COLEOPTERA 
141 
and the tarsi are five-jointed, with a long slender spur projecting between the 
claws of the terminal joint, and carrying at the end two long bristles. The male 
insects are remarkable for the massive development of their jaws, which in many 
cases are forked and branched. The common stag-beetle (Lucanus cervus), one of 
the largest of European beetles, may, in the case of full-sized males, attain a 
length of over 2 inches, or, if the mandibles be included, more than 3 inches. It is 
most abundant in the neighbourhood of oak-woods, and in England is not 
uncommon in the southern counties, where the males may be often observed on 
the wing on fine summer evenings, flying with a loud hum. 
The Passalidce are a small family of about two hundred known species, which 
are almost entirely restricted to the warmer parts of the world, the greater pro- 
GREAT BLACK WATER-BEETLE (nat. size). 
1, Larva. 2. Male. 3, Female with egg-cocoon. 
portion being found in America. In the form of the antennae and in some other 
respects they show an affinity with the Lucanidce, though easily distinguished by 
the character of the mouth-parts. The ligula is horny, and lies in a deep quad¬ 
rangular emargination in the mentum; the lobes of the maxillae both resemble 
claws; and the mandibles offer a peculiarity of structure met with in no other 
family, each being provided with a movably articulated tooth placed close to the 
basal molar surface. 
The Lamellicornia—comprising the burrowing-beetles, cockchafers, and a host 
of other forms, differing both in habits and external structure—are represented in 
all parts of the world, though relatively less numerous in Australia than in the 
other great regions. We have only to mention the goliath-beetles of West Africa, 
and the elephant and hercules-beetles of Tropical America, to indicate the great 
size attained by some of the species; while as regards beauty and brilliancy of 
