8a 
IJVSECTS. 
sometimes while fastened by the tail also engirdled with a line of silk around the 
middle, thus tying in a position horizontal to the plane to which the larva has 
attached itself. These two characters also have been used for purposes of classifi¬ 
cation, and the suborder has been divided into Suspensi and Succincti on account 
of this difference in the attachment of the chrysalis. 
The following broad subdivisions of butterflies may be made:— 
Classification, those which have four perfect legs only in both sexes, the 
fore-pair being rudimentary or undeveloped; while the chrysalis is suspended by 
the tail without any girdle. These include the family NymphalidcB. Secondly, 
those having four perfect legs in the male, and six in the female, while the feet of the 
former have no claws at their extremity; the chrysalis being raised, resting on a 
leaf or suspended. The Erycinidce represent this group. Thirdly, we have the 
family of the blues ( Lyccenidce ), in which there are six perfect legs in the female, and 
the chrysalis is suspended. The fourth group is that of the swallow-tails 
(Pcqiilionidce), in which both sexes possess six perfect legs, while the chrysalis is 
attached by the tail and girdled by a silken thread. Lastly, the Hesperiidce agree 
with the preceding as regards the legs, but the chrysalis is either attached by 
threads, or enclosed in a loose cocoon. As a rule, mountainous regions are those 
which abound most in butterflies, although there is a marked exception in the 
case of the valleys of Tropical America. 
The Fritillary The family Nymplicdidce includes an extensive assemblage of 
Group. butterflies, among which are the fritillaries, peacocks, painted ladies, 
tortoiseshells, and admirals. Here also come the leaf-butterflies, purple emperors, 
white admirals, Camberwell beauty, and the large high-flying blue Morplios. We 
have also the subfamily Satyrinoe, which includes the ringlets, marbled whites, 
meadow-browns, and graylings, besides many others too numerous to mention. 
First we may notice, as an example of the subfamily Danaince, the butterfly 
shown on the lower right-hand corner of the coloured Plate, which is known as 
Euplcea harrisii. In common with several other species, it belongs to a genus of 
large blue, and brown-winged tropical butterflies, in which the upper surface of the 
wings is usually spotted with white. At the top left-hand corner of the same Plate 
is figured the male of the orange scallop-wing (Cethosia biblis), which may be taken 
as a representative of the subfamily NymplialincE. It is an inhabitant of North- 
Eastern India. Its black and spiny larvse have the body banded with red and 
yellow, and the head surmounted with a pair of horn-like processes. 
A better - known group are the fritillaries ( Argynnis ), which are mostly 
confined to the temperate districts of the Northern Hemisphere. In this genus, 
the British silver-washed fritillary (A. paphia) is amongst the finest representatives 
of a large number of orange-red or fulvous insects whose hind-wings on the under 
side are spotted, spangled, or slashed with silver upon a dusted green ground. 
Not uncommon throughout England, it occurs in abundance in the glades of the 
New Forest, where the larva feeds on the dog-violet or wild raspberry. The dark 
green fritillary {A. aglaia), a near relative, frequents the southern grassy downs along 
the margins of the cliffs, or sports in the fern-embroidered dells of the lake-district 
valleys. The high brown fritillary (A. adippe), a rather smaller form, whose hind- 
wings, as are those of the last-named species, are spotted with silver discs, while 
