FIELD NOTES. 
jficlti |jjWps. 
NEW YORK COTTON EXCHANGE. 
FitOM a circular issued by Wm. P. Wright 
& Co., wc extract Hie following for the in¬ 
formation of our thousands of Southern 
readers: 
Its organization, early in September last, 
has proved already a parent success, and as 
the working of the institution is imperfectly 
known ubroud, we oiler to our friends the 
following information regarding it: 
Apart from the fact that the Exchange is 
the center in this country of all intelligence 
concerning cotton, it has proved ulrcudy of 
great benefit to the trade, in the ready means 
which it affords for the prompt scttlementof 
all disputes which may arise between mem¬ 
bers. Through its various committees auv 
questions of grade, or misunderstanding 
about the fulfillment of contracts, or other 
disputes, are immediately and satisfactorily 
disposed of. 
The operations upon its floor, which are 
recorded every minute in the day, exercise 
an important influence upon the markets of 
the whole country; and their magnitude, 
particularly in regard to future contracts for 
delivery, may be understood when we state 
that since the formal opening, now a period 
of seven weeks, no less than 300,000 hales 
have changed hands. 
It may be thought that this system of buy¬ 
ing and selling for future delivery exercises 
a pernicious influence upon the trade, hut 
wo are of opinion that, such an idea is erro¬ 
neous, for the reason that any house who 
may have cotton on the way from the Smith 
are, by this method of dealing, enabled at 
any moment to realize upon a doubtful or 
falling market ; and any holder of cotton on 
the spot is at liberty to sell at the market 
price of the day, and if be believes in a 
higher market farther on, to replace, by 
buying a contract for forward delivery, thus 
saving the large expense of holding. This 
system of operating lias a tendency to 
equalize prices and prevent any sudden or 
continued decline; distributing losses, when 
ihey occur, and preventing panics and dis¬ 
asters that have hitherto marked the history 
£ the cotton trade. A very large business 
has also lieeu done at the. Exchange in cot¬ 
ton, free, on board at Southern ports. The 
sales since the opening amounted to 38,000 
bales. 
In future contracts, a basis of quality is 
generally established, viz.: that of New York 
Low Middling. A large portion of the con¬ 
tracts are settled by the buyer or seller pay¬ 
ing differences, at or before maturity of the 
contract; but where deliveries are actually 
made, the buyer or seller pays or receives, 
upon the valuat ion of the actual qualities de¬ 
livered, at t he quotatiousof value on the day 
of tender of delivery, taking Low Middling 
as a basis. 
The workings of the Exchange are per¬ 
fectly harmonious, its affairs being conducted 
by various Committees, viz.: a Board of 
Managers, fifteen in number, who exercise 
entire control; a Board of Trade; a Com¬ 
mittee on Appeals; a Committee on Mem¬ 
bership; on Classification; on Finance; on 
Statistics and Information; an Executive 
Committee, and a Committee of Brokers. 
The latter assemble twice a day at the Ex¬ 
change, and determine the accurate market 
quotations of ilie moment. 
The members comprise all the leading 
bouses in the Colton Trade of New York. 
Every member lias the privilege of being rep 
resented on the floor by an attorney, whose 
acts bind his principal. A large fund is al¬ 
ready at the disposal of the organization, and 
it, is probable that at no distant day the Ex¬ 
change will become a Trust Company and 
Clearing House for the Cotton Trade of the 
city, and exercise a still more Import ant in¬ 
fluence upon the business of the entire coun¬ 
try, than it does at present. 
There arc several forms of contracts used 
for future deliveries. 
One which requires that a margin of five 
or ten dollars per hale shall be deposited by 
buyer ami seller in a Trust Company, cer¬ 
tificate lor which is made payable to the or¬ 
der of either parly, as the Broker may direct, 
upon completion of the contract.. 
Another, which gives the option to either 
party to call for said margin of five or ten 
dollars upon depositing a like sum in a Trust 
Company. 
In all cases, however, the variations of the 
market for like deliveries must he made good 
on call, daily, when required. 
