BIRDS. 
3°4 
7. Steganopodes —Pelicans, Cormorants, and Gannets. 
8. HERODIONES—Herons and Storks. 
9. Odontoglossi —Flamingos. 
10. Anseres —Ducks, Geese, and Swans. 
1 1. Palamedee— Screamers. 
12. Columbe —Pigeons, Dodo, and Sand-Grouse. 
13. Galling— Fowls and Game-Birds. 
14. Fulicarle —Rails and Coots. 
15. Alectorides —Cranes and Bustards. 
16. Limicole —Plovers, Curlews, Snipe, etc. 
17. Gavie —Gulls and Terns. 
18. Tubinares —Petrels and Albatrosses. 
19. Pygopodes —Divers, Auks, and Grebes. 
20. Impennes —Penguins. 
21. Odontornithes —Toothed Birds (extinct). 
22. Crypturi —Tinamus. 
23. Ratite —Ostriches, Emeus, Cassowaris, etc. 
24. Saurure —Long-Tailed Birds (extinct). 
Of these groups the first twenty-two, which are reckoned as orders, are 
brigaded together to form the subclass of Carinate Birds (Carinatse), the great 
majority of which possess the power of flight, and have a strong keel (carina) to 
the breast-bone. The twenty-third group, or Ratitse, constitutes, on the other 
hand, a second subclass, characterised by the absence of a keel to the breast-bone, 
and the loss of the power of flight; while the extinct long-tailed birds (group 
24) form a third main division differing from all the others by the retention 
of the long reptilian tail. 
The number of existing species of birds being in all probability considerably 
over ten thousand, it will be obvious that in the space at our command the various 
groups must be treated much more briefly than were the Mammals; and in many 
instances we shall be able to allude only to the families, without referring to the 
genera, and in some cases not even the whole of the former are mentioned. 
It will be noticed that in the course of this Introduction practically nothing 
has been said as to the anatomy of the soft parts of birds; for this we must refer 
the reader to other works. 
