I 
I 
i 
Second, thcro i.s an, and should he a more, 
extended trade in nut-bearing trees, and many 
persons prefer to purchase specimens of 
largo size than to wait for seeds to grow. 
How lo Do It. 
Plant the. nuts in nursery rows, and when 
the plants are nno year old, or, in other 
words, in the autumn of the first year, take 
them up and shorten the main or tap root, 
one-half to throe-quarters of its original 
length, and then heel in, covering deeply 
and carefully. Never defer this very im¬ 
portant operation until spring, certainly not 
with nut-hearing trees. 
The following spring plant again into 
nursery rows and cultivate thoroughly during 
summer. The severe root-pruning to which 
the seedlings are subjected, will cause them 
to throw out an abundance of side or lateral 
roots, and thenceforward they may ho trans¬ 
planted with case and certainty of success. 
There are no exceptions among our native 
forest trees: oaks, hickories, butternuts, black 
walnuts (and even tulip trees) and chestnuts 
are general ly considered the most uncertain ; 
but if root-pruned young, as wo have recom¬ 
mended, and then handled with care, as all 
trees should bo, no difficulty will be expe¬ 
rienced in their removal. If the trees arc 
to remain long in the nursery rows we 
would advise transplanting and root-pruning 
every four or five years. 
good men (who are scarce) can command more. 
To others, who have means, and from ill health 
or other causes, are seeking new homes, t hose 
who have patience, perseverance and energy, 
are certain of success. But they wilt Had rough 
men, and many discouragements, with no sym¬ 
pathy. A llttla of the old leaven of'49 yet. re¬ 
mains; it is si ill every one for himself, and the 
devil take tho hindmost. I5nt ns the influx of 
populat ion increases, nil this is changing. Men 
no longer build themselves huts and cabins, hut 
homes, and bring their wives ami families with 
them. Los Angeles ranks ns third city in size in 
the State, and is rapidly growing. Good land 
can ho bought for $10 an aero, but everything 
depends on the water. Our own valley of Sun 
Gabriel is the loveliest the sun shines in. Look¬ 
ing up through tiie rich green foliage of tho 
orange trees, past clusters of yellow fruit, wo 
ten to fifteen years old, and measuring eight 
and ten inches in diameter, from the City of 
Los Angeles to the mission of San Gabriel, a 
distance of nine miles, and scarcely lost a tree. 
The success was accomplished by careful and 
closo pruning, constant cultivation, and abun¬ 
dance of water. The labor was done by China¬ 
men, who for such work cannot be excelled. 
The trees, although it is not yet two years since 
they were set out, scarcely show signs of hav¬ 
ing been moved, and some- are now loaded with 
fruit. When It Is remembered that the yeuny 
profit from an orange tree averages $25, it will 
readily bo seen that a man with a few thousand 
in bearing would have n very snug little income. 
All of our fruit-growers are rich, which is Hm 
best commentary on the subject that can be ot- 
fered. The longevity of tho orange is also re¬ 
markable. There are trees in the mission 
tSCUSStOltS 
AMERICAN INST. FARMERS' CLUB 
Notes of Discussions, Extract* from Let¬ 
ters, Jkc. 
There was a great lack at tho Inst meeting of 
tho Club. The cheerful Commander was absent, 
and his place was occupied (not filled) by some 
distinguished Professor or other, who is just 
about ns well qualified for the posit ion as Hor¬ 
ace Greeley is to read Ids own writing afterit 
gets cold, or as Mark Twain is to preach pure 
theology. IT the Club must die when tho Com¬ 
mander does, we pray that this learned Profes¬ 
sor may not be called upon to preside at the fu¬ 
neral; it will be altogether too painful for all 
But for the presence of a few on- 
plum weevil, or grub, m a chestnut docs, ami 
then goes into the earth, two. three, or lour 
Inches, just, as they do, Tho grub of the plum 
weevil undergoes its transformni imi into a bee¬ 
tle In three or fntiv weeks, and then lives as a 
beetle through tho fall and winter, and in the 
coming spring is ready for the voting fruit. 