Brokerages, for Free on Board Cotton, 25c. 
per bale. Contracts for future delivery, 
12}£c. per bale. For settlements, 6 J 40 ., and 
when cotton is delivered on contracts, an ad¬ 
ditional 12 l aC per bale in all cases, except 
settlements, those charges are made alike 
against buyer and seller. 
-■ . ... 
bowing Grim* Seed Late In the I’nll— J. It, 
ask*:—" If I sow grass seed so Into tills fall that 
It (loos not coiuo up, will it grow next spring, or 
will the winter kill It?”—’The seed of any of our 
liardy grasses will remain In the earth uninjured 
during the coldest weather. 
Texim Cotton Crop. 
Fink crops of cotton and com wore raised 
in Western Texas this year. On the Gnada- 
loupc, Mai 1 Marcos and Colorado Rivers, 
only about two-thinls of the cotton and one- 
fourth of the corn have been saved, ns wc 
have had on those streams a great overflow, 
which carried away fencing and houses, and 
damaged beyond redemption all crops not 
already safely housed. Upland farmers have 
not suffered, except in a few localities, from 
cotton worms. Owing to the overflow, corn 
will he worth $1 and upwards per bushel. 
All other things, however, will be cheap.' 
Beef sells id 2<ij to 3 cents per pound, or 
1 ? 10 to $15 per head ; horses, $25 to $50 per 
head ; sheep, 75 cents to $2 per head, as 
to quality; goats, 50 cents per head; fresh 
pork, 5 to 0 cents per pound, or, on foot, $5 
to $0 per head, and bacon 10 to 15 cents per 
pound. 
J wish 1 could persuade some of your 
energetic New York farmers to find homes 
here. With land to lie bought here at from 
$1 to $5 per acre, and to be sold there at 
Irom $25 to $100 per acre, it seems to mo it 
would pay well to make the exchange. If 
the New York farmer will hut keep up the 
same habits of economy and industry lie is 
compelled to observe there, lie can soon be 
independent. Northern men, bo their poli¬ 
tics what they may, incur no danger by 
making their home here in Texas. Politics 
have done ns so little good within the last 
five years that we let, them alone, in order 
to he let alone.—J. B. Holley, uthorland 
Springs, Wi/sau Co., Tvxax. 
Glover in Georgia, 
B, H/milton, Dalton, Ga., nays:—“Aliy 
clay lands in Georgia will grow clover, that 
can he relied on; but sandy soils without 
a clay foundation will not grow clover. I 
have reference to uplands; all bottom lands 
not covered with sand will grow clover. In 
middle Georgia the best, time to sow clover 
is the last, of February or the first of March. 
Sow clover alone wii.hot^any kind of grain, 
and about the first, of September mow the 
grass and weeds along with the clover—you 
will get a good crop of bay worth more than 
a crop of wheal, or oats. Never use guano 
for clover or any other crop. If yon wish to 
enrich your lands, sow them in clover ns 
above directed ; and after your land is well 
set, cut one crop about, the last of May, and 
he sure to cut, it before It gets too ripe. And 
turn under the second crop about Hie last of 
August, or as soon as the seed is ripe — har- 
iotv and smooth wi ll, or sow wheat if you 
like. One crop of clover turned under is 
worth as much as 0110 thousand pounds per 
acre of Baugh’s, Whmm’s, or any other fer¬ 
tilizer in t.lio market. Six pounds of good 
dear dovar seed is enough for an acre.” 
Two Cr«|H of I’olutoea. 
I saw in the Rim a 1. New-Yorker some 
time since a statement by some writer that 
it was impossible for potatoes to mature 
twice in one year from the same seed. 1 
herewith send you two potatoes of the Early 
Rose variety, grown from the second plant 
iilg this year—first planted about March 1st, 
1870, dug the month of June, and planted 
again the last days of the same month. 
