37 ° 
UNGULATES. 
all other cleer by the form and position of these appendages. Thus instead of being 
placed low down on the forehead, the antlers take their origin on the upper part of 
the skull, immediately over the occipital ridge, and are accordingly far behind the 
eyes; while as regards form they are distinguished by the great 
development of the brow-tines in the males, which are more or 
less laterally compressed, branched, and palmated, and descend 
to a greater or less degree over the face, so that their lower edge 
sometimes almost touches the nose. Then, again, there is such 
an amount of individual variation that scarcely any two reindeer 
can be found in which the antlers are precisely similar; while 
frequently the two antlers of the same individual are widely 
different from one another. 
The antlers are very long in proportion to the length of 
the skull, and above the brow-tine, which is also branched 
and often palmated, after giving off the bez-tine, the narrow 
beam is continued backwards for some distance, till it bends 
forward at an angle, usually giving off a small back-tine at 
the bend. The beam is then continued upwards and forwards 
the bones of the till it becomes palmated near the extremity, with a variable 
left fore-foot of number of points on its hinder border. In the reindeer of the 
Dawkins!) 101 ^' ^ Fl ° m New World the antlers exhibit the greatest complexity of 
structure, the brow-tine of one side becoming enormously 
developed and greatly palmated, while on the other it is aborted. 
In build the reindeer is a somewhat heavy animal, with short and rather .stout 
limbs, terminating in large hoofs. The main pair of hoofs, as shown in our figure, 
are rounded, broad and short, with the intervening cleft 
very deep and wide; while the lateral hoofs are 
unusually large and flattened from front to back. In 
traversing snowfields the two main hoofs spread out 
sideways, while the lateral pair come in contact with 
the snow, by which means a large extent of surface is 
afforded to support the weight. The muzzle of the 
reindeer differs from that of all the deer hitherto 
mentioned in being clothed with soft hairs of moderate 
length. The neck has no distinct mane, but the throat 
is fringed with long and rather stiff hair. The ears are 
smaller than in any other deer, and thickly covered on 
both sides with hair. The hair clothing the body is 
from an inch to an inch and a half in length, and is 
somewhat crimped or waved, while beneath this is a 
coat of woolly under-fur. The general colour of the 
reindeer is brownish grey, with the face, neck, and throat whitish, and the nose, 
ears, and limbs brown. There are, however, great individual variations as regards 
colour, some specimens being nearly or quite white throughout. In general the 
tail is white, with a tinge of brown at the root and on the upper surface ; and there 
is a distinct white ring round each fetlock. The hoofs are black, and the antlers 
UNDER SURFACE OF FOOT OF 
REINDEER. 
