CHAPTER IV. 
The Perching-Birds,— continued. 
Larks to Waxwings. 
Families A LA UBIDJE to AmpeliDjE. 
Represented by upwards of a hundred species, arranged under several generic 
heads, the larks form a family which is almost entirely confined to the Old World in 
its distribution ; some of the more highly-specialised forms being peculiar to desert- 
regions, where they have become specially adapted to their environment both in 
structure and in their protective coloration. The shape of the bill varies too much 
in different genera to be of value as a diagnostic character; but the feet are well 
defined. Thus the metatarsus is scutellated, and blunt behind as in front; that is to 
say, it is covered with two series of plates behind and before, which meet on the inner 
surface of the limb. Other characters are the very long straight claw of the first 
toe, the long pointed wing, and the lengthened inner secondary wing-feathers. Save 
for a notch in the upper one, the edges of both mandibles are perfectly smooth. 
, The birds of the genus Alauda are distinguished by having 
the first of the ten primaries very small, while the second, third, 
and fourth are nearly equal, although the third is somewhat the longest; the 
secondaries are comparatively long; and the tail is moderate and slightly 
forked. The bill is rather slender, long, arched, and slightly compressed, 
with plumelets covering the nostrils. The skylarks, of which there are but 
three species, are principally found in the temperate portions of Europe and 
Siberia, although extending their range southwards into China and the plains 
of India. The common skylark' (A. arvensis) is one of the most abundant of 
European birds, nesting in the British Isles, which are also visited by myriads 
of this species from the Continent during the autumn and winter months. So 
great is their abundance that they have become an extensive article of commerce; 
and on the Sussex Downs extraordinary numbers are netted to supply the poulterers. 
Popular sentiment has never failed to recognise the exceeding beauty of the liquid 
notes of the lark, its cheery carol far surpassing that of all other British birds save 
the nightingale. Frequenting heaths and pasture lands, and generally most 
abundant in open country, during the winter the skylark is a gregarious species ; 
and on a sharp frosty morning many hundreds may be observed congregating in a 
single field, flying restlessly hither and thither, with low warbling call-notes to 
their companions. The salt-marshes bordering upon many parts of the British 
coasts are well adapted to the habits of the skylark; the birds generally placing 
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