They had all matured the 18th of October, 
1870. This specimen was taken from the 
ground on that day—vines all dead.— John 
M. Hohnkii, Abnedti Co., Cal. 
Thk potatoes were received, and are large 
anti handsome specimens. In California 
and in the Southern States two crops of 
potatoes can readily he grown in a season, 
provided the weather at, the time of planting 
the second crop is not, too dry. In the 
Northern Slates it is quite a difficult thing 
to get two crops, although it is occasionally 
done with the very earliest sorts. The first 
crop must he ilug as soon as ripe, and those 
used for seed thoroughly dried for a week or 
two before planting. This drying process is 
quite an important operation, and if neglect¬ 
ed the second planting will seldom grow. 
A Tail PeilllMvIvnillu Corn .Stalk. 
Wm. Bokgicb, Sunville, Pa., writes that 
Qeokor Shawiuudue, Cherry Tree Town¬ 
ship, Pa., “ raised a stalk of com measuring 
twelve feet two indies in bight.” That’s 
nothing. We have ridden through thousands 
of acres of corn in Illinois, on horseback, 
that sitting on our horse we could not reach 
the tassels Of the stalks with an umbrella. 
Indeed, on the American bottoms we have 
seen fields of corn in which it would bot her 
a man of ordinary bight to reach the ears to 
husk them, on the stalk. But we know very 
well that twelve feet is a pretty good bight 
for Pennsylvania corn. 
When lo No tv HI no Grans Need. 
At a meeting of the Farmers’ Club at Lex¬ 
ington, Ky., in response to an inquiry “How 
and when to sow Kent ucky Blue. Grass seed, 
in order to procure a good stand in the short¬ 
est time," Mr. Tipton thought it best to sow 
in early spring, on fall grain. If mixed with 
clover, It will require time, not less than 
three years, to secure a good stand, as the 
Clover will retard its growth ; it is not as lia¬ 
ble to freeze out as other grass. Dr. W. D. 
Gay prefers to sow in spring on small grain, 
and if it is dry enough, harrowing will bene¬ 
fit both. 
§fce Naturalist. 
DESTRUCTIVE GRAIN INSECTS. 
AfTER a man lias fought insects all sum¬ 
mer and succeeded in saving bis crops, it. 
seems to be no more than a just reward for 
his labors that lie should rest in peace during 
winter. Usually our pestiferous insects re¬ 
main quiet during cool weather. There are, 
however, a few rascals who occasionally 
creep in among stored grain, and do con¬ 
siderable damage. Farmers in the extreme 
Northern Slates sutler less Irom grain-eating 
insects than those farther South; and 1 his 
should console them for the long winters 
and severe cold weather. Every locality has 
its advantages and disadvantages, and we 
doubt if there is really much difference; 
blessings are showered upon us wherever we 
go, although it is not human nature to see 
things in such a favorable light. 
We have at the North injurious insects in 
abundaucc; but at the South they are far 
more plentiful, and their season of rest is of 
very short duration. Insects injurious to 
stored grain are seldom very destructive in 
cold climates, unless brought from a warm 
locality and then placed in a favorable posi¬ 
tion for continuing their depredations during 
winter. The common Pea Weevil (Bruchm 
pint) is probably the most destructive and 
widespread of any of this class of insects! 
but to this there is a northern limit, which, 
luckily, is south of the highest latitude where 
peas will grow ; hence we do receive clean, 
unaffected seed from Canada and the north¬ 
ern countries of Europe. 
Until within a few years past, beans have 
been almost entirely exempt from the attacks 
of insects, particularly in the Middle and 
Northern Stales; but that lime is past, and 
our farmers will have to look sharply and 
fight vigorously, for an enemy has appeared 
Hint will make sad work among beans in fa¬ 
vorable localities. This Bean Weevil is not 
a new insect, for it was described many years 
ago by that eminent American Entomologist, 
Thomas Say, and it is known as Bruchm 
ohsoU'tus. It is a very small beetle, not us 
large as the pea weevil, but similar in form. 
They do not appear to have much choice of 
kinds, as they attack the Lima, Black Wax, 
and all of the choice sorts, ft hull dozen wee¬ 
vils being Often found in a single specimen. 
