CONTENTS 
INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS 
CHAPTER I.—The Jointed Animals,—S ubkingdom Arthropoda ; The Insects,—C lass 
Insecta ; Ants, Bees, Wasps, etc.,—Order Hymenoptera. 
PAGE 
Distinction between Vertebrates and Invertebrates—S pecial Characters of Arthropods 
—Distinctive Characteristics of Insects—Geological Age of Insects—Other Features— 
Mimicry—Characteristics of Hymenoptera—Development—Classification—The Saw- 
Fly Group (Suborder Sessiliventres )—Stem Saw-Flies ( Gephidce )—Tailed Wasps 
( Siricidce )—True Saw-Flies ( Tenthredinidce )—Typical Group (Suborder Petiolata) — 
Ga 11-Wasps ( Cynipidce) — Prodotrypidce — Chalcididce —Ichneumon-Wasps (Jc/mettmom'dce) 
— Braconidce —Other Families—The Ants (Forrnicidcc) — Mutillidce, etc.— Bembicidce — 
Pompilidce —• Sphegidce — Crabronidce — Philanthidce —Wasps and Bees—Solitary Wasps 
and Mud-Wasps (Masaridce and Bumenidce )—Social Wasps ( Vespidce )—Solitary Bees 
(. Andrenidce )—True Bees (Apidce), 
CHAPTER. II.—Jointed Animals ,—continued ; Insects,— continued. 
The Flies and Fleas,—O rder Diptera. 
Characteristics of the Order—Straight-Seamed Flies (Suborder Orthorrhapha )—Mosquitoes 
and Gnats ( Culicidce )—Daddy-Long-Legs ( Tipulidce )—Midges ( Chironomidce )—Fungus- 
Midges ( Mycetopliilidce) —Gall-Midges ( Cecidomyidce )—Sand-Flies, etc. (Simuliidcc and 
Bibionidce) —Horse-Flies, or Breeze-Flies ( Tabanidce )—Robber-Flies, etc. (Asilidcc and 
Empidce )—Bee-Flies ( Bombyliidce )—Circular-Seamed Flies (Suborder Gyclorrhapha )— 
Hover-Flies (Syrphidce) — Conopidce —Typical Flies ( Muscidce )—Gad-Flies and Bot-Flies 
( (Estridce )—Forest-Flies ( Hippoboscidce )—Fleas ( Pulicidce , etc.), .... 
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