3 6 ° 
UNGULATES. 
ranges from Assam to the Punjab and Sind, and is quite unknown in the peninsula, 
though a small colony has been introduced into Ceylon. It occurs along the Terai 
at the foot of the Himalaya; and from Assam its range extends into Burma and 
Tenasserim. 
The para swarms on many of the low alluvial plains of India, to which 
situations it is mainly, if not exclusively, restricted. Here it frequents the grass- 
jungles of moderate height, avoiding the taller ones which give shelter to the 
buffalo and rhinoceros. Sometimes, however, they may be met with among trees. 
As a rule, hog-deer are solitary creatures, and it is but seldom that more than two 
or three are found together, although several may inhabit one patch of jungle. 
The pairing-season is said to be in September and October; and the antlers are 
generally shed in April. 
The hog-deer is an ungainly animal when moving, and General Kinloch states 
that both “ its English and specific names have been derived from the hog-like 
manner in which it rushes through the long grass when disturbed; keeping its 
head low down, and galloping without that bounding action which characterises 
most deer.” Hog-deer are generally shot from elephants and afford good sport, 
although they are difficult to hit, since as a rule the only indication of their 
presence is a sudden rush in the long grass, in the direction of which the sportsman 
must fire. General Kinloch says, that “ hog-deer may be speared on favourable 
ground, and give splendid runs; they are very fast, and usually give a much 
longer chase than a boar. I lxave heard of instances of their deliberately charging 
a horse; and with their sharp horns they can inflict a very severe wound.” 
The Swamp-Deer Group (Cervus dttvauceli, etc.). 
The swamp-deer, of which the antlers are figured in the woodcuts on pp. 340 
and 353, differs from all the Indian deer hitherto noticed, in that the antlers 
carry more than three tines. This distinctive character of the swamp-deer has not 
escaped the notice of the natives of India, by whom it is designated barasingha, 
that is, “ twelve-tined.” This deer is a rather large species, the bucks standing 
from 3 feet 8 inches to 3 feet 10 inches at the withers. The neck is maned, the 
tail of moderate length, the muzzle long, and the hair rather fine and rather woolly. 
The antlers are smooth and somewhat flattened, and give off the brow-tine nearly 
at right angles to the beam; after which the beam continues without branching 
for a considerable distance, finally dividing into a fork, of which the two prongs 
again branch. Generally, as in the figure on p. 353, the inner branch of the main 
fork has tw r o, and the outer three tines, but the number of points is often much 
greater, reaching from sixteen to twenty, or even more. In its winter dress the 
colour of the swamp-deer is yellowish brown above and paler underneath; but 
in summer the upper-parts are reddish brbwn, generally more or less spotted 
with white, while the under-parts and the lower surface of the tail are pure white. 
The young are spotted. 
Average-sized antlers of the barasingha measure about 30 inches along the 
curve; but a length of 38 inches has been recorded. Large stags have weighed 
from 460 to 570 lbs. (32 stone 12 lbs. to 40 stone 10 lbs.). 