We are informed that in Philadelphia, and 
cities farther South, that it is almost impos¬ 
sible to find beans raised in the locality that 
arc not affected by this pest If the beans 
arc stored in a warm place, the weevils come 
out during autumn and winter; and we have 
seen bushels of various sorts of beans within 
the hist few weeks that were entirely de¬ 
stroyed by this pest. 
In white varieties, like the Lima, the wee¬ 
vil can be seen t hrough the outer skin before 
they make their appearance, and affected 
specimens may be rejected; but with the 
dark-skinned sorts this cannot be done, and a 
close and careful examination is necessary. 
Wc would advise every one who purchases 
seed beaus to examine litem closely, and if 
a weevil is funud, reject the whole lot., or 
place them in a barrel or tight box, and keep 
them there until the inscMis begin to come 
out, and then fumigate with sulphur, or pour 
a little kerosene among the beans and close 
up the vessel lightly until all the bugs are 
dead. Many thsusands of dollars’ worth of 
beaus have already been destroyed this sea¬ 
son by Hie bean weevil; and it isthedulyof 
every man to aid in preventing their increase 
and dissemination. 
The Gorii or AnuoinnoU Moth. 
This very destructive insect is known in 
Europe as the “ Atigouinois Moth,’’ receiv¬ 
ing its comm.>n name from the French prov¬ 
ince of Angoumois. It is known to ento¬ 
mologists as ButaUx carakila, of Ouvnsn, 
aud w as described in a work published in 
Paris in 17(52. This pest has now become 
very abundant in many localities in this 
country; at least we judge that to he the 
case, from specimens of grain infected with 
it received from various sections. It appears 
to prefer Indian corn, although it will attack 
wheat, rye, barley, and in fact all of our 
common cereals. Sweet com appears to he 
its favorite food, and our seedsmen are al¬ 
ready suffering severe losses from its ravages, 
although wc suppose few of them would be 
willing to admit that such a great pest could 
he found in their establishments. 
We know, however, that this grain moth 
is wonderfully abundant, aiul our object in 
mentioning the fact is to put the farmer on 
his guard against such a formidable pest. 
Harris says of this moth:—“ The Angou- 
moisgrain insect, in its perfected state, is a 
little moth of pule, cinnamon-brown color 
above, having the luster of satin, with nar¬ 
row, broadly-fringed hind wings of an ashen 
or leaden color; two thread-like nntcnmc, 
consisting of numerous beaded joints. It 
lays from sixty to ninety eggs, placing them 
on a single grain ; from these arc hatched, In 
from four to six days, little worm-like cater¬ 
pillars not thicker than a hair. These im¬ 
mediately disperse, and each one selects for 
itself a single grain and burrow’s therein.” 
Knowing the habits of this insect, wc can 
readily destroy it by fumigation when first 
discovered, and thereby prevent its increase. 
Another Grnln J’cit, 
The true grain weevil of Europe (Sitophi- 
lm grainarinx) has become fully acclimated 
in this country, and destroys hundreds of 
bushels of grain annually. It is a very 
small, slender-snouted beetle, not more than 
an eighth of an inch long and about one- 
twentieth broad. To the naked eye it looks 
black; but when placed under a glass its 
color appeals to be dark brown, with a 
slightly punctured thorax. This little pest, 
both in its larva and perfect state, destroys 
grain of various kinds; and a few days since 
wc found millions of these beetles feeding 
upon a quantity of corn stored in this city. 
Harris states that the female deposits her 
eggs upon the grain after it is housed, and 
the young grubs hatched therefrom immedi¬ 
ately burrow In the gram, the substance of 
which they devour. These grubs uudergo 
their transformation in the grain, and do not 
leave it until the beetle has come to ma¬ 
turity. This is one of the greatest pests t hat 
has appeared in this country, and it will be 
one of the most difficult to get rid of, for it 
keeps buried in the grain during nearly 
its whole period of existence. It is said that 
kiln-drying the grain will destroy Hie wee¬ 
vil, but this would also be very likely to 
destroy, or very much injure, the vitality; 
and for grain kept for seed, the practice 
could not be recommended. 