Tills grub, like those from nuts, remains in Its 
larval condition underground nut only all win¬ 
ter, but till midsummer of the next year, and 
then becomes a beetle ready to deposit eggs, 
and having the instinct to teach if to Use as a 
nidus only those Irnlts that will mature Into 
enough for tho grub to «;»me lo maturity. Tho 
management id' this enemy must, lie the same as 
that of its kindred. Destroy the fruits contain¬ 
ing tho grubs if possible* hul if it oomes upon 
the trees Iho next year, jar if down on canvas 
and kill. My Got,nttSUTii docs not intend 
to lose $~0U or $80(1 worth of quinces another 
year from this cause. He intends lo./ur. 
[We wish our learned Anil - Entomologist 
would tell us tho speed lie characteristics of this 
insect; and if it is distinct from the common 
plum euroulio ( Conolrudiohis nmupHar,) say so, 
and give us its correct name. As tho matter 
now stands, we are groping in i lie dark in regard 
to this supposed-to-be new insect. Eofl. RURAL 
New-Yorker.] 
Reform of Agricultural Fairs.—P. 8. KENNEDY, 
Crawl'ordsville, Ind., lias an idea ho can run an 
agricultural paper* (we never saw a man who 
didn't think so, not excepting Mark Twain,) 
and writes: 
“Cannot the Club do something towards I in¬ 
proving our Agricultural Full's? Could not somo 
of our leading ngvicullural journals afford to 
offer a premium of say $100 for an essay pointing 
out the best method for a fair? Our present fairs 
are very defective. For instance, what good is 
accomplished by offering a premium fur the best 
bushel of pula,toes? Cannot any one piek out a 
bushel of good potatoes from u ton-aero Hold. 
Ami is there any merit, whatever in being able 
to do it? To give a premium for tho largest 
ylold from a square rod might prove of some 
benefit. We want some plan that will causa 
greater compelition. and methods of deciding 
that are not liable to so many objections. Let 
tliu decision be made by measiireoiunt, weight, 
&e., as far ns possible, so Unit no one can com¬ 
plain of purttftflly In tho Judges. I merely throw 
out these hints lor the consideration of tho 
Club, and would like to see the whole subject 
discussed at length. Certainly nothing could ho 
more interesting to Hie readers of the Club re¬ 
ports. hast winter t concluded to offer a pre¬ 
mium of $5 for the best, too ears of corn that 
could bo exhibited. Hut how was Hie quality of 
I lie corn to he tested? After duo deliberation, 
T determined to let theConuniUee shell each ten 
ears arid weigh the shelled corn, the premium to 
he given to the ten ears weighing the most. The 
contest was exciting enough, but there wag no 
dissatisfaction, for the scales were impartial in 
inakiug the decision, ami all went, away satisfied 
that exaot Justice had been done." 
concerned 
thusiasiie nx-grindcrs, and l wo or three chronic 
talkers, Colton’s Dental Association would have 
been required to furnish laughing gas to relieve 
the sufferings of spectators. 
Unitin'* Pear Culture, —A month ago or more, 
the Commander and Dr. UtimsN and perhaps 
other savans, visited P. T. Quinn’s pear orchard 
to look at its load of fruit. They expressed u 
desire lo know how many bushels the orchard 
was bearing* lu a tetter Mr. Q. tells ihcnt 1*200 
bushels of marketable 1 inch esse d’Augoulenia 
alone, to say nothing of the Bartletis, Sockets, 
lleurre Clairgaus, and Vicars. When Mr. Quinn 
was writing this information, he was getting $5 
per bushel for the Duchesse. At this writing 
pears are bringing better prices than t hen. The 
Professor of Early Rising pronounced this pear 
crop the most remarkable exhibition be ever 
saw in a pear orchard, and paid tribute to the 
vigilance which gives equal care and iiltenUou 
to each one of the thousands of trees it embraces. 
