head, or $150, mak¬ 
ing $550, as a year’s income from 
=——these 200 sheep. These sheep 
consumed, during the winter, over 
jH|pF 30 tons of hay, worth $300, besides 
much straw ; 100 bushels of grain. 
$80; pasture, $150, making $530; 
to which add the labor of taking 
care of them, including shearing, 
. — $100. Here it will he seen that 
the gross income from a litter of 
HHiE: ten (figs for one year, amounts to 
more than that from two hundred 
sheep, while the expense of keep- 
ing them is little more, if any, 
than one-fourth. 
af-VOn calling Mr. P.’s attention to 
the comparative cost of feeding 
sheep and hogs, he estimates that 
the expense of keeping these 
ten hogs did not exceed that of fifty sheep. 
Yet Mr. P. had never instituted the compar¬ 
ison between the hogs and sheep, and this 
presentation was new aud quite unexpected 
to him. This difference in the profits on 
these two classes of animals, arises from sev¬ 
eral causes. 
1st. That wool and mutton (especially 
mutton of fine wool sheep) hear a much less 
price in proportion to cost than pork. 2 d. 
The hog utilizes its food better than sheep 
or cattle. Lawks and Gilbert tried a 
series of experiments to determine the pro¬ 
portion of food stored up by different ani¬ 
mals. They found that twenty per cent, of 
the food of pigs (deducting water) was stored 
up in their increase; sheep, twelve per cent.; 
oxen, eight percent. This was partly owing, 
probably, to the more concentrated food of 
the pig. 3d. The grain for these hogs was 
thoroughly cooked, which would give it 
fifty per cent greater effect than uncooked. 
To mako the product of sheep equal to the 
pig, wool should be eighty cents and mutton 
as higli as pork. Does not this case show, 
most clearly, the importance of keeping and 
digesting 
Farm Accounts t 
How can the farmer form an intelligent 
opinion of the products of his fields, the pro¬ 
fits ®f liis stock, the propriety of this or that 
mode of farming, without keeping accurate 
accounts of his business in all its parts ? No 
mechauic, manufacturer, or merchant ever 
thinks of doing business without scanning 
every branch of his trade. How can the 
farmer know that lu: makes any profit from 
his cows or other animals, if he does not 
know the product and the cost of keeping? 
Yet few farmers do this. e. w. s. 
itrm (rc0it0tm 
ANTI - FRICTION HORSE POWER. 
We give above an illustration of an 
upper-geared anti - friction horse power, 
manufactured by R. II. A i.len & Co. of N. Y. 
city, who assert that “ Wherever a strong 
and durable as ivell as easy running Lever 
Power is required for heavy work, we re¬ 
commend the Anti-Friction Patent, of either 
the Upper or Lower Gear. They are adapt¬ 
ed for from one to eight horses, and run with 
so light a draught, that a single* horse will 
work them effectively; yet if heavy work is 
to be done, the Power is strong enough to bear 
the combined force of eight, horses. By the 
peculiar combination of gearing, great speed 
is obtained directly upon the Power itself, 
thus obviating the expense of putting up 
counter-shafting to get up speed and saving 
the power required to drive it. 
“ In the Upper Geared Power the driving 
shaft, makes fitiy-tvvo revolutions with one 
turn of the horse, or one hundred aud fifty- 
six revolutions per minute, as the horse will 
travel around a circle twenty-four feet in di¬ 
ameter three times per minute. Tin’s shaft 
has two pulleys, one eighteen and the other 
thirty itiches in diameter, which can he 
changed for larger or smaller ones, to obtain 
any speed required on the machine to be 
driven. 
The proper speed is gained by gearing 
occupying a much less space than that of 
the Sweep norse Powers now in use, while 
the elevation of the driving-shaft and pul¬ 
leys, nnd the facility with which they can he 
set at various angles to operate different ma¬ 
chines, without changing the position of the 
Power or the machine to be operated by it, 
give to it an advantage over any motive 
power now used. 
" It is complete within itself, all of its shafts 
being attached to the machine, so that none 
of them are liable to be thrown out of line 
and become bound by the settliug or shaking 
of the building. 
“ To operate this Power, it should he 
placed in a barn cellar, or lower floor of 
a building, with the machines attached in 
the story above. Any number of machines 
can in this way he run by the Upper Geared 
Power, limited, of course, by the demand for 
motive power.” 