Fumigation with sulphur, or sprinkling 
with kerosene oil may answer better, and we 
would advise those who are annoyed with 
these pests to try various experiments until 
the best means of destruction is discovered. 
CARE OF CANARIES. 
A lady asks information concerning the 
care of canary birds. They should, by all 
means, he kept in a large cage. It is more 
healtlitnl for them, as they have more room 
for exercise, and is to be recommended for 
its humanity if nothing else. A small cage 
is an abomination. II they must lie kept 
prisoners, give them room. Whether you 
have a round or square cage, always keep 
sand in the bottom. Most people place a 
paper in the drawer, Which they remove 
each day; but experience lias demonstrated 
to mo that sand is far better. They need it 
quite as much ns any fowl. I’ut in fresh, 
dry sand every morning, and give them clean 
water—-not, in a little mug only large enough 
Ibr them to drink from, but in a small, oval 
dish, large enough for them to lmthe in. 
As to food, canaries eat almost anything 
that people do. Dry bread, bread and milk 
in a little dish, cracker, and some kind of 
vegetable should he given fresh every day. 
Lettuce, cabbage, cucumber, mustard, (the 
blossoms and young seed-pods,) plantain, 
Shepherd’s purse, &e,, &C., muy 1m given. 
The seed stalks of plantain, dried, are good 
to give in winter; also, “ pigeon grass,” or 
millet heads. Hard-boiled egg should be 
kept by them all the time, if possible. They 
are very fond of it. A piece of cuttlefish 
liono must be kept in the cage constantly. 
1 always give my birds liemp seed, keeping 
one of the bottles filled within reach of 
them the year round. I have heard that 
“hemp seed must he given sparingly, as it, 
is very heating ;” but this is nonsense. They 
will eat nothing that will hurt them, and I 
defy any one to force them to. They like 
hemp belter than canary seed. 
I always, when cooking a new dish, gave 
my birds some of it, and if they liked it, they 
always had it afterwards when I did. John- 
n veake they are exceedingly fond of, and in 
winter, a piece of turnip or winter radish, 
scored closely with a knife, is a welcome tit¬ 
bit. They like variety in food. 
When moulting, give them saffron water. 
Put a pinch of saffron leaves in a cup, pour 
on a little warm (not hot) water, and let stand 
fifteen or twenty minutes, It is generally 
necessary to catch them and give it to them 
with a teaspoon ; but some birds will drink 
it if put in tbe bathing water. If so, this is 
the best way, as they then hatlio in it. If 
the feathers come off badly, catch them and 
wet them with saffron water, being careful 
not to muss their plumage. Do this three 
or four times. It will start new leathers 
very quickly. In almost all bird ailments, 
saffron is a sovereign remedy. Healthy birds 
Will frequently moult well without any be¬ 
ing given them—give it only if they seem to 
need it. Be careful about exposing them to 
cold, when moulting especially, as they take 
cold easily then. 1 hud a beautiful singer 
which caught cold when moulting, could not 
make an audible sound for four weeks, and 
never sang afterwards. He sometimes twit¬ 
tered a few low notes, but his voice was 
“broken." The same bird hurt one of his 
toes; the foot and leg swelled greatly. I 
bathed it in saffron water, (it allays inflam¬ 
mation,) and at night aunoinlcd it with cream 
oil, or citron ointment. It, was some lime be¬ 
fore it healed, and was always rather stiff. 
Licitie A. Irons. 
t Apiarian. 
ARTIFICIAL COMBS: 
I)iscUN«inii by llic Nor) hen M evil Hop Keep¬ 
ers’ Association m Ultra, N. Y 
The following question was discussed: 
“What would be the advantage of artificial 
combs of material indestructible by worms?” 
Mr. Qujnby was called upon to Introduce 
the discussion, lie exhibited a frame of ar¬ 
tificial comb of his own invention, made of 
tin and sheet iron. It, was coated with wax 
and filled with honey by the bees, some of 
the cells were scaled over. The queen would 
deposit eggs in the cells, and in one piece as 
many as four litters of brood lmd been 
hatched, but the queen preferred Hie tin. 