[We happen to know that Mr. QtnNN wears a 
very short and smiling face (for a young aud 
handsome bachelor who lias never married a 
rich widow) in consequoncc of the good prices 
lie has received and is receiving for his pears.— 
Pus. UprA ii New-Yorker.] His orchard was 
mulched heavily with salt hay, and this had 
saved a great deal of fruit; for the dry season 
had caused it to ripen and fall badly. This state¬ 
ment gavo Deacon BEADS an Idea ho Imd never 
got before. It was well known he Imd been to 
California. There he saw u peach orchard; and 
between every two rows of trees grape vines 
were planted which were allowed to run over 
the whole surface of tho ground. Talking of 
mulching had given him Hie idea (since he had 
been on the Pacific Slope) that it. might be well 
for orchardlsta of the East to plant, grape vines 
in their orchards, let them run lu a tangle over 
the ground us u mulch ami to break the fall of 
the fruit, as In the case of salt. hay. It would he 
such a nice mulch ! And then the grapes added ! 
And then the ease and facility with which fruit 
might be gathered among the grape vines 1 
And-[Wo violently commend that, idea to the 
attention of the .Scientific American Patent 
Agency.—Eos. Rural.] 
How to Put Lp Lima Bean*.—A Springfield, 
Mo., correspondent of tho Club had t ried to put 
up Lima beans so as to keep them fresh, and 
failed. Can any one toll how lo do it suc¬ 
cessfully ? 
Ilow Much Ilcef from u HuhIicI of flora 1 P. C. 
Compton, Ames, Iowa, asks how much beef a 
bushel of corn meal Will make, fed to two and 
three-year old steers, well sheltered. Thinks tho 
subject Important. Deacon Rkade had not the 
figures, but suggested that the amount, would 
depend upon the condition, ago and breed of the 
animal. He did not believe any man ever got 
rich making beef from grain alone; Hint the 
money made by feeding cattle for market, is 
made off of the grass they eat. Without grass, 
corn fed to cattle will not bring the feeder fifty 
cents per bushel. 
Land v». Labor.—An ax-grinder named J. T. 
Van Wyck. Poughkeepsie, N. Y.—a right good 
sensible Chap, too, we think—talking of labor- 
saving machinery, said that inmost localities 
land is cheaper and more easily obtained than 
labor, and so 11 he finds that with the aid of any 
labor-saving implement, ho oan cultivate two 
acres for less money than he can ono by baud, 
even though (in consequence of wider planting) 
he gets only the same product, it is better to use 
the laud. 
Deacon Keadk commended this man’s phi¬ 
losophy. 
Planting Onion.* in Hhlge*.—Mr. Van Wyck 
asked if any one present had tried raising onions 
on ridges. Mr. Lyman said they didn't do it in 
Wethersfield, where they had been growing 
onions on the same laud two hundred years 
Mr. DAtcBY said that onions should not bo plant¬ 
ed on ridges like the carrot and beet. 
The County of Lo* Angeh-a, Col.—The livedy 
and exhilarating Chairman attempted to read a 
long communication from Wm. M. Tiliston, 
Mission of Han Gabriel, Cal., but was Informed 
by a learned Doctor that a Committee of the 
Farmers’ Club (of which ho was a member) had 
visited California and had exhausted the sub- 
ject—or were entirely capable of doing so. So 
the paper was not read. 
Abandoning Irrigation In California,—Mr. Til¬ 
iston, above referred to, writes:—“Theexces¬ 
sive irrigation practiced in former years Is grad¬ 
ually being abandoned as the people learn the 
important fact, that the earlier and deeper the 
plowing the more water the soil absorbs and re¬ 
tains fur the sustenance of tho plant during Hie 
summer. The custom of irrigating vineyards 
lms boon entirely abandoned, it having been un¬ 
questionably determined that vines not treated 
in this way produco more grapes from which a 
better qunli'ty of wino is made." 