The above described horse power is in¬ 
cluded in the Rural New-Yorker pre¬ 
mium list. 
- »»» — 
TO MAKE COMPOST. 
Tiie following method of preparing fish 
and muck compost, is recommended by the 
American Agriculturist:—Begin with three 
shovels of swamp muck, and spread it on the 
ground In a circle, if for a small heap of a 
few barrels of fish pomace, or in a long heap 
for a large quantity; then heat the fish fine 
and scat ter one shovelful over the muck, and 
so continue alternately until nil is mixed; 
leaving the heap cone shaped. In about a 
week the heap will begin to heat, and should 
ho turned and mixed, beginning at. one side 
and making all fine with the hack ot the 
shovel, lu a week or ten days more, it 
should be turned. In three weeks it will be 
fine and fit for use. 
It may bo kept until wanted, but will re¬ 
quire further turning if it heats. The muck 
should he damp when mixed, or it will not 
heat, sufficiently. Peruvian guano aud muck, 
or earth, should be mixed in the proportion 
of six to one of guano. It docs not heat, but 
requires the same turning aud mixing as fish 
aud muck. A handful of either in the hill is 
about the quantity generally used, hut of the 
fish compost, morn is required than of the 
guano—as much as can be held in the hand 
with tiie palm uppermost and the fingers 
spread. If thrown into the hole in aheap, it 
should be spread before covering, to avoid 
the danger of destroying the seed, which 
never should he planted directly upon it. 
§»td fntitata. 
NOTES FOR BUILDERS. 
About UulldinK Paper. 
Can any of your readers speak advisedly 
in regard to the utility of “ building paper” 
for the covering of walls inside of a bouse, in 
place of plastering. It is extensively adver¬ 
tised as being fully as good and very much 
cheaper. What is the opinion of the Rural 
New-Yorker; also, the experience of those 
who have tried it?— E. R. P., Savannah Ga. 
A friend of oura informs us that his son-in- 
law used it for a roof, and, without, paint¬ 
ing, it stood, uninjured, through, three 
months, most of the time very stormy; then 
the edges soaked somewhat. The roof has 
been on, now, more than a year and a half, 
still unpaintod, and still good. It is much 
cheaper than any other roof. About jnsido 
■work he is not posted, except that, the sav- 
iug by its use is very large. We have no ex¬ 
perience upon which to base an opinion. 
Ifrouml Plan (or a lloime. 
G. 8 . N. sends us the accompanying ground 
plan of a house which is regarded as con¬ 
venient in arrangement. We print it as our 
correspondent’s idea of convenience and 
comfort. Our readers will adopt or reject. 
The following is the guide to the rooms: 
Ml O e£ - 25 ft 
K 
/OX /2 
W 
/OX//. 
i 
pP.. T 
7X7 
DR. 
// X / 6 . 
C 4X7 
B R. 
/OX/4- 
/4XIS 
P 
/4X/5 
J 
•aa lb 
H. 
6X7 
V, Y, verandas; P, parlor; 8 , R, sitting- 
room ; B, Ii, bed-room; C, closet; Pa, pantry; 
D, R, dining-room; K, kitchen: W, wood¬ 
shed ; 8, sink; Ci, cistern; We, well; St, 
stoves; H, hall 
LONG WOOL SHEEP IN LARGE 
FLOCKS. 
f usbanbri). 
i iiswev* to questions In Rural New-Yorker, 
Sept. 17. 
1 . I have been familiar with English long wool 
sheep about ten years. 
2 . [ have owned Cotswolds for that period. 
;i. My ilock averaged for first five years fifty 
iK iui- lor the Inst live years, (owes, rams and 
lainbs,) about one hundred and fifty head. 
4 . I have generally kept fifty breeding ewes 
villi their lambs in one pasture during the sum¬ 
mer- In the winter my pens are so arranged 
that I only keep twenty-five to forty head to- 
pithcr. 
5 aiul 0. No answer necessary. 
