OXEN. 
i 73 
museum at La Plata in 1893. These were black and white in colour; and the 
characteristic features of the breed were much more strongly displayed in the bull 
than in the cow. 
HIND VIEW OF SKULL OF GALLA OX, WITH THE HOEN-SHEATHS 
removed (£ nat. size). After Riitimeyer. 
Humped Cattle ( Bos indicus). 
The common domesticated cattle of India are distinguished from those of 
Europe, not only by the presence of the hump on the withers, but likewise by other 
structural features, as well as by their general coloration, their voice, and their 
habits. Hence, although they are only known in the domestic state, there can be 
no hesitation in regarding these humped cattle as constituting a perfectly distinct 
species. In Europe these animals are generally called zebu, but it does not appear 
that any such name is known in India. 
In addition to the enormous hump on the withers, the Indian humped cattle 
are characterised by a certain degree of convexity of the forehead, by the upper 
border of the short horns being uniformly concave (as shown in the figure of the 
skull of the African variety), by their large drooping ears, and also by the enormous 
dewlap which hangs in folds along the whole length of the neck. In size and colour 
these cattle are subject to a considerable amount of variation, but they are very 
generally characterised by a distinct white ring round the fetlocks. While the 
largest individuals stand as high as a buffalo, the smallest are but little taller than 
a calf of a month old. The most common colour is a light ashy grey, which may 
shade off into cream-colour, or even milk-white; but various tints of red or brown 
are often met with, and occasionally black individuals are seen. In disposition 
these cattle are always gentle, and the larger varieties are employed in India for 
drawing native carriages. The voice of the humped cattle is more of a grunt than 
a low; and these animals differ from European cattle in habits, insomuch as they 
but seldom seek the shade, and never stand knee-deep in water. It need hardly 
be mentioned that a certain number of privileged bulls are specially protected by 