The Orange in California.—Mr. Tiliston says : 
—“There can scarcely be anything more at* 
tractive t.o one fond of out-door pursuits and 
country life than the raising of semi-tropical 
fruits in a climate like this; aud the only way 
we can account for thcro not being millions of 
orange trees now bearing in in this country is 
from the fact that the nervous, restless dispo¬ 
sitions of the bulk of our people prevent them 
from being willing to wait the required time for 
a tree to bear. From the seed ten years are re- 
■ quirod to bring ari orange tree Into full bearing; 
the lemon requires seven; arul the lime, which 
promises to be the most profitable of all. but. five 
i J'eurs. In the nurseries, however, trees can al- 
) ways be bought up to three years old at prices 
■ varying from t went y-live cents to a dollar each, 
i* * he orange is looked upon ns the hardiest tree 
^ We have, and really tho amount of rough usage 
H will stand is surprising. 1 have transplanted 
\ fipwards ol' fifty of these trees, ranging from 
UNDERDRAINING FOR TREES 
At the last August meeting of llie Mont¬ 
gomery, ()., Society, the subject of drainage 
was discussed, and some very good points 
made; but the writer, while admitting tho 
value of underdrainage for wheat, or corn, 
or vegetable cropping, lms his doubts of its 
value corresponding with its cost for tho 
growing of apples, pears, grapes or other 
staple fruits; and his doubts come from a 
wide-spread observation, as well as pretty 
considerable practice, both on sandy and 
clayey soils, on high, dry grounds, and on 
low, level clay subsoil lands. A point made 
by M r.-of Middletown, O., ou the sub¬ 
ject, shows our experienceTrees at live 
years old, over an underdrain, were the finest 
lie over saw. Should this strong growth of 
the trees under this system, not render them 
more liable to injury in winter,” Ac. 
Now this liability, this extra growth, this 
soil immature wood from over-stimulation, 
is just what we have ever hail to complain 
of. It Is just what annoys and impairs fruit 
culture as a profitable investment in our 
rich Western lauds, and is to be avoided 
rather than Incurred if possible; and so it 
you want good orchards or vineyards let the 
expense of underdraining alone, hilt sec that 
surface water is so arranged l hat it can never 
lay around the crown or root of the plant or 
tree over twenty-four hours. There is al¬ 
ways enough ofsoakage for Hie surface roots 
and capillary attraction never yet failed of a 
supply sufficient to keep vitality in tree or 
vine. Frank Amon. 
WINTER FLOWERS FOR THE HOUSE. 
Different Modes of Growing Flowering Bulks in Glasses, Pots, Etc. (See Page 281.) 
see tho mountains, their summits covered with 
snow, towering five thousand feet above us. 
From t.lioold church comes the tinkling of bolls, 
which for near a century have oalied t he faith¬ 
ful to prayers. From the west tho cool sea 
breeze comes through a gap in tho foot, hills, 
while at. tho east, full sixty miles distant, old 
Mount. San Bernardino, with frosted head, stands 
like a giant sentinel guarding the entrance to the 
valley.” 
“Uulnce Gurcullo.”— The gentleman who as¬ 
sorts that, he never was State Entomologist of 
New Jersey, is not. and never expects to be, the 
Commander of the Club to tho contrary not¬ 
withstanding, bnl. whoso love mid study of a 
weed (tobacco) Indigenous to Now Jersey is well 
known, showed tho Club Specimens of an Insect 
which ho said was not much known, and which 
he called the "Quince Curcutio, ” because 
the qtilnoo is tho favorite fruit, in which the fe¬ 
male deposltcs her eggs, though the same Insect 
operates on tho later pears. This distinguished 
antl-entoraologist showed specimens of tho in¬ 
sect and larva?* and said: 
Here arc a. large number of these grubs. Yes¬ 
terday (17th) live or six hundred were taken 
from the bottoms of two barrels of quinces, al- 
Ihough those quinces had only been gathered 
four days tic lore. A friend of in.no bus ii quince 
orchard of 280 trees. These' trees this season 
would average seventy or eighty quinces to a 
tree, making more than twenty thousand. IJpOu 
a most, careful search I was iinatilo to find one 
specimen perfect, or clear of one or more blem¬ 
ishes caused by the punctures of ibis insect. 