7 , My mode or keeping has been as follows: 
I ccunnence in the fail, say Sept. 1st, to give my 
breeding ewes some grain, generally corn, to get 
them well started for the winter, and I think 
they take the ram better. I give them a small 
iiuautlty at first, and increase it ns the feed in the 
pasture gets scarce, t intend to have them go 
into the bftrn in a good, thrifty condition. Af¬ 
ter they arc in the barn, I feed coarse wheat 
brim, with a few beans, or a small amount, of 
porn. After lambing, l Increase their feed and 
try to keep them in good condition—keeping 
tlieir feed on until they get well on to good leed. 
I worn my l».»ibs generally in July. The lambs 
I give a few oats daily after weaning, and con¬ 
tinue their feed through the winter unfill get. 
them on m grass, when they are yearlings. 1 
food them, In the winter, wheat bran freely, with 
;i few oats or Corn. They like a change of feed. 
1 intend always to have turnips for my lambs in 
winter. I have uniformly had good luck with 
thoiu. I put. the weaker ones by themselves. 
Have always fed wheat bran to all ray stock, 
horses, cattle and sheep, nnd like it very much. 
8 , When in England fsaw, kept on Mr. Robert 
Oakwe's place, 1,000 sheep, nil Gotswolds. Ho 
had In his breeding flock from 100 to 500 ewes. I 
think he told me he kept them together the year 
round; and they seemed to do well. My own 
experience with sheep is the snmo as with any 
other kind of stock - that you can do better by 
a few than by a large number; but what tlieir 
(the Cotswold’s) herding qualities would be, 
as compared with other breeds, I cannot say. 
nuKDETC LOOMIS, Windsor Lochs, Conn., Sept. 
20,1870. 
Remarks. —Mr. Loomis stands in the first 
rank of American breeders of Cotswolds, 
having selected his stock with care in 
England, and having bred them with good 
judgment. He also has the reputation of 
being a judicious keeper, feeding his sheep 
sufficiently to keep them up to the mark for 
breeding purposes, without pampering thorn. 
For this reason we could have greatly wished, 
for the benefit of now beginners in tire breed¬ 
ing of long wools, that he had, in his answer 
to question seventh, observed our particular 
request that iu case tiny other feed besides 
grass and hay was given, the actual amount 
fed per diem should be stated,—or if the feed 
was not measured, suclt amount be stated 
according to the best knowledge and belief 
of the owner. This omission on Mr. Loomis’ 
part was undoubtedly unintentional, and for 
the advantage of those already referred to, 
we trust lie will write us again and give the 
desired information in detail. 
We think very erroneous views prevail 
among some inexperienced holders of Eng¬ 
lish sheep, on the subject of forcing. They 
seem to suppose that it is one of the quali¬ 
ties of these sheep that they will withstand 
any amount of forcing without injury,—and 
consequently that it is as proper to stuff and 
pamper those intended to be kept for breed¬ 
ers to the earliest possible degree of ma¬ 
turity, or degree of fatness, as if they were 
being prepared for the shambles. We re¬ 
cently saw at a local fair three ewes import¬ 
ed from the flock of Mr. Gahne, with three 
lambs at their sides, said to be about seven 
months old, and to weigh about 160 pounds 
each. One of the viewing committee in¬ 
formed us that the feeder of these lambs told 
him that the three received eight quarts of 
oil cake, oats and meal* per diem. The 
owner had no idea of fattening them to 
butcher; he was merely putting them in 
“show order!” He expects to Bell them at 
high prices for breeding sheep. How very 
seriously he is injuring them for the latter 
object, all persona experienced in the matter 
well know. This subject is but incidental 
to our main one — the herding properties of 
long wools — but it is in some measure con¬ 
nected with it, and requires contemporaneous 
attention. 
Mr. Loomis’s impression that Mr. Garne 
told him that he kept his Cotswold breeding 
ewes (400 to 500) together the year round, is 
an interesting fact, and ought not to he left 
subject to any do*bt. We therefore, request 
Mr. Loomis to forward to Mr. Garne a 
printed copy (which wo will forward to him 
tor that purpose) of our questions of Sept. 
L'h, with a special request that lie (Mr. 
Larne) answer them in full detail. Mr. 
L arne will add much to the great value of 
his information if he will also give some par- 
■iculars of the climate of the region of Eng- 
!und where he lives. For instance, will he 
he good enough to say how many months 
»nd what months of the year his sheep can 
get a tall or partial supply of grass from the 
wenttoneS. 0t rem€mber that the *incl of meal was 