Mr. Bickford asked Mr. Quin by the fol¬ 
lowing questions; 
1. Had he used that kind of comb in a 
hive exclusively ? 
2 . What will it cost per hive? 
3. Had lie made whole frames of sheet 
iron alone? 
4. Are you willing to use it in your own 
apiary ? 
5. What will be the effect of metallic 
combs upon the bees in winter? 
6 . Can you test it the coming winter? 
7. How do you propose to supply bee 
keepers, with machines or combs? 
8 . Would it pay to sell combs? 
Mr. QuINBY replied to t.hc questions as 
follows:— 1 . Ho had not. 2. About $2 per 
hive. 3. Had not. 4. Was testing it. 5 . 
Could not tell, as ho had tried it only this 
season. (J. Had only four sheets of this 
Comb tilled with liouey, but Mr. Von Don- 
7 .KN has six sheets. 7. Have not determined 
what to do; had applied tor a patent which 
had been rejected on account of Mr. Wao- 
nrr'h patent on the base of cells. 8. Did 
not know, hut thought, they would sell, as 
they would be a great advantage with the 
honey extractor, and metallic combs could 
not he destroyed by tbe molli, and we should 
not be troubled with drone comb. 
Mr. Bickford said that he had a plan for 
a machine to make comb out of wax or other 
substance, had made some comb, lmt a ma¬ 
chine would cost about $200, and he did not 
think enough would be sold to pay for the 
investment. He lmd iill the bees he could 
attend to, and they were all supplied with 
tolerably straight combs. A few years ago 
he would have taken more interest in the ar¬ 
tificial combs than he now does. 
Mr. Kino said that he was willing to in¬ 
vest $200 to make a machine to furnish 
artificial comb for sale, but, agreed with Mr. 
Bickford that it would not be remunerative. 
Mr. Bickford had kindly explained his in¬ 
vention and offered it without price for the 
good of the cause, but lie is in communica¬ 
tion with other parties who, ho thinks, will 
soon produce artificial comb of a substance 
having none of the objections of metallic 
combs, and yet indestructible by the moth, 
blit considered the latter of less imprntance, 
as strong stocks of Italians arc in no danger 
of injury by the moth, and practical, enter¬ 
prising bee-keepers should keep no other. 
Experimenting is very expensive, and he 
would prefer to have some one else furnish 
machines and make artificial combs, but he 
could sell a large amount. 
Mr. Hethkiungton naked Mr. Bickford 
if ho had actually made a piece of perfect 
comb out of wax. Mr. Bickford replied 
that he had on a small scale, but calculated 
the machine would make a square foot per 
minute, mid lie could prove that a frame of 
comb was worth $1.50 to beginnera. 
Mr. Quinbv said he had heard of some in¬ 
stances where swarms without combs, gath¬ 
ered more honey than those supplied with 
empty combs. 
Mr. Baldwin, Sr., said last spring they had 
plenty of empty combs, and hived a largo 
number of swarms in hives with combs, and 
about an equal number in hives without 
combs. The swarms put In hives without 
combs, have stored nearly double the amount 
of box honey stored by those supplied with 
empty combs, and arc much stronger, though 
there is not as much honey in 1 lie body of 
the hive. He thinks the unusually abundant 
yield of honey enabled the bees to fill the 
empty combs before the queen could occupy 
the proper space with brood to keep the 
stock strong in numlxirs. 
Mr. Adset said lie had some experience in 
putting swarms into hives filled with empty 
combs, uml obtained six to eight, and even 
ten boxes of surplus honey from sueli stocks, 
hut ho had never obtained more than four 
boxes from swarms put into empty hives. 
Mr. W. A. House thought the colonies had 
been too much confined. If there bad been 
more boxes, the bees would have filled them 
and allowed more room for IIle queen to rear 
brood. Mr. Haskins thought the empty 
boxes would obviate the difficulty. 
—-- » 
Jar* for Strained lloney.- Will not some of 
your readers toll what kind of Jars strained 
honey can best be sent, to market in, where I 
can get them, and the price?— p. 8. w. 