Frequently four, five, or six grubs will bo found 
in a single quince. Mr. Goldsmith, the owner, 
keen* this orchard in Und-rato order; lie has 
faithfully kept, out tho borers, so fatal to the 
quince trees; has fertilized very freely, and tho 
cultivation is perfect. He told me yesterday 
that his crop this year is thirty barrels, which 
will yield him about $125. Had this luseot let 
him alone, he should have hud at leust KXi bur- 
orchard at Han Gabriel nearly seventy years 
old, and still in full bearing. The crop is gath¬ 
ered in January anil February, but it is not un¬ 
common to see trees with fruit, in every stage 
from tho blossom to the ripe orange, and tho 
in ter. If allowed to remain, will not fall from 
tho tree until tho following season, always in- 
oreiis .• in sweetness and hulk. 
The armor* of Los Angela* Go., Cal.—Con¬ 
cerning this class, Mr. Tiliston writes“ Our 
farmers will hardly bear comparison with their 
Eastern brethren. No snug homesteads, with 
fine barns mid whitewashed picket fences, are 
seen, hut buildings of rough, unpainted boards, 
having a temporary look, and rarely rising above 
tho dignity of shanty, with a rough corral into 
whio'i the horses are turned after their day’s 
work, and fences of willow or rough posts. For 
Hi Hatter, however, they can scarcely ho blamed 
\vi»ii' fencing lumber is worth $35 per M at tho 
nearest town. There is no market for grain if 
raised In any quantity, aud, therefore, until 
transportation is cheaper, it won't pay to raise 
It. For Instance, last season thcro were a few 
hundred acres more limn usual pluntcd; Iho 
seed cost $2.50 a hundred. When the crop was 
gathered It could not be sold for CSJtf cents a 
hundred! Hags cost 15 cents each; thrashing, 
cents a hundred; labor from $30 to $00 per 
month. Consequently the poor farmer who has 
been running in debt all winter to the store¬ 
keepers, or borrowing money at two per cent, a 
month, Is “sold up.” There will bo better 
times for the farmer, however, when we have 
lieu or and cheaper communication with tho 
rest of tho world. Los Angeles is supplied 
with cabbages and potatoes from San Francisco 
—four hundred miles distant—not because they 
cannot bt' grown hero, but because no proud 
descendant of a Castilian would stoop to cab¬ 
bage raising while ngundiento is to lie had by 
betting oil a cock fight or selling a vote. Hay is 
inado entirely from barley or oats, cut while 
just In the milk, and harvested In the usual way, 
No rains ever in torture with the haymaking, 
and after being stacked loose whore it was out, 
or pressed into bales, it is allowed to tcumin ex¬ 
posed to the weather with impunity until No¬ 
vember. No clover floLds are ever seen, aud 
meadow pastures arc utmost unknown.” 
Cattle In Lo* Angelo* Co., Cal.—" Before t he 
groat drouths of ’03 and ‘03 immense herds of 
half wild oultie covered Hie plains between Los 
Angelos and San Gabriel. The few that, had 
strength enough left for the journey were 
driven to tho mountains; the rest perished, and 
their bones whitened the plains for miles. Al¬ 
though productive of much suffering, and re¬ 
ducing many from affluence to poverty, It is 
questionable whether the visitation of Provi¬ 
dence did not result in good to the greatest 
number. Thu odious fence law is still in force, 
compelling the poor settler lo fence his laud 
against his wealthier neighbor's cattle, or else 
lmve bis crops trodden down and destroyed 
without recourse. The Outlie have mostly dis¬ 
appeared, but large matuulm (bands of mares) 
and oavutdo* (bands of horses) still roam at large 
over the country.” 
Hhccp liaising in California, Mr. Tiliston 
says, "although uncertain, Is looked upon as a 
profitable occupation, aud is engaged in to a 
largo extent. Tho wool, however, is poor and 
‘burry,’ seldom bringing more than ten or 
twelve edits. To the northward, in the neigh¬ 
borhood of Fort Tejort, Itu* fleeces arc free from 
burr, and command much higher prices." 
Attractions fur Emigrant* (o Lo* Angelo* Co., 
Cal. —Oil this subject Mr. Tiliston writes: 
“ With regard to the advantages offered to emi¬ 
grants, 1 would say that Hie price of labor is 
never less than $30 per month, with board, and 
Arboriculture 
NUT-BEARING TREES. 
Ilow to Transplant them hnfely 
Tiie belief tlmt nut-bcarlng trees cannot 
be successfully transplanted, appears to be 
quite prevalent among our rural population. 
In a late number of ono of our exchanges, a 
writer states Lhat he had frequently tried the 
black walnut, hickory and butternut, even 
when grown in the nursery, but without suc¬ 
cess. Our experience has been quite the re¬ 
verse, and wo are also curtain that any spe¬ 
cies of native nut-bearing tree may be trans¬ 
planted with us much certainly of success as 
the apple or pear. We have grown and 
transplanted many thousands without a hiss 
of ono per cent. The writer referred to 
above, recommends that all trees of this kind 
should be grown from seeds planted where 
wanted, and thus avoid the danger and ex- 
dense of transplanting. To such a plan we 
WHEN TO PLANT PEACHES 
J. C. Neff asks our opinion of the best 
time to plant peach trees—i.u., spring or fall. 
He says his soil is a maiden clay loam, and 
that on the spot designed for each tree, he 
has burnt a brush heap, then afterwards 
scraped off the surplus ashes, and wilh leaves 
has placed It in a heap for future manure to 
the trees; that adjoining he has peach trees 
now twenty-five years planted, that are just 
as thrifty as young trees, lie writes also 
that in winter the mercury falls to ten de¬ 
grees below zero, and gives the following ns 
his selection, of varieties;—Salway, Crock¬ 
ett’s Late, Mountain Rose, Foster’s Seedling, 
Beer’s Smock, Early Newington, Crawford’s 
Early and Late, President, lied Check Me- 
locoton, Old Mixon free, King of Delaware 
and Late Red Rareripe. 
Our advice is to procure the trees this fall, 
aud heel them in carefully, first pruning 
every root; and when heeling them in, take 
particular care that no trees or roots lay 
across each other, but that the earth touch 
every part, of the root. Of course a dry 
Tho Ton. riant. Month. 
In a late Rur al Nfav-Yorker a corres¬ 
pondent asked in reference to the Tea plant, 
and whether it could he grown Smith. In 
the garden of Col. John B. Walker of 
this city, there is now growing a fine speci¬ 
men of the genuine Chinese Tea plant. It 
needs no protection in winter, and the leaves 
are green the year round.—B. H. True, 
Miulixon , (hi. 
P. 8.—Since writing the foregoing, I have 
seen Col. Walker, who informs me that 
Dr. L. Acer, [the name is too indistinctly 
written for us to he sure of its correctness— 
Eds. Rubai-,] Greenville, Meriwether Co., 
Ga., has ten acres planted With the Ten 
plant.—n. u. T. 
8CILLA. DOUBLE TULTP. SINGLE EARLY TULIP, 
(See Page 381 fob Article Repering to this Illustration.) 
$800 to $1,000. Many of his later should object, for two reasons. 
tm'First, transplanted trees will grow more 
A few fiavs ago he emptied a rapidly than those not removed, on account 
rs, chiefly Laurence rears, and .. . . 
• bottom or that barrel wore <>t the increase in number of roots caused 
.ardsattaohod^too Jo offftat root P runin S y ouu £ seedlings. 
r 1 jjl'lljjljl 
iil 
C j fj 
